The natural history of chronic HBV infection

Current Hepatitis Reports

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 10-17

  Manesis, Emanuel K ^a  

^a Athens Euroclinic   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR; ADEFOVIR DIPIVOXIL; ALPHA INTERFERON; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B(E) ANTIGEN; LAMIVUDINE;

BIOCHEMISTRY; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE DURATION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HOST; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FIBROSIS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; VIRAL GENETICS; VIREMIA;

EID: 60349113229     PISSN: 15403416     EISSN: 15410706     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11901-009-0002-1     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Alter MJ: Epidemiology of hepatitis B in Europe and worldwide. J Hepatol 2003, 39:S64-S69.
2. El-Serag HB, RudolphEKL: Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2007, 132:2557-2576.
3. Fattovich G, Bortolotti F, Donato F: Natural history of chronic hepatitis B: Special emphasis on disease progression and prognostic factors. J Hepatol 2008, 48:335-352.
4. Seeger C, Mason WS: Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000, 64:51-68.
5. Visvanathan K, Skinner NA, Thompson AJ, et al.: Regulation of Toll-like receptor-2 expression in chronic hepatitis B by the precore protein. Hepatology 2007, 45:102-110.
6. Milich D, Liang TJ: Exploring the biological basis of hepatitis B e antigen in hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2003, 38:1075-1086.
7. Lim SG, Cheng Y, Guindon S, et al.: Viral quasi-species evolution during hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion. Gastroenterology 2007, 133:951-958.
8. Funk ML, Rosenberg DM, Lok AS: World-wide epidemiology of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B and associated precore and core promoter variants. J Viral Hepat 2002, 9:52-61.
9. Volz T, Lutgehetmann M, Wachtler P, et al.: Impaired intrahepatic hepatitis B virus productivity contributes to low viremia in most HBeAg-negative patients. Gastroenterology 2007, 133:843-852.
10. Ganem D, Prince AM: Hepatitis B virus infection - natural history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:1118-1129.
11. Norder H, Courouce AM, Coursaget P, et al.: Genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus strains derived worldwide: Genotypes, subgenotypes, and HBsAg subtypes. Intervirology 2004, 47:289-309.
12. Livingston SE, Simonetti SP, Bulkow LR, et al.: Clearance of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B and genotypes A, B, C, D, and F. Gastroenterology 2007, 133:1452-1457.
13. Chen C-J, Yang H-I, Su J, et al.: Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 2006, 295:65-73.
14. Webster G, Reignat S, Maini M, et al.: Incubation phase of acute hepatitis B in man: Dynamics of cellular immune mechanisms. Hepatology 2000, 32:1117-1124.
15. Mason WS, Litwin S, Xu C, Jilbert AR: Hepatocyte turnover in transient and chronic hepadnavirus infections. J Vir Hep 2007, 14(Suppl 1):22-28.
16. Kimura K, Kakimi K, Wieland S, et al.: Activated intrahepatic antigen-presenting cells inhibit hepatitis B virus replication in the liver of transgenic mice. J Immunol 2002, 169:5188-5195.
17. Wieland SF, Vega RG, Muller R, et al.: Searching for interferon-induced genes that inhibit hepatitis B virus replication in transgenic mouse hepatocytes. J Virol 2003, 77:1227-1236.
18. Ferrari C, Missale G, Boni C, Urbani S: Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2003, 39:S36-S42.
19. Iannacone M, Sitia G, Ruggeri GM, Guidotti LG: HBV pathogenesis in animal models: Recent advances on the role of platelets. J Hepatol 2007, 46:719-726.
20. Webster GJM, Bertoletti A: Immunopathogenesis and treatment of hepatitis B virus infection. In Liver Immunology. Edited by Gershwin ME, Vierling JM, Manns MP. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus; 2003:203-221.
21. Maini MK, Boni C, Ogg GS, et al.: Direct ex-vivo analysis of hepatitis B virus-specific CD8+ T cells associated with the control of infection. Gastroenterology 1999, 117:1-13.
22. Isogawa M, Furuichi Y, Chisari FV: Oscillating CD8 (+) T cell effector functions after antigen recognition in the liver. Immunity 2005, 23:53-63.
23. Shao ZJ, Xu DZ, Xu JQ, et al.: Maternal hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA positivity and sexual intercourse are associated with HBV intrauterine transmission in China: A prospective case-control study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 22:165-170.
24. McMahon BJ, Alward WLM, Hall DB, et al.: Acute hepatitis B virus infection: Relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis 1985, 151:599-603.
25. Tassopoulos N, Papaevangelou GJ, Sjogren MH, et al.: Natural history of acute hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis in Greek adults. Gastroenterology 1987, 92:1844-1850.
26. Maini MK, Boni C, Lee CK, et al.: The role of virus specific CD+ in liver damage and viral control during persistent hepatitis B virus infection. J Exp Med 2000, 191:1269-1280.
27. Vassilopoulos D, Rapti I, Hadziyannis E, et al.: Cellular immune responses in hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2008, 15:817-826.
28. Viebahn CS, Yeoh GCT: What fires Prometheus? The link between inflammation and regeneration following chronic liver injury. Int J Biochem Cell Physiol 2008, 40:855-873.
29. Michalopoulos GK: Liver regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2007, 213:286-300.
30. Friedman SL: Mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis. Gastroenterology 2008, 134:1655-1669.
31. Lee JS, Semela D, Iredale J, et al.: Sinusoidal remodeling and angiogenesis: A new function for the liver-specific pericyte? Hepatology 2007, 45:817-825.
32. Chemin I, Trepo C: Clinical impact of occult HBV infections. J Clin Virol 2005, 34(Suppl 1):S15-S21.
33. Fattovich G, Olivari N, Pasino M, et al.: Long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in Caucasian patients: Mortality after 25 years. Gut 2008, 57:84-90.
34. Niederau C, Heintges T, Lange S, et al.: Long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patients treated with interferon alfa for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1422-1427.
35. Papatheodoridis GV, Manolakopoulos S, Dusheiko G, Archimandritis AJ: Therapeutic strategies in the management of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2008, 8:167-178.
36. Keeffe EB, Dieterich DT, Han S-HB, et al.: A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: an update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 4:936-962.
37. Papatheodoridis GV, Chrysanthos N, Hadziyannis E, et al.: Longitudinal changes in serum HBV DNA levels and predictors of progression during the natural course of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2008, 15:434-441.
38. Lok ASF, McMahon BJ: CASLD practice guidelines: chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2007, 45:507-539.
39. Manesis EK, Papatheodoridis GV, Sevastianos V, et al.: Significance of hepatitis B viremia levels determined by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2003, 98:2261-2267.
40. Kumar M, Sarin SK, Hissar S, et al.: Virologic and histologic features of chronic hepatitis B virus-infected asymptomatic patients with persistently normal ALT. Gastroenterology 2008, 134:1376-1384.
41. Papatheodoridis GV, Manesis EK, Manolakopoulos S, et al.: Is there a meaningful serum HBV DNA cut-off level for therapeutic decisions in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection? Hepatology 2008, 48:1451-1459.
42. Papatheodoridis G, Manesis E, Hadziyannis S: The long-term outcome of interferon-treated and untreated patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2001, 34:306-323.
43. Fattovich G: Natural history of hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2003, 39:S50-S58.
44. Hadziyannis SJ: Hepatitis B e antigen negativeFchronic hepatitis B: from clinical recognition to pathogenesis and treatment. Viral Hepat Rev 1995, 1:7-36.
45. Yim HJ, Lok AS-F: Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: What we knew in 1981 and what we know in 2005. Hepatology 2006, 43:S173-S181.
46. Benvegnù L, Gios M, Boccato S, Alberti A: Natural history of compensated viral cirrhosis: A major complications prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major complications. Gut 2004, 53:744-749.
47. Lau GKK, Piratvisuth T, Luo KX, et al.: Peginterferon alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:2682-2695.
48. Marcellin P, Lau GK, Bonino F, et al.: Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:1206-1217.
49. Papatheodoridis GV, Dimou E, Dimakopoulos K, et al.: Outcome of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B on long-term nucleos(t)ide analog therapy starting with lamivudine. Hepatology 2005, 42:121-129.
50. Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, et al.: Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B for up to 5 years. Gastroenterology 2006, 131:1743-1751.