Thrusts and prospects on understanding and predicting Asian monsoon climate

Acta Meteorologica Sinica

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 383-403

  Wang, Bin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

Asian monsoon; Climate predictability; Climate prediction; Intraseasonal oscillation

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; CLIMATE MODELING; CLIMATE OSCILLATION; CLIMATE PREDICTION; CLIMATE VARIATION; MONSOON;

ASIA; EURASIA;

EID: 61349109314     PISSN: 08940525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (173)

1. Annamalai, H., and J. Slingo, 2001: Active/break cycles: Diagnosis of the intraseasonal variability of the Asian summer monsoon. Climate Dyn., 18, 85-102.
2. Bamzai, A., and J. Shukla, 1999: Relation between Eurasian snow cover, snow depth and the Indian summer monsoon: An observational study. J. Climate, 12, 3117-3132.
3. Barnston, A. G., S. J. Mason, L. Goddard, D. G. Dewitt, and S. E. Zebiak, 2003: Multimodel ensembling in seasonal climate forecasting at IRI. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 1783-1796.
4. Bengtsson, L., U. Schlese, E. Roeckner, M. Latif, T. P. Barnett, and N. E. Graham, 1993: A two-tiered approach to long-range climate forecasting. Science, 261, 1027-1029.
5. Buizza, R., M. Miller, and T. N. Palmer, 1999: Stochastic representation of model uncertainties in the ECMWF ensemble prediction system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 2887-2908.
6. Cane, M. A., S. E. Zebiak, and S. C. Dolan, 1986: Experimental forecasts of El Niño. Nature, 321, 827-832.
7. Chang, C.-P., B. Wang, and N.-C. G. Lau, 2005: The global monsoon system: research and forecast. WMO/TD No. 126, Secretariat of WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.
8. Chang, C.-P., Z. Wang, J. McBride, and C. H. Liu, 2005: Annual cycle of Southeast Asia-Maritime Continent rainfall and the asymmetric monsoon transition. J. Climate, 18, 287-301.
9. Chang, C.-P., Z. Wang, and H. Hendon, 2006: The Asian winter monsoon. The Asian Monsoon. Wang B., Ed., Praxis, Berlin, 89-127.
10. Charney, J., and J. Shukla, 1981: Predictability of monsoons. Monsoon Dynamics. Lighthill J., and R. P. Pearce, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 99-108.
11. Chen, T., and J. Chen, 1993: The 10-20-day mode of the 1979 Indian monsoon: its relation with the time variation of monsoon rainfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2465-2482.
12. Davey, M. K., and Coauthors, 2002: STOIC: A study of coupled GCM climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions. Climate Dyn., 18, 403-420.
13. Ding, Q., and B. Wang, 2007: Intraseasonal teleconnection between the Eurasian wave train and Indian summer monsoon. J. Climate, 20, 3751-3767.
14. Ding, Y., 1992: Summer monsoon rainfalls in China. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 397-421.
15. Ding, Y., 1994: Monsoons Over China. Springer, New York, 419.
16. Ding, Y., 2004: Seasonal march of the East-Asian summer monsoon. The East Asian Monsoon. C.-P. Chang Ed., World Scientific Publishing, 3-53.
17. Dirmeyer, P., A. Dolman, and N. Sato, 1999: The pilot phase of the global soil wetness project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 851-878.
18. Doblas-Reyes, F. J., M. Déqué, and J.-P. Piedelievre, 2000: Model and multimodel spread and probabilistic seasonal forecasts in PROVOST. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2069-2088.
19. Doblas-Reyes, F. J., R. Hagedorn, and T. N. Palmer, 2005: The rationale behind the success of multi-model ensembles in seasonal forecasting. Part II: Calibration and combination. Tellus A, 57, 234-252.
20. Drbohlav, H., and B. Wang, 2005: Mechanism of the northward propagating intraseasonal oscillation in the South Asian monsoon region: Results from a zonally averaged model. J. Climate, 18, 952-972.
