Sexual selection and ecological generalism are correlated in antbirds

Journal of Evolutionary Biology

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 623-636

  Tobias, J A ^a   Seddon, N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Altitudinal range; Dichromatism; Ecological generalism; Niche width; Sexual selection; Song complexity; Trade offs

Indexed keywords

ALTITUDE; COMPLEXITY; EVOLUTION; NATURAL SELECTION; NICHE BREADTH; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; PREDICTION; SEXUAL SELECTION; SONG;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ECOSYSTEM; FEMALE; GENETIC SELECTION; MALE; MATE CHOICE; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY; PIGMENTATION; SONGBIRD; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEM; FEMALE; MALE; MATING PREFERENCE, ANIMAL; PASSERIFORMES; PHYLOGENY; PIGMENTATION; SELECTION (GENETICS); SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

AVES;

EID: 60649087855     PISSN: 1010061X     EISSN: 14209101     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01678.x     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Andersson, M. 1994. Sexual Selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
2. Badyaev, A.J. 1997. Covariation between life history and sexually selected traits: an example with cardueline finches. Oikos 80 : 128 138.
3. Badyaev, A.V. Ghalambor, C.K. 1998. Does a trade-off exist between sexual ornamentation and ecological plasticity? Sexual dichromatism and occupied elevational range in finches. Oikos 82 : 319 324.
4. Badyaev, A.V. Hill, G.E. 2000. Evolution of sexual dichromatism: contribution of carotenoid versus melanin-based coloration. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 69 : 153 172.
5. Badyaev, A.V. Hill, G.E. 2003. Avian sexual dichromatism in relation to phylogeny and ecology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 34 : 27 49.
6. Baker, M.C., Baker, M.S.A. Tilghman, L.M. 2006. Differing effects of isolation on evolution of bird songs: examples from an island-mainland comparison of three species. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 89 : 331 342.
7. Bard, S.C., Hau, M., Wikelski, M. Wingfield, J.C. 2002. Vocal distinctiveness and response to conspecific playback in the spotted antbird, a Neotropical suboscine. Condor 104 : 387 394.
8. Barraclough, T.G., Harvey, P.H. Nee, S. 1995. Sexual selection and taxonomic diversity in passerine birds. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 259 : 211 215.
9. Bennett, A.T.D. Owens, I.P.F. 2002. Evolutionary Ecology of Birds: Life-history, Mating System and Extinction. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
10. Bennett, A.T.D., Cuthill, I.C., Partridge, J.C. Lunau, K. 1997. Ultraviolet plumage colors predict mate preferences instarlings. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 94 : 8618 8621.
11. Bókony, V., Garamszegi, L.Z., Hirschenhauser, K. Liker, A. 2008. Testosterone and melanin-based black plumage coloration: a comparative study. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 62 : 1229 1238.
12. Braun, M.J., Isler, M.L., Isler, P.R., Bates, J.M. Robbins, M.B. 2005. Avian speciation in the Pantepui: the case of the Roraiman antbird (Percnostola [Schistocichla] "leucostigma"saturata). Condor 107 : 327 341.
13. Brooks, R. 2000. Negative genetic correlation between male sexual attractiveness and survival. Nature 406 : 67 70.
14. Brumfield, R.T. Edwards, S.V. 2007. Evolution into and out of the Andes: a Bayesian analysis of historical diversification in Thamnophilus antshrikes. Evolution 61 : 346 367.
15. Brumfield, R.T., Tello, J.G., Cheviron, Z.A., Carling, M.D., Crochet, N. Rosenberg, K.V. 2007. Phylogenetic conservatism and antiquity of a tropical specialization: army-ant-following in the typical antbirds (Thamnophilidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45 : 1 13.
16. Brush, A.H. 1978. Avian pigmentation. In : Chemical Zoology (A.H. Brush, ed pp. 141 161. Academic Press, New York.
17. Burnham, K.P. Anderson, D.R. 2004. Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociol. Methods Res 33 : 261 304.
18. Burns, K.J. 1998. A phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of sexual dichromatism in tanagers (Thraupidae): the role of female versus male plumage. Evolution 52 : 1219 1224.
19. Candolin, U. Heuschele, J. 2008. Is sexual selection beneficial during adaptation to environmental change? Trends Ecol. Evol. 23 : 446 452.
