Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Centaurea ensiformis Hub.-Mor. (Asteraceae), a species endemic to Mugla (Turkey)

Natural Product Research

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 149-167

  Ugur, Aysel ^a   Duru, Mehmet Emin ^a   Ceylan, Ozgur ^a   Sarac, Nurdan ^a   Varol, Omer ^a   Kivrak, Ibrahim ^a  

^a MUGLA SITKI KOCMAN UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial activity; Antioxidant activity; Centaurea ensiformis; Chemical composition

Indexed keywords

1,1 DIPHENYL 2 PICRYLHYDRAZYL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; BOURBONENE; CARYOPHYLLENE OXIDE; CENTAUREA ENSIFORMIS EXTRACT; EUDESMOL; FLAVONOID; LINOLEIC ACID; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; PLANT EXTRACT; SPATHULENOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BACILLUS SUBTILIS; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CANDIDA TROPICALIS; CENTAUREA; CENTAUREA ENSIFORMIS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISK DIFFUSION; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG STRUCTURE; ENDEMIC SPECIES; ENTEROBACTER AEROGENES; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GROWTH INHIBITION; IN VITRO STUDY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MICROCOCCUS LUTEUS; NONHUMAN; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS XYLOSUS; STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA; STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS; THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; TURKEY (REPUBLIC);

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; BIPHENYL COMPOUNDS; CENTAUREA; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HYDRAZINES; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; PLANT COMPONENTS, AERIAL; PLANT EXTRACTS; SESQUITERPENES; TURKEY;

ASTERACEAE; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CENTAUREA;

