Uranium: Properties and biological effects after internal contamination;Uranium: Propriétés et effets biologiques après contamination interne

Annales de Biologie Clinique

Volumn 67, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 23-38

  Souidi, M ^a   Tissandie, E ^a   Racine, R ^a   Ben Soussan, H ^a   Rouas, C ^a   Grignard, E ^a   Dublineau, I ^a   Gourmelon, P ^a   Lestaevel, P ^a   Gueguen, Y ^a  

^a INSTITUT DE RADIOPROTECTION ET DE SÛRETÉ NUCLÉAIRE IRSN   (France)

Author keywords

Acute exposure; Chronic contamination; Uranium

Indexed keywords

URANIUM;

ANIMAL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; KIDNEY; LIVER; MALE; PREGNANCY; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIOGRAPHY; RAT; REVIEW; TESTIS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

ANIMALS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; KIDNEY; LIVER; MALE; PREGNANCY; RATS; TESTIS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; URANIUM;

RATTUS;

EID: 60349123441     PISSN: 00033898     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1684/abc.2008.0290     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. MacKenzie AB. Environmental radioactivity : experience from the 20th century-trends and issues for the 21st century. Sci Total Environ 2000 ; 249 : 313-29.
2. ATSDR. US, department of health and human services. Public health service. Toxicological profile for uranium. Atlanta : Agency for toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1999.
3. Madic C, Genet M. Propriétés physiques et chimiques de l'uranium. In : Métivier H, ed. L'uranium de l'environnement à l'homme. Paris : EDP Sciences, 2001 : 43-81.
4. Abu-Qare AW, Abou-Donia MB. Depleted uranium - the growing concern. J Appl Toxicol 2002 ; 22 : 149-52.
5. Bleise A, Danesi PR, Burkart W. Properties, use and health effects of depleted uranium (DU) : a general overview. J Environ Radioact 2003 ; 64 : 93-112.
6. Auvinen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J, Pukkala E, Ilus T, Salonen L. Uranium and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risk of leukemia : a case-cohort study in Finland. Cancer Causes Control 2002 ; 13 : 825-9.
7. Hakonson-Hayes AC, Fresquez PR, Whicker FW. Assessing potential risks from exposure to natural uranium in well water. J Environ Radioact 2002 ; 59 : 29-40.
8. Moss M. Uranium in drinking water-report on clinical studies in Nova-Scotia. In : Brown SS, Savory J, eds. Chemical toxicology and clinical chemistry of metals. Londres : Academic Press, 1983 : 149-52.
9. Juntunen R. Etela-Suomen Kallioporakaivojen uraani-ja radontukimukeset (Uranium and radon in wells drilled into bedrock in southern Finland). Report of investigation 98. Espoo : Geologian Tutkimuskimusteskus, 1991.
10. Welford GA, Baird R. Uranium levels in human diet and biological material. Health Phys 1967 ; 13 : 1327.
11. Hamilton EI. Uranium content of normal blood. Nature (London) 1970 ; 227 : 501.
12. Lucas HF, Markun F. Thorium and uranium in blood, urine and cigarettes. ANL-7760, Part 2. Argonne Natl. Lab., Argonne, IL. 1970: 47-52.
13. Di Leila LA, Nannoni F, Protano G, Riccobono F. Uranium contents and (235)U/(238)U atom ratios in soil and earthworms in western Kosovo after the 1999 war. Sci Total Environ 2005 ; 337 : 109-18.
14. Shawky S. Depleted uranium : an overview of its properties and health effects. East Mediterr Health J 2002 ; 8 : 432-9.
15. Cantaluppi C, Degetto S. Civilian and military uses of depleted uranium : environmental and health problems. Ann Chim 2000 ; 90 : 665-76.
16. Saueia CH, Mazzilli BP. Distribution of natural radionuclides in the production and use of phosphate fertilizers in Brazil. J Environ Radioact 2006 ; 89 : 229-39.
17. Craft E, Abu-Qare A, Flaherty M, Garofolo M, Rincavage H, Abou-Donia M. Depleted and natural uranium : chemistry and toxicological effects. J Toxicol Environ Health B 2004 ; 7 : 297-317.
18. Leggett RW, Harrison JD. Fractional absorption of ingested uranium in humans. Health Phys 1995 ; 68 : 484-98.
19. Leggett RW. Basis for the ICRP's age-specific biokinetic model for uranium. Health Phys 1994 ; 67 : 589-610.
20. Sullivan MF. Absorption of actinide elements from the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal animals. Health Phys 1980 ; 38 : 173-85.
21. Sullivan MF, Ruemmler PS, Ryan JL, Buschbom RL. Influence of oxidizing or reducing agents on gastrointestinal absorption of U, Pu, Am, Cm and Pm by rats. Health Phys 1986 ; 50 : 223-32.
22. Wrenn ME, Durbin PW, Howard B, et al. Metabolism of ingested U and Ra. Health Phys 1985 ; 48 : 601-33.
23. Frelon S, Houpert P, Lepetit D, Paquet F. The chemical speciation of uranium in water does not influence its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2005 ; 18 : 1150-4.
24. Dublineau I, Grison S, Baudelin C, et al. Absorption of uranium through the entire gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Int J Radiat Biol 2005 ; 81 : 473-82.
25. Cooper JR, Stradling GN, Smith H, Ham SE. The behaviour of uranium-233 oxide and uranyl-233 nitrate in rats. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 1982 ; 41 : 421-33.
26. Pellmar TC, Hogan JB, Benson KA, Laudauer MR. Toxicological evaluation of depleted uranium in rats : six-month evaluation point. In : Special publication. Bethesda, MD : Armed forces Radiobology Research Institute, 1998 : 98-101.
27. La Touche YD, Willis DL, Dawydiak OI. Absorption and biokinetics of U in rats following an oral administration of uranyl nitrate solution. Health Phys 1987 ; 53 : 147-62.
28. Priest ND. Toxicity of depleted uranium. Lancet 2001 ; 357 : 244-6.
29. Priest ND, Howells GR, Green D, Haines JW. Uranium in bone : metabolic and autoradiographic studies in the rat. Hum Toxicol 1982 ; 1 : 97-114.
30. Galle P. Uranium. In : Galle P, ed. Toxiques nucléaires. Paris : Masson, 1998 : 186-205.
31. Paquet F, Houpert P, Blanchardon E, et al. Accumulation and distribution of uranium in rats after chronic exposure by ingestion. Health Phys 2006 ; 90 : 139-47.
32. OMS (WHO). Department of Protection of the Human Environnment. Depleted uranium : sources, exposure and health effects. In : World Health Organization, ed. Full Report. In WHO 2001 (WHO/SDE/PHE/01.1). Genève : WHO, 2001.
33. Leggett RW, Pellmar TC. The biokinetics of uranium migrating from embedded DU fragments. J Environ Radioact 2003 ; 64 : 205-25.
34. Domingo JL, Llobet JM, Tomas JM, Corbella J. Acute toxicity of uranium in rats and mice. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1987 ; 39 : 168-74.
35. Kathren RL, Burklin RK. Acute chemical toxicity of uranium. Health Physics 2008 ; 94 : 170-9.
36. Diamond GL, Morrow PE, Panner BJ, Gelein RM, Baggs RB. Reversible uranyl fluoride nephrotoxicity in the Long Evans rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1989 ; 13 : 65-78.
37. Kobayashi S, Nagase M, Honda N, Hishida A. Glomerular alterations in uranyl acetate-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Kidney Int 1984 ; 26 : 808-15.
38. Thiebault C, Carriere M, Milgram S, Simon A, Avoscan L, Gouget B. Uranium induces apoptosis and is genotoxic to normal rat kidney (NRK-52E) proximal cells. Toxicol Sci 2007 ; 98 : 479-87.
39. Blantz RC. The mechanism of acute renal failure after uranyl nitrate. J Clin Invest 1975 ; 55 : 621-35.
40. Haley DP, Bulger RE, Dobyan DC. The long-term effects of uranyl nitrate on the structure and function of the rat kidney. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 1982 ; 41 : 181-92.
41. Tissandié E, Gueguen Y, Lobaccaro JM, Paquet F, Aigueperse J, Souidi M. Effects of depleted uranium after short-term exposure on vitamin D metabolism in rat. Arch Toxicol 2006 ; 80 : 473-80.
42. Dounce AL, Roberts E, Wills JM. Catalasuria as a sensitive test for uranium poisoning. In : Voegtlin C, Hodge HC, eds. Pharmacology and toxicology of uranium compounds. Volume I. New York : Mc Graw-Hill, 1949 : 889-950.
43. Durbin PW. Metabolic model for uranium. In : Moore RH, ed. Biokinetics and analysis in man; United States Uranium Registry; USUR 05. NEHF 1984; 47 : F1-F65.
44. Leggett RW. The behavior and chemical toxicity of U in the kidney: a reassessment. Health Phys 1989 ; 57 : 365-83.
45. Miller AC, Blakely WF, Livengood D, et al. Transformation of human osteoblast cells to the tumorigenic phenotype by depleted uranium-uranyl chloride. Environ Health Perspect 1998 ; 106 : 465-71.
46. Fukuda S, Ikeda M, Chiba M, Kaneko K. Clinical diagnostic indicators of renal and bone damage in rats intramuscularly injected with depleted uranium. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2006 ; 118 : 307-14.
47. Guglielmotti MB, Ubios AM, Cabrini RL. Alveolar wound healing alteration under uranyl nitrate intoxication. J Oral Pathol 1985 ; 14 : 565-72.
48. Ubios AM, Guglielmotti MB, Steimetz T, Cabrini RL. Uranium inhibits bone formation in physiologic alveolar bone modeling and remodeling. Environ Res 1991 ; 54 : 17-23.
49. Howland JW. Studies on human exposure to uranium compounds. In : Voegtlin H, Hodge C, eds. Pharmacology and toxicology of uranium. New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949 : 993-1017.
50. Lestaevel P, Houpert P, Bussy C, Dhieux B, Gourmelon P, Paquet F. The brain is a target organ after acute exposure to depleted uranium. Toxicology 2005 ; 212 : 219-26.
51. Ghosh S, Kumar A, Pandley BN, Mishra KP. Acute exposure of uranyl nitrate causes lipid peroxidation and histopathological damage in brain and bone of wistar rat. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2007 ; 26 : 255-61.
52. Pellmar TC, Fuciarelli AF, Ejnik JW, et al. Distribution of uranium in rats implanted with depleted uranium pellets. Toxicol Sci 1999 ; 49 : 29-39.
53. Barber DS, Ehrich MF, Jortner BS. The effect of stress on the temporal and regional distribution of uranium in rat brain after acute uranyl acetate exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2005 ; 68 : 99-111.
54. Lemercier V, Millot X, Ansoborlo E, et al. Study of uranium transfer across the blood-brain barrier. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2003 ; 105 : 243-5.
55. Pellmar TC, Keyser DO, Emery C, Hogan JB. Electrophysiological changes in hippocampal slices isolated from rats embedded with depleted uranium fragments. Neurotoxicology 1999 ; 20 : 785-92.
56. Domingo JL. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of natural and depleted uranium : a review. Reprod Toxicol 2001 ; 15 : 603-9.
57. Domingo JL, Paternain JL, Llobet JM, Corbella J. The developmental toxicity of uranium in mice. Toxicology 1989 ; 55 : 143-52.
58. Paternain JL, Domingo JL, Ortega A, Llobet JM. The effects of uranium on reproduction, gestation, and postnatal survival in mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 1989 ; 17 : 291-6.
59. Llobet JM, Sirvent JJ, Ortega A, Domingo JL. Influence of chronic exposure to uranium on male reproduction in mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1991 ; 16 : 821-9.
60. Cross FT, Palmer RF, Busch RH, Filipy RE, Stuart BO. Development of lesions in Syrian golden hamsters following exposure to radon daughters and uranium ore dust. Health Phys 1981 ; 41 : 135-53.
61. Gueguen Y, Souidi M, Baudelin C, et al. Short-term hepatic effects of depleted uranium on xenobiotic and bile acid metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in the rat. Arch Toxicol 2006 ; 80 : 187-95.
62. Pasanen M, Lang S, Kojo A, Kosma VM. Effects of simulated nuclear fuel particles on the histopathology and CYP enzymes in the rat lung and liver. Environ Res 1995 ; 70 : 126-33.
63. Chung W, Kim EJ, Lee I, Kim SG, Lee MG, Kim SH. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous chlorzoxazone in rats with acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate. Life Sci 2003 ; 73 : 253-63.
64. Moon YJ, Lee AK, Chung HC, et al. Effects of acute renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of chlorzoxazone in rats. Drug Metab Dispo 2003 ; 31 : 776-84.
65. Lang S, Kosma VM, Kumlin T, et al. Distribution and short-term effects of intratracheally instilled neutron-irradiated UO2 particles in the rat. Environ Res 1994 ; 65 : 119-31.
66. Monleau M, De Méo M, Paquet F, Chazel V, Duménil G, Donnadieu-Claraz M. Genotoxic and inflammatory effects of depleted uranium particles inhaled by rats. Toxicol Sci 2006 ; 89 : 287-95.
67. Gazin V, Kerdine S, Grillon G, Pallardy M, Raoul H. Uranium induces TNF alpha secretion and MAPK activation in a rat alveolar macrophage cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004 ; 194 : 49-59.
68. Lizon C, Fritsch P. Chemical toxicity of some actinides and lanthanides towards alveolar macrophages : an in vitro study. Int J Radiat Biol 1999 ; 75 : 1459-71.
69. Kalinich JF, Ramakrishnan N, Villa V, McClain DE. Depleted uranium-uranyl chloride induces apoptosis in mouse J774 macrophages. Toxicology 2002 ; 179 : 105-14.
70. Wan B, Fleming JT, Schultz TW, Sayler GS. In vitro immune toxicity of depleted uranium : effects on murine macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and gene expression profiles. Environ Health Perspect 2006 ; 114 : 85-91.
71. Zhou J, Zhou L, Yang J. Studies on effects of cytokine released from alveolar macrophage induced by mineral dust on lung fibroblast. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1998 ; 32 : 336-9.
72. Periyakaruppan A, Kumar F, Sarkar S, Sharma CS, Ramesh GT. Uranium induces oxidative stress in lung epithelial cells. Arch Toxicol 2007 ; 81 : 389-95.
73. Tracy BL, Quinn JM, Lahey J, et al. Absorption and retention of uranium from drinking water by rats and rabbits. Health Phys 1992 ; 62 : 65-73.
74. Newey H, Sanford PA, Smyth DH. The effect of uranyl nitrate on intestinal transfert of hexoses. J Physiol 1966 ; 186 : 493-502.
75. Fu WM, Lin-Shiau SY. Mechanism of rhythmic contractions induced by uranyl ion in the ileal longitudinal muscle of guinea-pig. Eur J Pharmacol 1985 ; 113 : 199-204.
76. Rodriguez-Yoldi MJ, Ponz F. Uranyl action on sugar transport across rat jejunum. Rev Esp Fisiol 1986 ; 42 : 359-64.
77. Dublineau I, Grison S, Linard C, et al. Short-term effects of depleted uranium on immune status in rat intestine. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2006 ; 69 : 1613-28.
78. Knobel Y, Glei M, Weise A, et al. Uranyl nitrilotriacetate, a stabilized salt of uranium, is genotoxic in nontransformed human colon adenoma cell line LT97. Toxicol Sci 2006 ; 93 : 286-97.
79. Mao Y, Desmeules M, Schaubel D, et al. Inorganic components of drinking water and microalbuminuria. Environ Res 1995 ; 71 : 135-40.
80. Zamora ML, Tracy BL, Zielinski JM, Meyerhof DP, Moss MA. Chronic ingestion of uranium in drinking water : a study of kidney bioeffects in humans. Toxicol Sci 1998 ; 43 : 68-77.
81. Kurttio P, Auvinen A, Salonen L, et al. Renal effects of uranium in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 2002 ; 110 : 337-42.
82. Kurttio P, Komulainen H, Leino A, Salonen L, Auvinen A, Saha H. Bone as a possible target of chemical toxicity of natural uranium in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 2005 ; 113 : 68-72.
83. Gilman AP, Villeneuve DC, Secours VE, et al. Uranyl nitrate : 91-day toxicity studies in the New Zealand white rabbit. Toxicol Sci 1998 ; 41 : 129-37.
84. Donnadieu-Claraz M, Bonnehorgne M, Dhieux B, et al. Chronic exposure to uranium leads to iron accumulation in rat kidney cells. Radiat Res 2007 ; 167 : 454-64.
85. Tissandié E, Gueguen Y, Lobaccaro JM, et al. In vivo effects of chronic contamination with depleted uranium on vitamin D(3) metabolism in rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007 ; 1770 : 266-72.
86. Tissandié E, Gueguen Y, Lobaccaro JMA, et al. Enriched uranium affects the expression of vitamin D receptor and retinoid X receptor in rat kidney. J Ster Biochem Mol Biol 2008 ; 110 : 263-8.
87. Diaz Sylvester PL, Lopez R, Ubios AM, Cabrini RL. Exposure to subcutaneously implanted uranium dioxide impairs bone formation. Arch Environ Health 2002 ; 57 : 320-5.
88. Miller AC, Xu J, Stewart M, Prasanna PG, Page N. Potential late health effects of depleted uranium and tungsten used in armor-piercing munitions : comparison of neoplastic transformation and genotoxicity with the known carcinogen nickel. Mil Med 2002 ; 167 : 54-6.
89. McDiarmid MA, Keogh JP, Hooper FJ, et al. Health effects of depleted uranium on exposed Gulf War veterans. Environ Res 2000 ; 82 : 168-80.
90. Bussy C, Lestaevel P, Dhieux B, et al. Chronic ingestion of uranyl nitrate perturbs acetylcholinesterase activity and monoamine metabolism in male rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2006 ; 27 : 245-52.
91. Houpert P, Lestaevel P, Bussy C, Paquet F, Gourmelon P. Enriched but not depleted uranium affects central nervous system in long-term exposed rat. Neurotoxicology 2005 ; 26 : 1015-20.
92. Lestaevel P, Bussy C, Paquet F, et al. Changes in sleep-wake cycle after chronic exposure to uranium in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005 ; 27 : 835-40.
93. Houpert P, Bizot JC, Bussy C, et al. Comparison of the effects of enriched uranium and 137-cesium on the behaviour of rats after chronic exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2007 ; 83 : 99-104.
94. Briner W, Murray J. Effects of short-term and long-term depleted uranium exposure on open-field behavior and brain lipid oxidation in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005 ; 27 : 135-44.
95. Belles M, Albina ML, Linares V, Gomez M, Sanchez DJ, Domingo JL. Combined action of uranium and stress in rat. I. Behavioral effects. Toxicol Lett 2005 ; 158 : 176-85.
96. Linares V, Sanchez DJ, Belles M, Albina L, Gomez M, Domingo JL. Pro-oxidant effects in the brain of rats concurrently exposed to uranium and stress. Toxicology 2007 ; 236 : 82-91.
97. McDiarmid MA, Engelhardt SM, Oliver M, et al. Health surveillance of Gulf War I veterans exposed to depleted uranium : updating the cohort. Health Phys 2007 ; 93 : 60-73.
98. McDiarmid MA, Engelhardt SM, Oliver M, et al. Biological monitoring and surveillance results of Gulf War I veterans exposed to depleted uranium. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006 ; 79 : 11-21.
99. Squibb KS, McDiarmid MA. Depleted uranium exposure and health effects in Gulf War veterans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006 ; 361 : 639-48.
100. Zaire R, Notter M, Riedel W, Thiel E. Unexpected rates of chromosomal instabilities and alterations of hormone levels in Namibian uranium miners. Radiat Res 1997 ; 147 : 579-84.
101. Raymond-Whish S, Mayer LP, O'Neal T, et al. Drinking water with uranium below the U.S. EPA water standard causes estrogen receptor-dependent responses in female mice. Environ Health Perspect 2007 ; 115 : 1711-6.