21. Fu, X., B. Wang, T. Li, and J. P. McCreary, 2003: Coupling between northward propagating, intraseasonal oscillations and sea-surface temperature in the Indian Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1733-1753.
22. Fu, X., B. Wang, D. E. Waliser, and L. Tao, 2007: Impact of atmosphere-ocean coupling on the predictability of monsoon intraseasonal oscillations. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 157-174.
23. Fu, X., B. Wang, Q. Bao, P. Liu, and B. Yang, 2008: Experimental dynamical forecast of an MJO event observed during TOGA-COARE period. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., in press.
24. Gadgil, S., P. Vinayachandran, P. Francis, and S. Gadgil, 2004: Extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, ENSO and equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12213, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019733.
25. Goswami, B., and J. Shukla, 1984: Quasi-periodic oscillations in a symmetric general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 20-37.
26. Guan, Z., and T. Yamagata, 2003: The unusual summer of 1994 in East Asia: IOD teleconnections. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(10), 1544, doi:10.1029/2002GL016831.
27. Hamada, J.-I., M. Yamanaka, J. Matsumoto, S. Fukao, P. Winarso, and T. Sribimawati, 2002: Spatial and temporal variations of the rainy season over Indonesia and their link to ENSO. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 285-310.
28. Hendon, H. H., B. Liebmann, M. Newman, J. D. Glick, and J. Schemm, 1999: Medium range forecast errors associated with active episodes of the MJO. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 69-86.
29. Hendon, H., M. Wheeler, and C. Zhang, 2007: Seasonal dependence of the MJO-ENSO relationship. J. Climate, 20, 531-543.
30. Hsu, H.-H., and C.-H. Weng, 2001: Northwestward propagation of the intraseasonal oscillation during the boreal summer: mechanism and structure. J. Climate, 14, 3834-3850.
31. Hsu, H-H., C.-H. Weng, and C.-H. Wu, 2004: Contrasting characteristics between the northward and eastward propagation of the intraseasonal oscillation during the boreal summer. J. Climate, 17, 727-743.
32. Hsu, H.-H., and M.-Y. Lee, 2005: Topographic effects on the eastward propagation and initiation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 18, 795-809.
33. Huang, R., and Y. Wu, 1989: The influence of ENSO on the summer climate change in China and its mechanism. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 6, 21-32.
34. Hung, C.-W., X. Liu, and M. Yanai, 2004: Symmetry and asymmetry of the Asian and Australian summer monsoon. J. Climate, 17, 2413-2426.
35. Ji, M., A. Kumar, and A. Leetmaa, 1994: An experimental coupled forecast system at the National Meteorological Center: Some early results. Tellus, 46A, 398-418.
36. Jiang, X., and T. Li, 2005: Reinitiation of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation in the tropical Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 18, 3777-3795.
37. Jiang, X., T. Li, and B. Wang, 2004: Structures and mechanisms of the northward propagating boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 17, 1022-1039.
38. Jin, E. K, J. L. Kinter III, B. Wang, and Co authors, 2008: Current status of ENSO prediction skill in coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0418-2.
39. Jones, C., D. E. Waliser, J.-K. E. Schemm, and W. K.M. Lau, 2000: Prediction skill of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in dynamical extended range forecasts. Climate Dyn., 16, 273-289.
40. Kang, I.-S., and J. Shukla, 2006: Dynamic seasonal prediction and predictability (Chap. 15). The Asian Monsoon. Springer Praxis, Chicherster, 585-612.
41. Kang, I.-S., K. Jin, B. Wang, K.-M. Lau, J. Shukla, and Coauthors, 2002: Intercomparison of the climatological variations of Asian summer monsoon precipitation simulated by 10 GCMs. Climate Dyn., 19, 383-395.
42. Kawamura, R., T. Murakami, and B. Wang, 1996: Tropical and midlatitude 45-day perturbations during the northern summer. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 74, 867-890.
43. Kemball-Cook, S., and B. Wang, 2001: Equatorial waves and air-sea interaction in the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 14, 2923-2942.
44. Kiguchi, M., and J. Matsumoto, 2005: The rainfall phenomena during the pre-monsoon period over the Indochina peninsula in the GAME-IOP year. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 83, 89-106.
45. Kikuchi, K., and B. Wang, 2008: Diurnal precipitation regimes in the tropics. J. Climate, in press.
46. Kim, H.-M, I.-S. Kang, B. Wang, and J.-Y. Lee, 2008: Interannual variations of the Boreal summer intraseasonal variability predicted by ten atmosphere-ocean coupled models. Climate Dyn., 30, 485-496, doi: 10.1007/s00382-007-0292-3.
47. Krishnamurthy, V., and J. Shukla, 2008: Seasonal per sistence and propagation of intraseasonal patterns over the Indian monsoon region. Climate Dyn., 30, 353-369.
48. Krishnamurti, T., and H. Bhalme, 1976: Oscillations of a monsoon system. Part I. Observational aspects. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1937-1954.
49. Krishnamurti, T. N., C. M. Kishtawal, T. E. LaRow, D. R. Bachiochi, Z. Zhang, C. E. Williford, S. Gadgil, and S. Surendran, 1999: Improved skills for weather and seasonal climate forecasts from multi-model superensemble. Science, 285, 1548-1550.
50. Krishnamurti, T. N., C. M. Kishtawal, Z. Zhang, T. E. LaRow, D. R. Bachiochi, Z. Zhang, C E. Williford, S. Gadgil, and S. Sajani, 2000: Multimodel ensemble forecasts for weather and seasonal climate. J. Climate, 13, 4196-4216.
51. Kumar, K. K., M. Hoerling, and B. Rajagopalan, 2005: Advancing dynamical prediction of Indian monsoon rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L08704, doi:10.1029/2004GL021979.
52. Latif, M., T. P. Barnett, M. A. Cane, M. Flugel, N. E. Graham, H. von Storch, et al., 1994: A review of ENSO prediction studies. Clim. Dyn., 9, 167-179, doi: 10.1007/BF00208250.
53. Latif, M., and Coauthors, 2001: ENSIP: The El Niño simulation intercomparison project. Climate Dyn., 18, 255-276.
54. Lau, K.-M., and P. Chan, 1986: Aspects of the 40-50-day oscillation during northern summer as inferred from OLR. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1354-1367.
55. Lau, K.-M., M. Kim, and K. Kim, 2006: Aerosol induced anomalies in the Asian summer monsoon: The role of the Tibetan Plateau. Climate Dyn., 26, 855-864.
56. Lau, K. M., J.-Y. Lee, K.-M. Kim, and I.-S. Kang, 2004: The North Pacific as a regulator of summertime climate over Eurasia and North America. J. Climate, 17, 819-833.
57. Lau, K.-M., and S. Shen, 1988: On the dynamics of intraseasonal oscillations and ENSO. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1781-1797.
58. Lau, K.-M., and S. Yang, 1997: Climatology and interannual variability of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 141-162.
59. Lau, N.-C., and M. J. Nath, 2000: Impact of ENSO on the variability of the Asian-Australian monsoons as simulated in GCM experiments. J. Climate, 13, 4287-4309.
60. Lau, N.-C., and B. Wang, 2006: Interactions between the Asian monsoon and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. The Asian Monsoon. Wang B., Ed. Springer/Praxis Publishing Ltd., New York, 479-511.
61. Lawrence, D., and P. Webster, 2002: The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation: Relationship between northward and eastward movement of convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1593-1606.
62. Lee, J.-Y., B. Wang, I.-S. Kang, J.-S. Kug, J. Shukla, E.-K. Jin, and Coauthors, 2008: Performance of climate prediction models on annual modes of precipitation and its relation with seasonal prediction. Climate Dyn., in press.
63. Li, J., and Q. Zeng, 2002: A unified monsoon index. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(8), 1274, doi:10.1029/2001GL013874.
64. Li, J., and Q. Zeng, 2005: A new monsoon index, its interannual variability and relation with monsoon precipitation. Climate Environ. Res., 10, 351-365.
65. Li, T., P. Liu, X. Fu, and B. Wang, 2006: Spatiotemporal structures and mechanisms of the tropospheric biennial oscillation in the Indo-Pacific warm ocean regions. J. Climate, 19, 3070-3087.
66. Liess, S., D. E. Waliser, and S. D. Schubert, 2005: Predictability studies of the intraseasonal oscillation with the ECHAM5 GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3320-3336.
67. LinHo, and B. Wang, 2002: The time-space structure of the Asian-Pacific summer monsoon: A fast annual cycle view. J. Climate, 15, 2001-2019.
68. Lorenz, E. N., 1963: Deterministic nonperiodic flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 130-141.
69. Loschnigg, J., G. Meehl, J. Webster, J. Arblaster, and G. Compo, 2003: The Asian monsoon, the tropospheric biennial oscillation, and the Indian Ocean zonal mode in the NCAR GCM. J. Climate, 15, 2001-2019.
70. Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40-50-day oscillation in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 3138-3158.
71. Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1972: Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40-50-day period. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109-1123.
72. Maloney, E. D., and D. Hartmann, 1998: Frictional moisture convergence in a composite life cycle of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 11, 2387-2403.
73. Maloney, E. D., and D. L. Hartmann, 2001: The sensitivity of intraseasonal variability in the NCAR CCM3 to changes in convective parameterization. J. Climate, 14, 2015-2034.
74. Matsumoto, J., 1992: The seasonal changes in Asian and Australian monsoon regions. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 257-273.
75. Matsumoto, J., 1997: Seasonal transition of summer rainy season over Indo-China and adjacent monsoon region. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 231-245.
76. Matsumoto, J., and T. Murakami, 2002: Seasonal migration of monsoons between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere as revealed from equatorially symmetric and asymmetric OLR data. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 419-437.
77. Meehl, G., 1987: The annual cycle and interannual variability in the tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean region. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 27-50.
78. Meehl, G., 1993: A coupled air-sea biennial mechanism in the tropical Indian and Pacific regions: Role of the ocean. J. Climate, 6, 31-41.
79. Meehl, G., and J. Arblaster, 2002: The tropospheric biennial oscillation and Asian-Australian monsoon rainfall. J. Climate, 15, 722-744.
80. Minoura, D., R. Kawamura, and T. Matsuura, 2003: A mechanism of the onset of the South Asian summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 81, 563-580.
81. Miura, H., M. Satoh, T. Nasuno, A. T. Noda, and K. Oouchi, 2007: A Madden-Julian Oscillation event realistically simulated by a global cloud-resolving model. Science, 318, doi: 10.1126/science.1148443.
82. Miyakoda, K., A. Navarra, and M. N. Ward, 1999: Tropical-wide teleconnection and oscillation. II: The ENSO-monsoon system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 2937-2963.
83. Mooley, D., and B. Parthasarathy, 1984: Fluctuation in all-India summer monsoon rainfall during 1871-1985. Climate Change, 6, 287-301.
84. Mori, S., J.-I. Hamada, Y. Tauhid, M. Yamanaka, N. Okamoto, F. Murata, N. Sakurai, H. Hashiguchi, and T. Sribimawati, 2004: Diurnal land-sea rainfall peak migration over Sumatera Island, Indonesian maritime continent, observed by TRMM satellite and intensive rawinsonde soundings. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2021-2039.
85. Murakami, M., 1983: Analysis of the deep convective activity over the western Pacific and Southeast Asia. Part I: Diunal variation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 61, 60-76.