EID: 59649123186     PISSN: 14786419     EISSN: 14786427     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14786410801915770     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Adams, RP (2001) Identification of essential oils components by gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectroscopy, Allured Publishing Corporation, Illinois, USA
2. Akal, S., Benayache, F., Medjroubi, K., Tillequin, F. and Seguin, E. (2003) Flavonoids from Centaurea furfuracea (Asteraceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 31, pp. 641-643.
3. Alexandria, VA (2004) Infectious Diseases Society of America, Responding to an ever-changing threat'. Statement of the IDSA concerning 'Bioshield II, IDSA, USA
4. Ali-Shtayeh, MS, Yaghmour, RM-R, Faidi, YR, Salem, K. and Al-Nuri, MA (1998) Antimicrobial activity of 20 plants used in folkloric medicine in the Palestinian area. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 60:3, pp. 265-271.
5. Al-Masaudi, SB, Day, MJ and Russell, AD (1991) Antimicrobial resistance and gene transfer in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 70, pp. 270-290.
6. Barbour, EK, Sharif, MA, Sagherian, VK, Habre, AN, Talhouk, RS and Talhouk, SN (2004) Screening of selected indigenous plants of Lebanon for antimicrobial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93, pp. 1-7.
7. Barrero, AF, Oltra, JE, Alvarez, M., Raslan, DS, Saude, DA and Akssira, M. (2000) New sources and antifungal activity of sesquiterpene lactones. Fitoterapia, 71, pp. 60-64.
8. Barrero, AF, Herrador, MM, Arteaga, P., Cabrera, E., Rodriguez-Garcia, I. Garcia-Moreno et al. (1997) Cytotoxic activity of flavonoids from Carthamus arborescens, Ononis natrix spp. ramosissima and Centaurea malacitana. Fitoterapia, 68:3, pp. 281-283.
9. Baytop, T. (1999) Turkiye'de Bitkiler ile Tedavi (Gecmiste ve Bugun), p. 316. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, Istanbul
10. Bedoya, LM, Sanchez-Palomino, S., Abad, MJ, Bermejo, P. and Alcami, J. (2001) Anti-HIV activity of medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 77:1, pp. 113-116.
11. Bentamene, A., Benayache, S., Creche, J., Petit, G., Bermejo-Barrera, J. Leon, F. et al. (2005) A new guaianolide and other sesquiterpene lactones from Centaurea acaulis L. (Asteraceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 33:10, pp. 1061-1065.
12. Burits, M. and Bucar, F. (2000) Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 14, pp. 323-328.
13. Buruk, K., Sokmen, A., Aydin, F. and Erturk, M. (2006) Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey. Fitoterapia, 77:5, pp. 388-391.
14. Cakir, A., Mavi, A., Yildirim, A., Duru, ME, Harmandar, M. and Kazaz, C. (2003) Isolation and characterization of antioxidant phenolic compounds from the aerial parts of Hypericum hyssopifolium L. by activity-guided fractionation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 87, pp. 73-83.
15. Calza, L., Manfredi, R. and Chiodo, F. (2003) Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia as an emerging opportunistic pathogen in association with HIV infection: A 10-year surveillance study. Infection, 31, pp. 55-161.
16. Collins, CH, Lyne, PM and Grange, JM (1995) Microbiological methods, Butterworths, London
17. Cook, NC and Samman, S. (1996) Flavonoids-chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects and dietary sources. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 7, pp. 66-76.
18. Cuendet, M., Hostettmann, K. and Potterat, O. (1997) Iridoid glucosides with free radical scavenging properties from Fagraea blumei. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 80, pp. 1144-1152.
19. Cushnie, TPT and Lamb, AJ (2005) Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 26, pp. 343-356.
20. Dapkevicius, A., Venskutonis, R., Van Beek, TA and Linssen, PH (1998) Antioxidant activity of extracts obtained by different isolation procedures from some aromatic herbs grown in Lithuania. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 77, pp. 140-146.
21. David, M. (1997) Antimicrobial activity of garlic. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 41, pp. 2286-2288.
22. Denton, M. and Kerr, KG (1998) Microbiological and clinical aspects of infection associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Clinical Microbiology Review, 11, pp. 57-80.
23. Dural, H., Bagci, Y., Ertugrul, K., Demirelma, H., Flamini, G. Cioni, PL et al. (2003) Essential oil composition of two endemic Centaurea species from Turkey, Centaurea mucronifera and Centaurea chrysantha, collected in the same habitat. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 31, pp. 1417-1425.
24. Erik, S. and Tarikahya, B. (2004) Turkiye florasi uzerine. Kebikec, 17, pp. 139-163.
25. Fass, RJ, Barnishan, J., Solomon, MC and Ayers, LW (1996) In vitro activities of quinolones, β-lactams, tobramycin and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole against non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 40, pp. 1412-1418.
26. Fisher, MC, Long, SS, Roberts, EM, Dun, JM and Babara, RK (1981) Pseudomonas maltophilia bacteremia in children undergoing open heart surgery. JAMA, 246, pp. 1471-1474.
27. Fluit, AC, Verhoef, FJ and Schmitz, J. (2001) Frequency of isolation and antimicrobial resistance of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria from patients in intensive care units of 25 European university hospitals participating in the European arm of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program 1997-1998. The European SENTRY Participants. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 20, pp. 617-625.
28. Fridkin, SK, Hill, HA and Volkova, NV (2002) The Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology (CARE) project hospitals. Temporal changes in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in 23 U.S. hospitals. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8, pp. 697-701.
29. Gales, AC, Jones, RN, Forward, KR, Linares, J., Sader, HS and Verhoef, J. (2001) Emerging importance of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter species and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as pathogens in seriously ill patients: Geographic patterns, epidemiological features, and trends in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-1999). Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32, p. S104.
30. Garbacki, N., Gloaguen, V., Damas, J., Bodart, P., Tits, M. and Angenat, L. (1999) Anti-inflammatory and immunological effects of Centaurea cyanus flower-heads. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 68, pp. 235-241.
31. Geissman, TA and Crout, DHG (1969) Organic chemistry of secondary plant metabolism, pp. 183-230. Freeman, Cooper & Company, San Francisco
32. Gousiadou, C. and Skaltsa, H. (2003) Secondary metabolites from Centaurea orphanidea. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 31, pp. 389-396.
33. Hajjeh, RA, Reingold, A., Weil, A., Shutt, K., Schuchat, A. and Perkins, BA (1999) Toxic shock syndrome in the United States: Surveillance update, 1979-1996. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5, pp. 807-810.
34. Hanes, SD, Demirkan, K., Tolley, E., Boucher, BA, Croce, MA Wood, GC et al. (2002) Risk factors for late-onset nosocomial pneumonia caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in critically ill trauma patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 35, pp. 228-235.
35. Harborne, JB and Baxter, H. (1999) The handbook of natural flavonoids, 1, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK
36. Harborne, JB and Williams, CA (2000) Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry, 55:6, pp. 481-504.
37. Havsteen, B. (1983) Flavonoids, a class of natural products of high pharmacological potency. Biochemical Pharmacology, 32:7, pp. 1141-1148.
38. Hiramatsu, K., Hanaki, H., Ino, T., Yabuta, K., Oguri, T. and Tenover, FC (1997) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 40, pp. 135-136.
39. Hollman, PCH and Katan, MB (1997) Dietary flavonoids: Intake, health effects and bioavailability. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 37, pp. 937-942.
40. Hugh, R. and Ryschenkow, E. (1961) Pseudomonas maltophilia, an alcaligenes-like species. Journal of General Microbiology, 26, pp. 123-132.
41. Hunter, KJ and Fletcher, JM (2002) The antioxidant activity and composition of fresh, frozen, jarred and canned vegetables. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 3, pp. 399-406.
42. Huycke, MM, Sahm, DF and Gilmore, MS (1998) Multiple drug resistant enterococci: The nature of the problem and an agenda for the future. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4, pp. 239-249.
43. Janackovic, P., Tesevic, V., Milosavljevic, S., Vajs, V. and Marin, PD (2004) Sesquiterpene lactones, lignans and flavones of Centaurea affinis. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 32, pp. 355-357.
44. Kandaswami, C. and Middleton, E. (1997) Flavonoids as antioxidants. Natural antioxidants, chemistry, health effects and practical applications, pp. 174-194. AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois
45. Karamenderes, C., Konyalioglu, S., Khan, S. and Khan, IA (2007) Total phenolic contents, free radical scavenging activities and inhibitory effects on the activation of NF-kappa B of eight Centaurea L. species. Phytotherapy Research, 21, pp. 488-491.
46. Karamenderes, C., Khan, S., Tekwani, BL, Jacob, MR and Khan, IA (2006) Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial activities of Centaurea L. species growing in Turkey. Pharmaceutical Biology, 44:7, pp. 534-539.
47. Kaur, Ch and Kapoor, HC (2001) Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables-the millennium's health. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 36, pp. 703-725.
48. Klimczak, I., Malecka, M., Szlachta, M. and Gliszczynska-Swiglo, A. (2007) Effect of storage on the content of polyphenols, vitamin C and the antioxidant activity of orange juices. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20:3, pp. 313-322.
49. Kloos, WE and Bannerman, TL (1995) Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. Manual of clinical microbiology, pp. 282-298. ASM Press, Washington, D.C., USA
50. Kose, YB, Iscan, G., Demirci, B., Baser, KHC and Celik, S. (2007) Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Centaurea aladagensis. Fitoterapia, 78:3, pp. 253-254.
51. Koukoulitsa, C., Geromichalos, GD and Skaltsa, H. (2005) VolSurf analysis of pharmacokinetic properties for several antifungal sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Greek Centaurea sp. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, 19:8, pp. 617-623.
52. Krueger, TS, Clark, EA and Nix, DE (2001) In vitro susceptibility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to various antimicrobial combinations. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 41, pp. 71-78.
53. Kumarasamy, Y., Middleton, M., Reid, RG, Nahar, L. and Sarker, SD (2003) Biological activity of serotonin conjugates from the seeds of Centaurea nigra. Fitoterapia, 74:6, pp. 609-612.
54. Kumarasamy, Y., Cox, PJ, Jaspars, M., Nahar, L. and Sarker, SD (2002) Screening seeds of Scottish plants for antibacterial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 83, pp. 73-77.
55. Liu, PL, Lau, YJ, Hu, BS, Shyr, JM, Shi, ZY Tsai, WS et al. (1995) Comparison of susceptibility to extended-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin among gram-negative bacilli isolated from intensive care units. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 22, pp. 285-291.
56. Lyon, BR and Skurray, R. (1987) Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus: Genetic basis. Microbiology Reviews, 51, pp. 88-134.
57. Marco, JA, Sanz-Cervera, JF, Yuste, A., