Neuroscientific evidence for simulation and shared substrates in emotion recognition: Beyond faces

Emotion Review

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 162-177

  Heberlein, Andrea S ^a   Atkinson, Anthony P ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Empathy; Simulation; Somatosensory cortex

Indexed keywords

EID: 64549099065     PISSN: 17540739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1754073908100441     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Adolphs, R. (2002). Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: Psychological and neurological mechanisms. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 1 (1). 21-61.
2. Adolphs, R., Baron-Cohen, S., & Tranel, D. (2002). Impaired recognition of social emotions following amygdala damage. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14 (8). 1264-1274.
3. Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., Cooper, G., & Damasio, A.R. (2000). A role for somatosensory cortices in the visual recognition of emotion as revealed by three-dimensional lesion mapping. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20 (7). 2683-2690.
4. Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T.W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A.R. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433 (7021). 68-72.
5. Adolphs, R., & Tranel, D. (1999). Intact recognition of emotional prosody following amygdala damage. Neuropsychologia, 37, 1285-1292.
6. Adolphs, R., & Tranel, D. (2003). Amygdala damage impairs emotion recognition from scenes only when they contain facial expressions. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1281-1289.
7. Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A.R. (1998). The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature, 393, 470-474.
8. Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A.R. (1995). Fear and the human amygdala. The Journal of Neuroscience, 15 (9). 5879-5891.
9. Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Hamann, S., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J., Phelps, E.A., et al. (1999). Recognition of facial emotion in nine individuals with bilateral amygdala damage. Neuropsychologia, 37, 1111-1117.
10. Amaral, D.G. (2002). The primate amygdala and the neurobiology of social behavior: Implications for understanding social anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 11-17.
11. Amaral, D.G., Behniea, H., & Kelly, J.L. (2003). Topographic organization of projections from the amygdala to the visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Neuroscience, 118 (4). 1099-1120.
12. Anderson, A.K., & Phelps, E.A. (1998). Intact recognition of vocal expressions of fear following bilateral lesions of the amygdala. Neuroreport, 9, 3607-3613.
13. Anderson, A.K., & Phelps, E.A. (2002). Is the human amygdala critical for the subjective experience of emotion? Evidence of intact dispositional affect in patients with amygdala lesions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14 (5). 709-720.
14. Atkinson, A.P., Dittrich, W.H., Gemmell, A.J., & Young, A.W. (2004). Emotion perception from dynamic and static body expressions in point-light and full-light displays. Perception, 33 (6). 717-746.
15. Atkinson, A.P., Heberlein, A.S., & Adolphs, R. (2007). Spared ability to recognise fear from static and moving whole-body cues following bilateral amygdala damage. Neuropsychologia, 45 (12). 2772-2782.
16. Atkinson, A.P., Heberlein, A.S., & Adolphs, R. (in press). Are people special? A brain's eye view. In R. B. Adams, Jr., N. Ambady, K. Nakayama, & S. Shimojo (Eds.), The science of social vision. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. Bachorowski, J., & Owren, M.J. (2008). Vocal expressions of emotion. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 196-210). New York: Guilford Press.
18. Barrett, L.F., Bliss-Moreau, E., Duncan, S.L., Rauch, S.L., & Wright, C.I. (2007). The amygdala and the experience of affect. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 73-83.
19. Barsalou, L.W., Kyle Simmons, W., Barbey, A.K., & Wilson, C.D. (2003). Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality-specific systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7 (2). 84-91.
20. Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rockland, C., & Damasio, A.R. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science, 269, 1115-1118.
21. Benowitz, L.I., Bear, D.M., Rosenthal, R., Mesulam, M.M., Zaidel, E., & Sperry, R.W. (1983). Hemispheric specialization in nonverbal communication. Cortex, 19, 5-11.
22. Berntson, G.G., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2007). Amygdala contribution to selective dimensions of emotion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 123-129.
23. Blair, R.J., Morris, J.S., Frith, C.D., Perrett, D.I., & Dolan, R.J. (1999). Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger. Brain, 122, 883-893.
24. Blake, R., & Shiffrar, M. (2007). Perception of human motion. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 47-73.
25. Blakemore, S.-J., & Decety, J. (2001). From the perception of action to the understanding of intention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 561-567.
26. Bonda, E., Petrides, M., Ostry, D., & Evans, A. (1996). Specific involvement of human parietal systems and the amygdala in the perception of biological motion. The Journal of Neuroscience, 16 (11). 3737-3744.
27. Bowers, D., Bauer, R.M., Coslett, H.B., & Heilman, K.M. (1985). Processing of faces by patients with unilateral hemisphere lesions: I. Dissociation between judgments of facial affect and facial identity. Brain and Cognition, 4, 258-272.
28. Calder, A.J., Keane, J., Cole, J., Campbell, R., & Young, A.W. (2000). Facial expression recognition by people with Mobius syndrome. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 73-87.
29. Calder, A.J., Lawrence, A.D., & Young, A.W. (2001). Neuropsychology of fear and loathing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 352-363.
30. Calder, A.J., & Young, A.W. (2005). Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 641-651.
31. Calder, A.J., Young, A.W., Perrett, D.I., Hodges, J.R., & Etcoff, N.L. (1996). Facial emotion recognition after bilateral amygdala damage: Differentially severe impairment of fear. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 13, 699-745.
32. Canli, T., Sivers, H., Whitfield, S.L., Gotlib, I.H., & Gabrieli, J.D. (2002). Amygdala response to happy faces as a function of extraversion. Science, 296, 2191.
33. Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M.C., Mazziotta, J.C., & Lenzi, G.L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100, 5497-5502.
34. Chaminade, T., & Decety, J. (2002). Leader or follower? Involvement of the inferior parietal lobule in agency. Neuroreport, 13, 1975-1978.
35. Chan, A.W., Peelen, M.V., & Downing, P.E. (2004). The effect of viewpoint on body representation in the extrastriate body area. Neuroreport, 15 (15). 2407-2410.
36. Crawford, L.E. (2009). Conceptual metaphors of affect. Emotion Review, 1 (2). 129-139.
37. Damasio, A.R. (1989). Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition, 33 (1-2). 25-62.
38. Damasio, A.R. (1999). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace.
39. Darwin, C. (1872 / 1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. (Reprinted from the D. Appleton and Company authorized edition.) Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
40. David, N., Cohen, M.X., Newen, A., Bewernick, B.H., Shah, N.J., Fink, G.R., et al. (2007). The extrastriate cortex distinguishes between the consequences of one's own and others' behavior. Neuroimage, 36 (3). 1004-1014.
41. Davidson, R.J. (1992). Anterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotion. Brain and Cognition, 20, 125-151.
42. de Gelder, B. (2006). Towards the neurobiology of emotional body language. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7 (3). 242-249.
43. de Gelder, B., Snyder, J., Greve, D., Gerard, G., & Hadjikhani, N. (2004). Fear fosters flight: A mechanism for fear contagion when perceiving emotion expressed by a whole body. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101, 16701-16706.
44. Decety, J., & Grèzes, J. (1999). Neural mechanisms subserving the perception of human actions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3 (5). 172-178.
45. Decety, J., & Lamm, C. (2006). Human empathy through the lens of social neuroscience. Scientific World Journal, 6, 1146-1163.
46. de Meijer, M. (1989). The contribution of general features of body movement to the attribution of emotions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13 (4). 247-268.
47. Dimberg, U. (1982). Facial reactions to facial expressions. Psychophysiology, 19 (6). 643-647.
48. Dimberg, U., Thunberg, M., & Elmehed, K. (2000). Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Psychological Science, 11 (1). 86-89.
49. di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (1992). Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research, 91 (1). 176-180.
50. Dittrich, W.H., Troscianko, T., Lea, S.E., & Morgan, D. (1996). Perception of emotion from dynamic point-light displays represented in dance. Perception, 25 (6). 727-738.
51. Dolan, R.J., Fletcher, P.C., Morris, J.S., Kapur, N., Deakin, J.F.W., & Frith, C.D. (1996). Neural activation during covert processing of positive emotional facial expressions. Neuroimage, 4, 194-200.
52. Downing, P.E., Jiang, Y., Shuman, M., & Kanwisher, N. (2001). A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body. Science, 293, 2470-2473.
53. Downing, P.E., Wiggett, A.J., & Peelen, M.V. (2007). Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of overlapping lateral occipitotemporal activations using multi-voxel pattern analysis. Journal of Neuroscience, 27 (1). 226-233.
54. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.
55. Fanselow, M.S., & LeDoux, J.E. (1999). Why we think plasticity underlying Pavlovian fear conditioning occurs in the basolateral amygdala. Neuron, 23 (2). 229-232.
56. Gallese, V., Keysers, C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2004). A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8 (9). 396-403.
57. George, M.S., Parekh, P.I., Rosinsky, N., Ketter, T.A., Kimbrell, T.A., Heilman, K.M., et al. (1996). Understanding emotional prosody activates right hemisphere regions. Archives of Neurology, 53, 665-670.
58. Glenberg, A., Webster, B., Mouilso, E., Havas, D., & Lindeman, L. (2009). Gender, emotion, and the embodiment of language comprehension. Emotion Review, 1 (2). 151-161.
59. Grandjean, D., Banziger, T., & Scherer, K.R. (2006). Intonation as an interface between language and affect. Progress in Brain Research, 156, 235-268.
60. Grèzes, J., Pichon, S., & de Gelder, B. (2007). Perceiving fear in dynamic body expressions. Neuroimage, 35 (2). 959-967.
61. Hadjikhani, N., & de Gelder, B. (2003). Seeing fearful body expressions activates the fusiform cortex and amygdala. Current Biology, 13, 2201-2205.
62. Halgren, E., Walter, R.D., Cherlow, D.G., & Crandall, P.H. (1978). Mental phenomena evoked by electrical stimulation of the human hippocampal formation and amygdala. Brain, 101 (1). 83-117.
63. Hariri, A.R., Mattay, V.S., Tessitore, A., Kolachana, B., Fera, F., Goldman, D., et al. (2002). Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science, 297, 400-403.
64. Harrison, N.A., Singer, T., Rotshtein, P., Dolan, R.J., & Critchley, H.D. (2006). Pupillary contagion: Central mechanisms engaged in sadness processing. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1 (1). 5-17.
65. Haxby, J.V., Hoffman, E.A., & Gobbini, M.I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4 (6). 223-233.
66. Heberlein, A.S., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2004). Cortical regions for judgments of emotions and personality traits from point-light walkers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16 (7). 1143-1158.
67. Heberlein, A.S., Padon, A.A., Gillihan, S.J., Farah, M.J., & Fellows, L.K. (2008). Ventromedial frontal lobe plays a critical role in facial emotion recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20 (4). 721-733.
68. Heberlein, A.S., & Saxe, R. (2005). Dissociation between emotion and personality judgments: Convergent evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuroimage, 28, 770-777.
69. Hess, U., & Blairy, S. (2001). Facial mimicry and emotional contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 40 (2). 129-141.
70. Hornak, J., Bramham, J., Rolls, E.T., Morris, R.G., O'Doherty, J., Bullock, P.R., et al. (2003). Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Brain, 126, 1691-1712.
71. Hutchison, W.D., Davis, K.D., Lozano, A.M., Tasker, R.R., & Dostrovsky, J.O. (1999). Pain-related neurons in the human cingulate cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 2 (5). 403-405.
72. Iacoboni, M., Woods, R., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J., & Rizzolati, G. (1999). Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science, 286, 2526-2528.
73. Imaizumi, S., Mori, K., Kiritani, S., Kawashima, R., Sugiura, M., Fukuda, H., et al. (1997). Vocal identification of speaker and emotion activates different brain regions. Neuroreport, 8 (12). 2809-2812.
74. James, W. (1932). A study of the expression of bodily posture. Journal of General Psychology, 7, 405-437.
75. Jeannerod, M. (2004). Visual and action cues contribute to the self-other distinction. Nature Neuroscience, 7 (5). 422-423.
76. Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model of its analysis. Perception and Psychophysics, 14, 202-211.
77. Kanwisher, N., & Yovel, G. (2006). The fusiform face area: A cortical region specialized for the perception of faces. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 361, 2109-2128.
78. Keillor, J.M., Barrett, A.M., Crucian, G.P., Kortenkamp, S., & Heilman, K.M. (2002). Emotional experience and perception in the absence of facial feedback. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8 (1). 130-135.
79. Klüver, H., & Bucy, P.C. (1997). Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. 1939 [classical article]. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 9, 606-620.
80. Kucharska-Pietura, K., Phillips, M.L., Gernand, W., & David, A.S. (2003). Perception of emotions from faces and voices following unilateral brain damage. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1082-1090.
81. LaBar, K.S., LeDoux, J.E., Spencer, D.D., & Phelps, E.A. (1995). Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. The Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 6846-6855.
82. Lamm, C., & Decety, J. (2008). Is the extrastriate body area (EBA) sensitive to the perception of pain in others? An fMRI investigation. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 2369-2373.
83. Lee, T.W., Josephs, O., Dolan, R.J., & Critchley, H.D. (2006). Imitating expressions: Emotion-specific neural substrates in facial mimicry. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1 (2). 122-135.
84. Liu, J., Harris, A., & Kanwisher, N. (2002). Stages of processing in face perception: An MEG study. Nature Neuroscience, 5 (9). 910-916.
85. Marinkovic, K., Trebon, P., Chauvel, P., & Halgren, E. (2000). Localized face processing by the human prefrontal cortex: Face-selective intracerebral potentials and post-lesion deficits. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 187-199.
86. Morris, J.S., Friston, K.J., Buchel, C., Frith, C.D., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J., et al. (1998). A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions. Brain, 121, 47-57.
87. Morris, J.S., Frith, C.D., Perrett, D.I., Rowland, D., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J., et al. (1996). A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature, 383, 812-815.
88. Morris, J.S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R.J. (1999). A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating "unseen" fear. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96, 1680-1685.
89. Morrison, I. (2007). A motivational perspective on the neural bases of empathy. In T. F. D. Farrow & P. W. R. Woodruff (Eds.), Empathy in mental illness and health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
90. Morrison, I., Lloyd, D., di Pellegrino, G., & Roberts, N. (2004). Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: Is empathy a multisensory issue? Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 4 (2). 270-278.
91. Niedenthal, P.M., Barsalou, L.W., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2005). Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9 (3). 184-211.
92. Niedenthal, P.M., Brauer, M., Halberstadt, J.B., & Innes-Ker, A.H. (2001). When did her smile drop? Facial mimicry and the influences of emotional state on the detection of change in emotional expression. Cognition & Emotion, 15, 853-864.
93. Öngur, D., & Price, J.L. (2000). The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cerebral Cortex, 10 (3). 206-219.
94. Peelen, M.V., Atkinson, A.P., Andersson, F., & Vuilleumier, P. (2007). Emotional modulation of body-selective visual areas. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2 (4). 274-283.
95. Peelen, M.V., & Downing, P.E. (2005). Selectivity for the human body in the fusiform gyrus. Journal of Neurophysiology, 93 (1). 603-608.
96. Peelen, M.V., & Downing, P.E. (2007). The neural basis of visual body perception. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8 (8). 636-648.
97. Pessoa, L., McKenna, M., Gutierrez, E., & Ungerleider, L.G. (2002). Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99, 11458-11463.
98. Phan, K.L., Wager, T., Taylor, S.F., & Liberzon, I. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage, 16 (2). 331-348.
99. Phillips, M.L., Williams, L.M., Heining, M., Herba, C.M., Russell, T., Andrew, C., et al. (2004). Differential neural responses to overt and covert presentations of facial expressions of fear and disgust. Neuroimage, 21 (4). 1484-1496.
100. Phillips, M.L., Young, A.W., Scott, S.K., Calder, A.J., Andrew, C., Giampietro, V., et al. (1998). Neural responses to facial and vocal expressions of fear and disgust. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 265, 1809-1817.
101. Pichon, S., de Gelder, B., & Grèzes, J. (2007). Emotional modulation of visual and motor areas by dynamic body expressions of anger. Social Neuroscience, EPub 1-14.
102. Ping, R., Dhillon, S., & Beilock, S. (2009). Reach for what you like: The body's role in shaping preferences. Emotion Review, 1 (2). 140-150.
103. Pitcher, D., Garrido, L., Walsh, V., & Duchaine, B. (2008). TMS disrupts the perception and embodiment of facial expressions [Abstract]. Journal of Vision, 8 (6). 700.
104. Pitcher, D., Walsh, V., Yovel, G., & Duchaine, B. (2007). TMS evidence for the involvement of the right occipital face area in early face processing. Current Biology, 17 (18). 1568-1573.
105. Pourtois, G., Sander, D., Andres, M., Grandjean, D., Reveret, L., Olivier, E., et al. (2004). Dissociable roles of the human somatosensory and superior temporal cortices for processing social face signals. European Journal of Neuroscience, 20 (12). 3507-3515.
106. Preston, S.D., & de Waal, F.B.M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, 1-72.
107. Prinz, W. (1997). Perception and action planning. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 9, 129-154.
108. Rosenthal, R., Hall, J.A., DiMatteo, M.R., Rogers, P.L., & Archer, D. (1979). Sensitivity to nonverbal communication: The PONS test. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
109. Ross, E.D., Thompson, R.D., & Yenkosky, J. (1997). Lateralization of affective prosody in brain and the callosal integration of hemispheric language functions. Brain Lang, 56 (1). 27-54.
110. Sander, K., & Scheich, H. (2001). Auditory perception of laughing and crying activates human amygdala regardless of attentional state. Cognitive Brain Research, 12 (2). 181-198.
111. Saxe, R., Jamal, N., & Powell, L. (2006). My body or yours? The effect of visual perspective on cortical body representations. Cerebral Cortex, 16 (2). 178-182.
112. Schwarzlose, R.F., Baker, C.I., & Kanwisher, N. (2005). Separate face and body selectivity on the fusiform gyrus. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 11055-11059.
113. Schyns, P.G., Bonnar, L., & Gosselin, F. (2002). Show me the features! Understanding recognition from the use of visual information. Psychological Science, 13 (5). 402-409.
114. Schyns, P.G., Petro, L.S., & Smith, M.L. (2007). Dynamics of visual information integration in the brain for categorizing facial expressions. Current Biology, 17 (18). 1580-1585.
115. Scott, S.K., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J., Hellawell, D.J., Aggleton, J.P., & Johnson, M. (1997). Impaired auditory recognition of fear and anger following bilateral amygdala lesions. Nature, 385, 254-257.
116. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R.J., & Frith, C.D. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303, 1157-1162.
117. Smith, M.L., Gosselin, F., & Schyns, P.G. (2004). Receptive fields for flexible face categorizations. Psychological Science, 15 (11). 753-761.
118. Sonnby-Borgström, M. (2002). Automatic mimicry reactions as related to differences in emotional empathy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43 (5). 433-443.
119. Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A., Schroeder, U., Grossenbacher, P.G., Federlein, J., Buettner, T., et al. (1999). Knowing no fear. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Science, 266, 2451-2456.
120. Strack, F., Martin, L.L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 (5). 768-777.
121. Sugase, Y., Yamane, S., Ueno, S., & Kawano, K. (1999). Global and fine information coded by single neurons in the temporal visual cortex. Nature, 400, 869-873.
122. Tranel, D., Gullickson, G., Koch, M., & Adolphs, R. (2006). Altered experience of emotion following bilateral amygdala damage. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 11 (3). 219-232.
123. Tsuchiya, N., Kawasaki, H., Howard, M.A., & Adolphs, R. (2008). Decoding frequency and timing of emotion perception from direct intracranial recordings in the human brain [Abstract]. Journal of Vision, 8 (6). 962.
124. van Rijn, S., Aleman, A., van Diessen, E., Berckmoes, C., Vingerhoets, G., & Kahn, R.S. (2005). What is said or how it is said makes a difference: Role of the right fronto-parietal operculum in emotional prosody as revealed by repetitive TMS. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21 (11). 3195-3200.
125. Vuilleumier, P. (2005). How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends in Neuroscience, 21 (11). 585-594.
126. Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J.L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R.J. (2001). Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron, 30 (3). 829-841.
127. Vuilleumier, P., & Driver, J. (2007). Modulation of visual processing by attention and emotion: Windows on causal interactions between human brain regions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362, 837-855.
128. Vuilleumier, P., & Pourtois, G. (2007). Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: Evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia, 45 (1). 174-194.
129. Vuilleumier, P., Richardson, M.P., Armony, J.L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R.J. (2004). Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing. Nature Neuroscience, 7 (11). 1271-1278.
130. Wallbott, H.G. (1991). Recognition of emotion from facial expression via imitation? Some indirect evidence for an old theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 207-219.
131. Wallbott, H.G. (1998). Bodily expression of emotion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 879-896.
132. Whalen, P.J. (1998). Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: Initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7 (6). 177-188.
133. Whalen, P.J., Kagan, J., Cook, R.G., Davis, F.C., Kim, H., Polis, S., et al. (2004). Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science, 306, 2061.
134. Winkielman, P., McIntosh, D., & Oberman, L. (2009) Embodied and disembodied emotion processing: Learning from and about typical and autistic individuals. Emotion Review, 1 (2). 178-190.
135. Winston, J.S., O'Doherty, J., & Dolan, R.J. (2003). Common and distinct neural responses during direct and incidental processing of multiple facial emotions. Neuroimage, 20 (1). 84-97.
136. Young, A.W., Aggleton, J.P., Hellawell, D.J., Johnson, M., Broks, P., & Hanley, J.R. (1995). Face processing impairments after amygdalotomy. Brain, 118, 15-24.