Embodied and disembodied emotion processing: Learning from and about typical and autistic individuals

Emotion Review

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 178-190

  Winkielman, Piotr ^a   McIntosh, Daniel N ^b   Oberman, Lindsay ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism; Embodiment; Emotion

Indexed keywords

EID: 61849165161     PISSN: 17540739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1754073908100442     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Adolphs, R. (2006). How do we know the minds of others? Domain-specificity, simulation, and inactive social cognition, Brain Research, 1079, 25-35.
2. Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., Cooper, G., & Damasio, A. (2000). A role for somatosensory cortices in the visual recognition of emotion as revealed by three-dimensional lesion mapping. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 2683-2690.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. Barsalou, L.W. (1999). Perceptual symbol system. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577-660.
5. Barsalou, L.W. (2008). Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617-645.
6. Batson, C.D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. Beall, P.M., Moody, E.J., McIntosh, D.N., Hepburn, S.L., & Reed, C.L. (2008). Rapid facial reactions to emotional facial expressions in typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 101, 206-223.
8. Blairy, S., Herrera, P., & Hess, U. (1999). Mimicry and the judgment of emotional facial expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 23, 5-41.
9. Calder, A.J., Keane, J., Cole, J., Campbell, R., & Young, A.W. (2000 a). Facial expression recognition by people with Mobius syndrome. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 73-87.
10. Calder, A.J., Keane, J., Cole, J., Campbell, R., & Young, A.W. (2000 b). Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury. Nature Neuroscience, 3 (11). 1077-1078.
11. Cannon, W.B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotions. American Journal of Psychology, 39, 115-124.
12. Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M.C., Mazziotta, J.C., & Lenzi, G.L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 100, 5497-5502.
13. Celani, G., Battacchi, M.W., & Arcidiacono, L. (1999). The understanding of the emotional meaning of facial expressions in people with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 29, 57-66.
14. Clark, T., Winkielman, P., & McIntosh, D.N. (2008). Autism and the extraction of emotion from briefly presented facial expressions: Stumbling at the first step of empathy. Emotion, 8 (6). 803-809.
15. Craig, A.D. (2002). How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 655-666.
16. Damasio, A.R. (1994). Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Grosset / Putnam.
17. Dapretto, M., Davies, M.S., Pfeifer, J.H., Scott, A.A., Sigman, M., Bookheimer, S.Y., et al. (2005). Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 28-30.
18. Davis, M. (1997). The neurophysiological basis of acoustic startle modulation: Research on fear motivation and sensory gating. In P. Lang, R. Simons, & M. Balaban (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 69-98). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Decety, J., & Jackson, P.L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3, 71-100.
20. Dimberg, U., Thunberg, M., & Elmehed, K. (2000). Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Psychological Science, 11, 86-89.
21. Fodor, J. (1975). The language of thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
22. Frith, U. (2003). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Blackwell.
23. Gallese, V. (2003). The roots of empathy: The shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity. Psychopathology, 36, 71-180.
24. Glenberg, A.M., & Robinson, D.A. (2000). Symbol grounding and meaning: A comparison of high-dimensional and embodied theories of meaning. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 379-401.
25. Goldman, A.I., & Sripada, C.S. (2005). Simulationist models of face-based emotion recognition. Cognition, 94, 193-213.
26. Grush, R. (2004). The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception. Behavioral Brain Sciences, 27, 377-396.
27. Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R.M., Snyder, J., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2006). Anatomical differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition network in autism. Cerebral Cortex, 9, 1276-1282.
28. Haxby, J.V., Hoffman, E.A., & Gobbini, M.I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 223-233.
29. Heberlein, A., & Atkinson, A. (2009). Neuroscientific evidence for simulation and shared substrates in emotion recognition: Beyond faces. Emotion Review, 1 (2). 162-177.
30. Hess, U., Philippot, P., & Blairy, S. (1999). Facial mimicry: Facts and fiction. In P. Philippot, R. Feldman, & E. Coats (Eds.), The social context of nonverbal behavior (pp. 213-241). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Hobson, R.P. (1999). Beyond cognition: A theory of autism. In P. Lloyd & C. Fernyhough (Eds.), Perspectives on the Nature of Autism (pp. 253-281). New York: Routledge.
32. Hobson, R.P., Ousten, J., & Lee, A. (1988). Emotional face recognition in autism: Coordinating faces and voices. Psychological Medicine, 18, 911-923.
33. Humphreys, K., Minshew, N., Lee Leonard, G., & Behrmann, M. (2007). A fine-grained analysis of facial expression processing in autism. Neuropsychologia, 45, 685-695.
34. Hutchison, W.D., Davis, K.D., Lozano, A.M., Tasker, R.R., & Dostrovsky, J.O. (1999). Pain related neurons in the human cingulate cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 403-405.
35. Iacoboni, M., & Dapretto, M. (2006) The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 942-951.
36. James, W. (1896 / 1994). The physical basis of emotion. Psychological Review, 101, 205-210.
37. Knutson, B., Wimmer, G.E., Kuhnen, C.M., & Winkielman, P. (2008). Nucleus accumbens activation mediates the influence of reward cues on financial risk taking. NeuroReport, 19, 509-513.
38. Lang, P.J. (1995). The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50, 372-385.
39. Lundqvist, L., & Dimberg, U. (1995). Facial expressions are contagious. Journal of Psychophysiology, 9, 203-211.
40. Magnee, M.J.C.M., de Gelder, B., van Engeland, H., & Kemner, C. (2007). Facial electromyographic responses to emotional information from faces and voices in individuals with pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1122-1130.
41. Markman, A.B., & Brendl, C.M. (2005). Constraining theories of embodied cognition. Psychological Science, 16, 6-10.
42. McIntosh, D.N. (1996). Facial feedback hypotheses: Evidence, implications, and directions. Motivation and Emotion, 20, 121-147.
43. McIntosh, D.N. (2006). Spontaneous facial mimicry, liking and emotional contagion. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 37, 31-42.
44. McIntosh, D.N., Reichmann-Decker, A., Winkielman, P., & Wilbarger, J. (2006). When mirroring fails: Deficits in spontaneous, but not controlled mimicry of emotional facial expressions in autism. Developmental Science, 9, 295-302.
45. Moody, E.J., McIntosh, D.N., Mann, L.J., & Weisser, K.R., (2007). More than mere mimicry? The influence of emotion on rapid facial reactions to faces. Emotion, 7, 447-457.
46. Naqvi, N.H., Rudrauf, D., Damasio, H., & Bechara, A. (2007). Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking. Science, 317, 318-319.
47. Niedenthal, P.M. (2007). Embodying emotion. Science, 316, 1002-1005.
48. Niedenthal, P.M., Barsalou, L.W., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2005). Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 184-211.
49. Niedenthal, P.M., Brauer, M., Halberstadt, J.B., & Innes-Ker, Å. (2001). When did her smile drop? Facial mimicry and the influences of emotional state on the detection of change in emotional expression. Cognition & Emotion, 15, 853-864.
50. Niedenthal, P.M., Winkielman, P., Mondillon, L., & Vermeulen, N. (in press). Embodiment of emotional concepts: Evidence from EMG measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
51. Nishitani, N., Avikainen, S., & Hari, R. (2004). Abnormal imitation-related cortical activation sequences in Asperger's syndrome. Annals of Neurology, 55, 558-562.
52. Oberman, L.M., Hubbard, E.M., McCleery, J.P., Ramachandran, V.S., & Pineda, J.A. (2005). EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism. Cognitive Brain Research, 24, 190-198.
53. Oberman, L.M., & Ramachandran, V.S. (2007). The simulating social mind: The role of simulation in the social and communicative deficits of autism spectrum disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 310-327.
54. Oberman, L.M., Ramachandran, V.S., & Pineda, J.A. (2008). Modulation of mu suppression in children with autism spectrum disorders in response to familiar or unfamiliar stimuli: The mirror neuron hypothesis. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1558-1565.
55. Oberman, L.M., Winkielman, P., & Ramachandran, V.S. (2007). Face to face: Blocking expression-specific muscles can selectively impair recognition of emotional faces. Social Neuroscience, 2, 167-178.
56. Oberman, L.M., Winkielman, P., & Ramachandran, V.S. (in press). Slow echo: Facial EMG evidence for the delay of spontaneous, but not voluntary emotional mimicry in children with autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Science.
57. Ortony, A., Clore, G.L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
58. Palmen, S.J., van Engeland, H., Hof, P.R., & Schmitz, C. (2004). Neuropathological findings in autism. Brain, 127, 2572-2583.
59. Pitcher, D., Garrido, L., Walsh, V., & Duchaine, B. (2008). TMS disrupts the perception and embodiment of facial expressions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 8929-8933.
60. Poldrack, R.A. (2006). Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuro-imaging data? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 59-63.
61. Prinz, J.J. (2002). Furnishing the mind: Concepts and their perceptual basis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
62. Reed, C.L., & McIntosh, D.N. (2008). The social dance: On-line body perception in the context of others. In R. L. Klatzky, M. Behrmann, & B. MacWhinney (Eds.), Embodiment, ego-space, and action. Hillsdale, NJ: Psychology Press.
63. Rogers, S.J., & Pennington, B. (1991). A theoretical approach to the deficits in infantile autism. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 137-162.
64. Rutherford, M.D., & McIntosh, D.N. (2007). Rules versus prototype matching: Strategies of perception of emotional facial expressions in the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 187-196.
65. Schreibman, L. (2005). The science and fiction of autism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
66. Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., Stumpf, L., & Prinz, W. (2005). Far from action blind: Action representation in individuals with autism. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22, 433-454.
67. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R.J., & Frith, C.D. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303, 1157-1162.
68. Stel, M., van den Heuvel, C., & Smeets, R. (2008). Facial feedback mechanisms in autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1250-1258.
69. Tassinary, L.G., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2000). The skeletomuscular system: Surface electromyography. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (2 nd ed., pp. 163-199). New York: Cambridge University Press.
70. Theoret, H., Halligan, E., Kobayashi, M., Fregni, F., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2005). Impaired motor facilitation during action observation in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Current Biology, 15, R84 - R85.
71. Villalobos, M.E., Mizuno, A., Dahl, B.C., Kemmotsu, N., & Muller, R.A. (2005). Reduced functional connectivity between V1 and inferior frontal cortex associated with visuomotor performance in autism. Neuroimage, 25, 916-925.
72. Weeks, S.J., & Hobson, R.P. (1987). The salience of facial expression for autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 137-151.
73. Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of us disgusted in My insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655-664.
74. Wilbarger, J., McIntosh, D.N., & Winkielman, P. (in press). Startle modulation in autism: Positive affective stimuli enhanced startle response.
75. Williams, J.H.G., Whiten, A., & Singh, T. (2004). A systematic review of action imitation in autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 34, 285-299.
76. Wilson, M. (2002). Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 625-636.
77. Winkielman, P., Niedenthal, P., & Oberman, L. (2008). The embodied emotional mind. In G. R. Semin & E. R. Smith (Eds.), Embodied grounding: Social, cognitive, affective, and neuroscientific approaches (pp. 263-288). New York: Cambridge University Press.
78. Winston, J.S., O'Doherty, J., & Dolan, R. (2003). Common and distinct neural responses during direct and incidental processing of multiple facial emotions. Neuroimage, 20, 84-97.
79. Zajonc, R.B., & Markus, H. (1984). Affect and cognition: The hard interface. In C. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition and behavior (pp. 73-102). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.