20. Catchpole, C.K. Slater, P.J.B. 1995. Bird Song: Biological Themes and Variations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
21. Clement, P., Harris, A. Davis, J. 1993. Finches and Sparrows: An Identification Guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
22. Collins, S. 2004. Vocal fighting and flirting: the functions of birdsong. In : Nature's Music: The Science of Birdsong (P. Marler H. Slabbekoorn, eds pp. 39 79. Elsevier, London.
23. Cramp, S. Perrins, C.M. 1994. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 8. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
24. Cuthill, I.C., Partridge, J.C., Bennett, A.T.D., Church, S.C., Hart, N.S. Hunt, S. 2000. Ultraviolet vision in Birds. Adv. Stud. Behav. 29 : 159 215.
25. Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection. John Murray & Sons, London.
26. Darwin, C. 1871. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray & Sons, London.
27. Doherty, P.F., Sorci, G., Royle, J.A., Hines, J.E., Nichols, J.D. Boulinier, T. 2003. Sexual selection affects local extinction and turnover in bird communities. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 100 : 5858 5862.
28. Doucet, S.M., Mennill, D.J., Montgomerie, R., Boag, P.T. Ratcliffe, L.M. 2005. Achromatic plumage reflectance predicts reproductive success in male black-capped chickadees. Behav. Ecol. 16 : 218 222.
29. Dunn, P.O., Whittingham, L.A. Pitcher, T.E. 2001. Mating systems, sperm competition and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in birds. Evolution 55 : 161 175.
30. Dunning, J.B. 1993. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
31. Eaton, M.D. 2005. Human vision fails to distinguish widespread sexual dichromatism among sexually "monochromatic" birds. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 102 : 10942 10946.
32. Eshel, I. 1979. Sexual selection, population density, and availability of mates. J. Theor. Popul. Biol. 16 : 301 314.
33. Fedy, B.C. Stutchbury, B.J.M. 2004. Territory switching and floating in white-bellied antbird (Myrmeciza longipes), a resident tropical passerine in Panama. Auk 121 : 486 496.
34. Fedy, B.C. Stutchbury, B.J.M. 2005. Territory defence in tropical birds: are females as aggressive as males? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 58 : 414 422.
35. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125 : 1 25.
36. Felsenstein, J. 2008. Comparative methods with sampling error and within-species variation: contrasts revisited and revised. Am. Nat. 171 : 713 725.
37. Fisher, R.A. 1915. The evolution of sexual preference. Eugen. Rev. 7 : 184 192.
38. Fisher, R.A. 1930. The Genetic Theory of Natural Selection. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
39. Fox, H.M. Vevers, G. 1960. The Nature of Animal Colours. Sidwick & Jackson Limited, London.
40. Freckleton, R.P., Harvey, P.H. Pagel, M.D. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis and comparative data: a test and review of evidence. Am. Nat. 160 : 712 726.
41. Fricke, C. Arnqvist, G. 2007. Rapid adaptation to a novel host in a seed beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus): the role of sexual selection. Evolution 61 : 440 454.
42. Garamszegi, L.Z., Hegyi, G., Heylen, D., Ninni, P., de Lope, F., Eens, M. Møller, A.P. 2006. The design of complex sexual traits in male barn swallows: associations between signal attributes. J. Evol. Biol. 19 : 2052 2066.
43. Garamszegi, L.Z., Pavlova, D.Z., Eens, M. Møller, A.P. 2007. The evolution of song in female birds in Europe. Behav. Ecol. 18 : 86 96.
44. Garland, T., Harvey, P.H. Ives, A.R. 1992. Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Syst. Biol. 41 : 18 32.
45. Gavrilets, S., Arnqvist, G. Friberg, U. 2001. The evolution of female choice by sexual conflict. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268 : 531 539.
46. Gil, D. Gahr, M. 2002. The honesty of bird song: multiple constraints for multiple traits. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17 : 133 141.
47. Gomez, D. Théry, M. 2007. Simultaneous crypsis and conspicuousness in color patterns: comparative analysis of a Neotropical rainforest bird community. Am. Nat. 169 : S42 S61.
48. Grafen, A. 1989. The phylogenetic regression. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 326 : 119 157.
49. Grafen, A. 1990. Biological signals as handicaps. J. Theor. Biol. 144 : 517 546.
50. Gray, D.A. 1996. Carotenoids and sexual dichromatism in North American passerine birds. Am. Nat. 148 : 453 480.
51. Griffith, S.C., Parker, T.H. Olson, V.A. 2006. Melanin- versus carotenoid-based sexual signals: is the difference really so black and red? Anim. Behav. 71 : 749 763.
52. Haldane, J.B.S. 1932. The Causes of Evolution. Harper, London.
53. Hamao, S. Ueda, K. 2000. Simplified song in an island population of the bush warbler Cettia diphone. J. Ethol. 18 : 53 57.
54. Hamilton, W.D. Zuk, M. 1982. Heritable true fitness and bright birds: a role for parasites? Science 218 : 384 387.
55. Handford, P. Lougheed, S.C. 1991. Variation in duration and frequency characters in the song of the rufous-collared sparrow Zonotrichia capensis, with respect to habitat, trill dialects and body size. Condor 93 : 644 658.
56. Harvey, P.H. Pagel, M.D. 1991. The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
57. Harvey, P.H. Rambaut, A. 2000. Comparative analyses for adaptive radiations. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 355 : 1599 1605.
58. Holland, B. 2002. Sexual selection fails to promote adaptation to a new environment. Evolution 56 : 721 730.
59. Holland, B. Rice, W.R. 1999. Experimental removal of sexual selection reverses intersexual antagonistic coevolution and removes a reproductive load. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 96 : 5083 5088.
60. Houle, D. Kondrashov, A.S. 2001. Coevolution of costly mate choice and condition-dependent display of good genes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269 : 97 104.
61. Irestedt, M., Fjeldså, J., Johansson, U.S. Erickson, P.G.P. 2002. Systematic relationships and biogeography of the tracheophone suboscines. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 23 : 499 512.
62. Irestedt, M., Fjeldså, J., Nylander, J.A.A. Ericson, P.G.P. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of typical antbirds (Thamnophilidae) and test of incongruence based on Bayes factors. BMC Evol. Biol. 4 : 23.
63. Isler, P.R. Whitney, B.M. 2002. Songs of the Antbirds: Thamnophilidae, Formicariidae and Conopophagidae. Library of Natural Sounds, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
64. Isler, M.L., Isler, P.R. Whitney, B.M. 1998. Use of vocalizations to establish species limits in antbirds (Passeriformes, Thamnophilidae). Auk 115 : 577 590.
65. Isler, M.L., Isler, P.R. Whitney, B.M. 1999. Species limits in antbirds (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae): the Myrmotherula surinamensis complex. Auk 116 : 83 96.
66. Isler, M.L., Isler, P.R., Whitney, B.M. Walker, B. 2001. Species limits in antbirds: the Thamnophilus punctatus complex continued. Condor 103 : 278 286.
67. Isler, M.L., Alonso, J.A., Isler, P.R., Valqui, T., Begazo, A. Whitney, B.M. 2002. Rediscovery of a cryptic species and description of a new subspecies in the Myrmeciza hemimelaena (Thamnophilidae) of the Neotropics. Auk 119 : 362 378.
68. Isler, M.L., Isler, P.R. Brumfield, R.T. 2005. Clinal variation in vocalizations of an antbird (Thamnophilidae) and implications for defining species limits. Auk 122 : 433 444.
69. Isler, M.L., Isler, P.R. Whitney, B.M. 2007a. Species limits in antbirds (Thamnophilidae): the Hypocnemis cantator complex. Auk 124 : 11 28.
70. Isler, M.L., Isler, P.R., Whitney, B.M. Zimmer, K.J. 2007b. Species limits in the "Schistocichla" complex of Percnostola antbirds (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae). Wilson J. Ornithol. 119 : 53 70.
71. Isler, M.L., Lacerda, D.R., Isler, P.R., Hackett, S.J., Rosenberg, K.V. Brumfield, R.T. 2007c. Epinecrophylla, a new genus of antwrens (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 119 : 522 527.
72. Iwasa, Y. Pomiankowski, A. 1994. The evolution of male preferences for multiple sexual ornaments. Evolution 48 : 853 867.
73. Iwasa, Y. Pomiankowski, A. 1999. Good parent and good genes models of handicap evolution. J. Theor. Biol. 200 : 97 109.
74. Jawor, J.M. Breitwisch, R. 2003. Melanin ornaments, honesty and sexual selection. Auk 120 : 249 265.
75. Kingma, S.A., Szentirmai, I., Székely, T., Bókony, V., Bleeker, M., Liker, A. Komdeur, J. 2008. Sexual selection and the function of a melanin-based plumage ornament in polygamous penduline tits Remiz pendulinus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 62 : 1277 1288.
76. Kirkpatrick, M. Ryan, M.J. 1991. The evolution of mating preferences and the paradox of the lek. Nature 350 : 33 38.
77. Kokko, H. Brooks, R. 2003. Sexy to die for? Sexual selection and the risk of extinction. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 40 : 207 219.
78. Kokko, H. Johnston, R.A. 2002. Why is mutual mate choice not the norm? Operational sex ratios, sex roles and the evolution of sexually dimorphic and monomorphic signalling. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 357 : 319 330.
79. Kroodsma, D.E. 2004. The diversity and plasticity of birdsong. In : Nature's Music: The Science of Birdsong (P. Marler H. Slabbekoorn, eds pp. 108 131. Academic Press, London.
80. Kvarnemo, C. Ahnesjö, I. 1996. The dynamics of operational sex ratios and competition for mates. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11 : 404 408.
81. Lande, R. 1980. Sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, and adaptation in polygenic characters. Evolution 34 : 292 305.
82. Liker, A. Székely, T. 2005. Mortality costs of sexual selection and parental care in natural populations of birds. Evol. Biol. 59 : 890 897.
83. Lorch, P.D., Proulx, S., Rowe, L. Day, T. 2003. Condition-dependent sexual selection can accelerate adaptation. Evol. Ecol. Res. 5 : 867 881.
84. Martin, T.E. Badyaev, A.V. 1996. Sexual dichromatism in birds: importance of nest predation and nest location for females versus males. Evolution 50 : 2454 2460.
85. Martins, E.P. Hansen, T.F. 1997. Phylogenies and the comparative method: a general approach to incorporating phylogenetic information into the analysis of interspecific data. Am. Nat. 149 : 646 667.
86. Mayr, E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA.
87. McGraw, K.J. 2006. Mechanics of melanin-based coloration. In : Bird Coloration, Vol. 1. Mechanisms and Measurements (G.E. Hill K.J. McGraw, eds pp. 243 294. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
88. McGraw, K.J. 2008. An update on the honesty of melanin-based color signals in birds. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 21 : 133 138.
89. McLain, D.K. 1993. Cope's rule, sexual selection and the loss of ecological plasticity. Oikos 68 : 490 500.
90. McLain, D.K., Moulton, M.P. Redfearn, T.P. 1995. Sexual selection and the risk of extinction in oceanic islands. Oikos 74 : 27 34.
91. McLain, D.K., Moulton, M.P. Sanderson, J.G. 1999. Sexual selection and extinction: the fate of plumage-dimorphic and plumage-monomorphic birds introduced to islands. Evol. Ecol. Res. 1 : 549 565.
92. Møller, A.P. 1989. Viability costs of male tail ornaments in a swallow. Nature 339 : 132 135.
93. Møller, A.P. 1997. Immune defence, extra-pair paternity, and sexual selection in birds. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 264 : 561 566.
94. Morrow, E.H. Pitcher, T.E. 2003. Sexual selection and the risk of extinction in birds. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270 : 1793 1799.
95. Morrow, E.H., Pitcher, T.E. Arnqvist, G. 2003. No evidence that sexual selection is an 'engine of speciation' in birds. Ecol. Lett. 6 : 228 234.
96. Morton, E.S. 1975. Ecological sources of selection on avian sounds. Am. Nat. 109 : 17 34.
97. Morton, E.S., Derrickson, K.C. Stutchbury, B.J.M. 2000. Territory switching behavior in a sedentary tropical passerine, the dusky antbird (Cercomacra tyrannina). Behav. Ecol. 11 : 648 653.
98. Nadeau, N., Burke, T. Mundy, N.I. 2007. Evolution of an avian pigmentation gene correlates with a measure of sexual selection. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 274 : 1807 1813.
99. Olson, V.A. Owens, I.P.F. 2005. Interspecific variation in the use of carotenoid-based coloration in birds: diet, life history and phylogeny. J. Evol. Biol. 18 : 1534 1546.
100. Orteiza, N., Linder, J.E. Rice, W.R. 2005. Sexy sons from re-mating do not recoup the direct costs of harmful male interactions in the Drosophila melanogaster laboratory model system. J. Evol. Biol. 18 : 1315 1323.
101. Owens, I.P.F. Bennett, P.M. 1994. Mortality costs of parental care and sexual dimorphism in birds. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 257 : 1 8.
102. Pagel, M.D. 1999. Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature 401 : 877 884.
103. Paradis, E., Claude, J. Strimmer, K. 2004. APE: an R package for analyses of phylogenetics and evolution. Bioinformatics 20 : 289 290.
104. Parker, G.A. 1979. Sexual selection and sexual conflict. In : Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Insects (M.S. Blum N.A. Blum, eds pp. 123 166. Academic Press, New York.
105. Parker, T.A., Stotz, D.F. Fitzpatrick, J.W. 1996. Ecological and distributional databases. In : Neotropical Birds, Ecology and Conservation (D.F. Stotz, J.W. Fitzpatrick, T.A. Parker III. D.B. Moskovits, eds pp. 113 436. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
106. Parker, T.H., Stansberry, B.M., Becker, C.D. Gipson, P.S. 2003. Do melanin- or carotenoid-pigmented plumage ornaments signal condition and predict pairing success in the Kentucky warbler? Condor 105 : 663 671.
107. Phillimore, A.B., Freckleton, R.P., Orme, C.D.L. Owens, I.P.F. 2006. Ecology predicts large-scale patterns of phylogenetic diversification in birds. Am. Nat. 168 : 220 229.
108. Podos, J., Huber, S.K. Taft, B. 2004. Birdsong: the interface of evolution and mechanism. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 35 : 55 87.
109. Pogány, A. Székely, T. 2007. Female choice in the penduline tit Remiz pendulinus: the effects of nest size and male mask size. Behaviour 144 : 411 427.
110. Price, T. 1997. Correlated evolution and independent contrasts. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 352 : 519 529.
111. Price, T. 2008. Speciation in Birds. Roberts & Company Publishers, Greenwood Village, CO.
112. Promislow, D.E.L., Montgomerie, R. Martin, T.E. 1992. Mortality costs of sexual dimorphism in birds. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 250 : 143 150.
113. Promislow, D.E.L., Montgomerie, R. Martin, T.E. 1994. Sexual selection and survival in North American waterfowl. Evolution 48 : 2045 2050.
114. Promislow, D.E.L., Smith, E.A. Pearse, L. 1998. Adult fitness consequences of sexual selection in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 95 : 10687 10692.
115. Proulx, S.R. 1999. Matings systems and the evolution of niche breadth. Am. Nat. 154 : 89 98.
116. Proulx, S.R. 2002. Niche shifts and expansion due to sexual selection. Evol. Ecol. Res. 4 : 351 369.
117. Purvis, A. Rambaut, A. 1995. Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (caic): an Apple Macintosh application for analyzing comparative data. Comp. Appl. Biosci. 11 : 247 251.
118. R Development Core Team 2004. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
119. Read, A.F. Weary, D.M. 1992. The evolution of birdsong: comparative analyses. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 338 : 165 187.
120. Reid, J.M., Arcese, P., Cassidy, A., Hiebert, S.M., Smith, J.N.M., Stoddard, P.K., Marr, A.B. Keller, L.F. 2005. Fitness correlates of song repertoire size in free-living song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Am. Nat. 165 : 299 310.
121. Remsen, J.V. 2005. Pattern, process and rigor meet classification. AUK 122 : 403 413.
122. Remsen, J.V., Jaramillo, J.A., Nores, M., Pacheco, J.F., Robbins, M.B., Schulenburg, T.S., Stiles, F.G., da Silva, J.M.C., Stotz, D.F. Zimmer, K.J. 2006. A Classification of the Bird Species of South America. Available at: http://www.museum.lsu.edu/∼Remsen/SACCBaseline.html (accessed April 2006). American Ornithologists' Union.
123. Rohwer, S. 1982. The evolution of reliable and unreliable badges of fighting ability. Am. Zool. 22 : 531 546.
124. Rosenzweig, M.L. 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
125. Rundle, H.D., Chenoweth, S.F. Blows, M.W. 2006. The roles of natural and sexual selection during adaptation to a novel environment. Evolution 60 : 2218 2225.
126. Searcy, W.A. Andersson, M. 1986. Sexual selection and the evolution of song. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17 : 507 533.
127. Searcy, W.A. Yasukawa, K. 1996. Song and female choice. In : Ecology and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Birds (D.E. Kroodsma A.H. Miller, eds pp. 454 473. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
128. Seddon, N. 2005. Ecological adaptation and species recognition drive vocal evolution in Neotropical suboscine birds. Evolution 59 : 200 215.
129. Seddon, N. Tobias, J.A. 2006. Duets defend mates in a suboscine passerine, the warbling antbird (Hypocnemis cantator). Behav. Ecol. 17 : 73 83.
130. Seddon, N. Tobias, J.A. 2007. Song divergence at the edge of Amazonia: an empirical test of the peripatric speciation model. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 90 : 173 188.
131. Seddon, N., Merrill, R. Tobias, J.A. 2008. Sexually selected traits predict patterns of species richness in a diverse clade of suboscine birds. Am. Nat. 171 : 620 631.
132. Sharp, N.P. Agrawal, A.F. 2008. Mating density and the strength of sexual selection against deleterious alleles in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 62 : 857 867.
133. Simpson, G.G. 1953. The Major Features of Evolution. Columbia University Press, New York.
134. Sorci, G., Møller, A.P. Clobert, J. 1998. Plumage dichromatism of birds predicts introduction success in New Zealand. J. Anim. Ecol. 67 : 263 269.
135. Specht, B. 2006. Avisoft SASLabPro, version 4.15. Avisoft, Berlin, Germany.
136. Spencer, K.A., Buchanan, K.L., Leitner, S., Goldsmith, A.R. Catchpole, C.K. 2005. Parasites affect song complexity and neural development in a songbird. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 272 : 2037 2043.
137. SPSS 2007. SPSS for windows. Version 15.0. SPSS, Chicago.
138. Stotz, D.F., Fitzpatrick, J.W., Parker, T.A. III. Moskovits, D.B. 1996. Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
139. Svanback, R. Persson, L. 2004. Individual diet specialization, niche width and population dynamics: implications for trophic polymorphisms. J. Anim. Ecol. 73 : 973 982.
140. Svardson, G. 1949. Competition and habitat selection in birds. Oikos 1 : 157 174.
141. Tanaka, Y. 1996. Sexual selection enhances population extinction in a changing environment. J. Theor. Biol. 180 : 197 206.
142. Tarof, S.A., Dunn, P.O. Whittingham, L.A. 2005. Dual functions of a melanin-based ornament in the common yellowthroat. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 272 : 1121 1127.
143. Thusius, K.J., Peterson, K.A., Dunn, P.O. Whittingham, L.A. 2001. Male mask size is correlated with mating success in the common yellowthroat. Anim. Behav. 62 : 435 446.
144. Veiga, J.P. Puetra, M. 1996. Nutritional constraints determine the expression of a sexual trait in the house sparrow, Passer domesticus. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 263 : 229 234.
145. Wallace, A.R. 1889. Darwinism. Macmillan, London.
146. West-Eberhard, M.J. 1983. Sexual selection, social competition, and speciation. Q. Rev. Biol. 58 : 155 183.
147. Westneat, D.F. Sherman, P.W. 2004. Density and extra-pair fertilizations in birds: a comparative analysis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 41 : 205 215.
148. Whitlock, M.C. 2000. Fixation of new alleles and the extinction of small populations: drift load, beneficial alleles, and sexual selection. Evolution 54 : 1855 1861.
149. Wikelski, M., Hau, M. Wingfield, J.C. 1999. Social instability increases plasma testosterone in a year-round territorial Neotropical bird. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266 : 551 556.
150. Wiley, R.H. 1991. Associations of song properties with habitats for territorial oscine birds of Eastern North America. Am. Nat. 138 : 973 993.
151. Zahavi, A. 1975. Mate selection? A selection for a handicap. J. Theor. Biol. 53 : 205 214.
152. Zimmer, K.J. Isler, M.L. 2003. Family Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds). In : Handbook of Birds of the World, Vol. 8 (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott D. Christie, eds pp. 448 681. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.