86. Nakazawa, T., 1992: Seasonal phase lock of intraseasonal variation during the Asian summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 257-273.
87. Nasuno, T., H. Tomita, S. Iga, H. Miura, and M. Satoh, 2007: Multiscale organization of convection simulated with explicit cloud processes on an aquaplanet. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1902-1921.
88. Navarra, A., M. Ward, and K. Miyakoda, 1999: Tropicalwide teleconnection and oscillation. I: Teleconnection indices and type I/type II states. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 2909-2935.
89. Nesbitt, S. W., and E. J. Zipser, 2003: The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements. J. Climate, 16(10), 1456-1475.
90. Nicholls, N., 1983: Air-sea interaction and the quasibiennial oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1505-1508.
91. Nitta, T., 1987: Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impact on the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 65, 373-390.
92. Nitta, T., and S. Sekine, 1994: Diurnal variation of convective activity over the tropical western Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 627-641.
93. Ohsawa, T., H. Ueda, T. Hayashi, A. Watanabe, and J. Matsumoto, 2001: Diurnal variation of convective activity and rainfall in tropical Asia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 333-352.
94. Palmer, T. N., 1994: Chaos and predictability in forecasting the monsoons. Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad., 60, 57-66.
95. Palmer, T. N., 2000: Predicting uncertainty in forecasts of weather and climate. Rep. Prog. Phys., 63, 71-116.
96. Palmer, T. N., A. Alessandri, U. Andersen, P. Cantelaube, M. Davey, and Coauthors, 2004: Development of a European multi-model ensemble system for seasonal to interannual prediction (DEMETER). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 853-872.
97. Pegion, K., and B. P. Kirtman, 2008: The impact of airsea interactions on the predictability of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, in press.
98. Ramage, R., 1971: Monsoon Meteorology. Academic Press, New York, 296 pp.
99. Rao, Y. P., 1976: Southwest monsoon: Synoptic meteorology. Meteor. Monogr., 1, Indian Meteorological Department, 367 pp.
100. Reichler, T., and J. O. Roads, 2005: Long-range predictability in the tropics. Part II: 30-60-day variability. J. Climate, 18, 634-650.
101. Robock, A., M. Mu, K. Vinnikov, and D. Robinson, 2003: Land surface conditions over Eurasia and Indian summer monsoon rainfall. J. Geophy. Res., 108(D4), 4131, doi:10.1029/2002JD002286.
102. Rosati, A., K. Miyakoda, and R. Gudgel, 1997: The impact of ocean initial conditions on ENSO forecasting with a coupled model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125(5), 754-772.
103. Saji, N., B. Goswami, P. Vinayachandran, and T. Yamagata, 1999: A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401, 360-363.
104. Seo, K. -H., J. -K. E. Schemm, C. Jones, and S. Moorthi, 2005: Forecast skill of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation in the NCEP GFS dynamical extended range forecasts. Climate Dyn., 25, 265-284.
105. Shen, X., M. Kimoto, and A. Sumi, 1998: Role of land surface processes associated with interannual variability of broad-scale Asian summer monsoon as simulated by the CCSR/NIES AGCM. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 76, 217-236.
106. Shukla, J., 1998: Predictability in the midst of chaos: A scientific basis for climate forecasting. Science, 282, 728-731.
107. Shukla, J., J. Anderson, D. Baumhefner, C. Brankovic, Y. Chang, E. Kalnay, L. Marx, T. Palmer, D. Paolino, J. Ploshay, S. Schubert, D. Straus, M. Suarez, and J. Tribbia, 2000: Dynamical seasonal prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 2593-2606.
108. Shukla, J., and D. Mooley, 1987: Empirical prediction of the summer monsoon rainfall over India. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 695-704.
109. Sikka, D., and S. Gadgil, 1980: On the maximum cloud zone and the ITCZ over Indian longitudes during the southwest monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1840-1853.
110. Slingo, J. M., K. R. Sperber, J. S. Boyle, et al., 1996: Intraseasonal oscillation in 15 atmospheric general circulation models: Results from an AMIP diagnostic subproject. Climate Dyn., 12, 325-357.
111. Sorooshian, S., X. Gao, K. Hsu, R. Madox, Y. Hong, and Coauthors, 2002: Diurnal variability of tropical rainfall retrieved from combined GOES and TRMM satellite information. J. Climate, 15, 983-1001.
112. Sperber, K., and T. Palmer, 1996: Interannual tropical rainfall variability in general circulation model simulations associated with the atmospheric model intercomparison project. J. Climate, 9, 2727-2750.
113. Sperber, K. R., J. Slingo, and H. Annamalai, 2000: Predictability and the relationship between subseasonal and interannual variability during the Asian summer monsoon. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2545-2574.
114. Sperber, K., and Coauthors, 2001: Dynamical seasonal predictability of the Asian summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2226-2248.
115. Sperber, K. R., D. E. Waliser, and Coauthors, 2008: New approaches to understanding, simulating, and forecasting the Madden-Julian oscillation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, submitted.
116. Sperber, K., and T. Yasunari, 2006: Workshop on monsoon climate systems. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1399-1403.
117. Stephens, G., P. Webster, R. Johnson, R. Engelen, and T. L'Ecuyer, 2004: Observational evidence for the mutual regulation of the tropical hydrological cycle and tropical sea surface temperatures. J. Climate, 17, 2213-2224.
118. Tanaka, M., 1992: Intraseasonal oscillation and the onset and retreat dates of the summer monsoon over the east, southeast and western north Pacific region using GMS high cloud amount data. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 613-629.
119. Taniguchi, K., and T. Koike, 2007: Increasing atmospheric temperature in the upper troposphere and cumulus convection over the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau in the pre-monsoon season of 2004. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 85A, 271-294.
120. Tao, S., and L. Chen, 1987: A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China. Monsoon Meteorology. C. -P. Chang and T. N. Krishnamurti, Eds., Oxford University Press, New York, 60-92.
121. Trenberth, K. E., D. P. Stepaniak, and J. M. Caron, 2000: The Global monsoon as seen through the divergent atmospheric circulation. J. Climate, 13, 3969-3993.
122. Ueda, H., 2005: Air-sea coupled process involved in stepwise seasonal evolution of the Asian summer monsoon. Geogr. Rev. Japan, 86, 825-841.
123. Ueda, H., and H. T. Yasunari, 1996: Maturing process of summer monsoon over the western North Pacific-A coupled ocean/atmosphere system. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 74, 493-508.
124. Ueda, H., H. Kamahori, and N. Yamazaki, 2003: Seasonal contrasting features of heat and moisture budgets between the eastern and western Tibetan Plateau during the GAME IOP. J. Climate, 16, 2309-2324.
125. Vitart, F., S. Woolnough, M. A. Balmaseda, and Coauthors, 2008: Monthly forecast of the Madden-Julian Oscillation using a coupled GCM. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2700-2715.
126. Waliser, D. E., 2005: Predictability and forecasting tropical intraseasonal variability. Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System. Lau W. K. M., and D. E. Waliser, Eds., Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 401-434.
127. Waliser, D. E., 2006: Intraseasonal variability. The Asian Monsoon. Wang, B. Ed., Springer/Praxis Publishing Ltd., New York, 203-259.
128. Waliser, D. E., K.-M. Lau, W. Stern, and C. Jones, 2003a: Potential predictability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 33-50.
129. Waliser, D. E., K. Jin, I.-S. Kang, W. Stern, S. Schubert, and Coauthors, 2003b: AGCM simulations of intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon. Climate Dyn., 21, 423-446.
130. Waliser, D. E., K. Weickmann, R. Dole, S. Schubert, O. Alves, and Coauthors, 2006: The experimental MJO prediction project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 425-431.
131. Wang, B., 1994: Climatic regimes of tropical convection and rainfall. J. Climate, 7, 1109-1118.
132. Wang, B., 2005: Chapter 10 Theory. Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System. Lau W. K. M., and D. E. Waliser, Eds., Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 401-434.
133. Wang, B., 2006: The Asian Monsoon. Springer-Verlag/Praxis Publishing, New York, 787 pp.
134. Wang, B., and Q. Ding, 2008: The global monsoon: Major modes of annual variations in the tropics. Dynamics of Atmos. and Ocean, special issue 2, 165-183, doi: 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2007.05.002.
135. Wang, B., and LinHo, 2002: Rainy seasons of the Asian-Pacific monsoon. J. Climate, 15, 386-398.
136. Wang, B., and H. Rui, 1990: Dynamics of the coupled moist Kelvin-Rossby wave on an equatorial betaplane. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 397-413.
137. Wang, B., and X. Xie, 1997: A model for the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 72-86.
138. Wang, B., and X. Xu, 1997: Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon singularities and climatological intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 10, 1071-1085.
139. Wang, B., I.-S. Kang, and J.-Y. Lee, 2004: Ensemble simulations of Asian-Australian monsoon variability by 11 AGCMs. J. Climate, 17, 803-818.
140. Wang, B., P. J. Webster, and H. Teng, 2005a: Antecedents and self-induction of the active-break Indian summer monsoon. Goephys. Res. Lett., 32, L04704.
141. Wang, B., R. Wu, and X. Fu, 2000: Pacific-East Asian teleconnection: How does ENSO affect East Asian climate? J. Climate, 13, 1517-1536.
142. Wang, B., R. Wu, and T. Li, 2003: Atmosphere-warm ocean interaction and its impact on Asian-Australian monsoon variation. J. Climate, 16, 1195-1211.
143. Wang, B., Q. Ding, X. Fu, I.-S. Kang, K. Jin, J. Shukla, and F. Doblas-Reyes, 2005b: Fundamental challenges in simulation and prediction of summer monsoon rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15711, doi: 10.1029/2005GL022734 12.
144. Wang, B., P. Webster, K. Kikuchi, T. Yasunari, and Y. Qi, 2006: Boreal summer quasi-monthly oscillation in the global tropics. Climate Dyn., 27, 661-675.
145. Wang, B., J.-Y. Lee, I.-S. Kang, J. Shukla, J.-S. Kug, A. Kumar, J. Schemm, J.-J. Luo, T. Yamagata, and C.-K. Park, 2008a: How accurately do coupled climate models predict the leading modes of Asian-Australian monsoon interannual variability? Climate Dyn., 30, 605-619. doi: 10.1007/s00382-007-0310-5.
146. Wang, B., J.-Y. Lee, J. Shukla, I.-S. Kang, C.-K. Park and Coauthors, 2008b: Advance and prospectus of seasonal prediction: Assessment of APCC/CliPAS 14-model ensemble retrospective seasonal prediction (1980-2004). Climate Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0460-0.
147. Wang, B., J. Yang, T. Zhou, and B. Wang, 2008c: Interdecadal changes in the major modes of Asian-Australian monsoon variability: strengthening relationship with ENSO since the late 1970s. J. Climate, 21, 1771-1789, doi: 10.1175/2007JCLI 1981.1.
148. Webster, P. J., 1983: Mechanisms of monsoon lowfrequency variability: Surface hydrological effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2110-2124.
149. Webster, P. J., 1987: The elementary monsoon. Monsoons. Fein J. S., and P. L. Stephens, Eds., John Wiley, New York, N.Y. 3-32.
150. Webster, P. J., 2006: The coupled monsoon system. The Asian monsoon. Wang B., Ed., Springer/Praxis Publishing Ltd., New York, 3-65.