102. e Congrès National de Radioprotection, Reims, France, du 19 au 21 Juin 2007.
103. Ortega A, Domingo JL, Llobet JM, Tomas JM, Paternain JL. Evaluation of the oral toxicity of uranium in a 4-week drinking-water study in rats. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1989 ; 42 : 935-41.
104. Gilman AP, Villeneuve DC, Secours VE, et al. Uranyl nitrate : 28-day and 91-day toxicity studies in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Toxicol Sci 1998 ; 41 : 117-28.
105. Gueguen Y, Grandcolas L, Baudelin C, et al. Effect of acetaminophen administration to rats chronically exposed to depleted uranium. Toxicology 2007 ; 229 : 62-72.
106. Souidi M, Gueguen Y, Linard C, et al. In vivo effects of chronic contamination with depleted uranium on CYP3A and associated nuclear receptors PXR and CAR in the rat. Toxicology 2005 ; 214 : 113-22.
107. Leach LJ, Maynard EA, Hodge HC, et al. A five-year inhalation study with natural uranium dioxide (UO2) dust. I. Retention and biologic effect in the monkey, dog and rat. Health Phys 1970 ; 18 : 599-612.
108. Leach LJ, Yuile CL, Hodge HC, Sylvester GE, Wilson HB. A five-year inhalation study with natural uranium dioxide (UO2) dust. II. Postexposure Retention and biologic effect in the monkey, dog and rat. Health Phys 1973 ; 25 : 239-58.
109. Morrow PE, Gibb FR, Leach LJ. The clearance of uranium dioxide dust from the lungs following single and multiple inhalation exposures. Health Phys 1966 ; 12 : 1217-23.
110. Schins RP, Borm PJ. Mechanisms and mediators in coal dust induced toxicity. Ann Occup Hyg 1999 ; 43 : 7-33.
111. Tasat DR, De Rey BM. Cytotoxic effect of uranium dioxide on rat alveolar macrophages. Environ Res 1987 ; 44 : 71-81.
112. Berry JP, Zhang L, Galle P, Ansoborlo E, Henge-Napoli MH, Donnadieu-Claraz M. Role of alveolar macrophage lysosomes in metal detoxification. Microsc Res Tech 1997 ; 36 : 313-23.
113. Morris KJ, Townsend KM, Batchelor AL. Studies of alveolar cell morphometry and mass clearance in the rat lung following inhalation of an enriched uranium dioxide aerosol. Radiat Environ Biophys 1989 ; 28 : 141-54.
114. Batchelor AL, Jenner TJ, Papworth DG. Influence of macrophages on microdistribution of inhaled U02 aerosol in rat lung. Phys Med Biol 1982 ; 37 : 249-66.
115. Morris KJ, Barker CL, Batchelor AL, Khanna P. Dosimetric implication of pulmonary macrophage clusters observed within lungs of rats that have inhaled enriched UO2 particles. Environ Health Perspect 1992 ; 97 : 201-8.
116. Mitchel RE, Jackson JS, Heinmiller B. Inhaled uranium ore dust and lung cancer risk in rat. Health Phys 1999 ; 76 : 145-551.
117. Archer VE, Renzetti AD, Doggett RS, Jarvis JQ, Colby TV. Chronic diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung in uranium miners. J Occup Environ Med 1998 ; 40 : 460-74.
118. Baysson H, Tirmarche M, Tymen G, et al. Indoor radon and lung cancer in France. Epidemiology 2004 ; 15 : 709-16.
119. Vacquier B, Caer S, Rogel A, et al. Mortality risk in the French cohort of uranium miners : extended follow-up 1946-1999. Occup Environ Med 2008 (sous presse).
120. Dublineau I, Grison S, Grandcolas L, et al. Absorption, accumulation and biological effects of depleted uranium in Peyer's patches of rats. Toxicology 2006 ; 227 : 227-69.
121. Dublineau I, Grandcolas L, Grison S, et al. Modifications of inflammatory pathways in rat intestine following chronic ingestion of depleted uranium. Toxicol Sci 2007 ; 98 : 458-68.
122. Carmignani M, Volpe AR, Boscolo P, et al. Catecholamine and nitric oxide systems as targets of chronic lead exposure in inducing selective functional impairment. Life Sci 2000 ; 68 : 401-15.