151. Webster, P. J., and S. Yang, 1992: Monsoon and ENSO: Selectively interactive systems. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 877-926.
152. Webster, P. J., E. F. Bradley, C. W. Fairall, J. S. Godfrey, P. Hacker, and Coauthors, 2002: The JASMINE pilot study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1603-1630.
153. Webster, P. J., V. Magana, T. Palmer, J. Shukla, R. Tomas, M. Yanai, and T. Yasunari, 1998: Monsoons: Processes, predictability, and the prospects for prediction. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14451-14510.
154. Webster, P. J., A. Moore, J. Loschnigg, and R. Leben, 1999: Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-1998. Nature, 401, 356-360.
155. Wen, M., and R. Zhang, 2008: Quasi-biweekly oscillation of the convection around Sumatra and low-level tropical circulation in boreal spring. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 189-205.
156. Wu, G., and Y. Zhang, 1998: Tibetan Plateau forcing and the timing of the monsoon onset over South Asia and the South China Sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 913-927.
157. Wu, R., and B. Wang, 2000: Interannual variability of summer monsoon onset over the western North Pacific and the underlying processes. J. Climate, 13, 2483-2501.
158. Wu, R., and B. Wang, 2001: Multi-stage onset of summer monsoon over the western North Pacific. Climate Dyn., 17, 277-289.
159. Wu, R., and B. Kirtman, 2005: Roles of Indian and Pacific Ocean air-sea coupling in tropical atmospheric variability, Clim. Dyn. 25, 155-170.
160. Wu, Z., and J. Li, 2008: Prediction of the Asian-Australian monsoon interannual variations with the grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG (GAMIL). Adv. Atmos. Sci., 25(3), 387-394.
161. Yang, S., 1996: ENSO-snow-monsoon association and seasonal-interannual prediction. Int. J. Climatol., 16, 125-134.
162. Yang, S., and K.-M. Lau, 2006: Interannual variability of the Asian monsoon. The Asian monsoon. Wang B., Ed., Springer/Praxis Publishing Ltd., New York, 259-293.
163. Yang, G., and J. Slingo, 2001: The diurnal cycle in the tropics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 784-801.
164. Yasunari, T., 1979: Cloudiness fluctuations associated with the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 57, 227-242.
165. Yasunari, T., 1980: A quasi-stationary appearance of 30-40-day period in the cloudiness fluctuations during the summer monsoon over India. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 58, 225-229.
166. Yasunari, T., 1991: The monsoon year: A new concept of the climate year in the tropics. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1331-1338.
167. Yasunari, T., 2006: Atmosphere-land interaction. The Asian Monsoon. Wang B., Ed., Springer/Praxis Publishing, New York, 459-478.
168. Yasunari, T., and R. Suppiah, 1988: Some problems on the interannual variability of Indonesian monsoon rainfall. Tropical Rainfall Measurements. Theon J. S., and N. Fugono, Eds., Deepak, Hampton, 113-122.
169. Yu, R., T. Zhou, A. Xiong, Y. Zhu, and J. Li, 2007: Diurnal variations of summer precipitation over contiguous China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01704, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028129.
170. Zeng, Q., and J. Li, 2002: On the interaction between Northern and Southern Hemispheric atmospheres and the essence of tropical monsoon. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 207-226.
171. Zhang, Y., T. Li, and B. Wang, 2004: Decadal change of the spring snow depth over Tibetan Plateau: The associated circulation and influence on the East Asian summer monsoon. J. Climate, 17, 2780-2993.
172. Zhou, T.-J., and R.-C Yu, 2005: Atmospheric water vapor transport associated with typical anomalous summer rainfall patterns in China. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08104, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005413.
173. Zhou, T.-J., R. Yu, H. Li, and B. Wang, 2008: Ocean forcing to changes in global monsoon precipitation over the recent half century. J. Climate, 21, 3833-3852, doi: 10.1175/2008 JCLI2067.1.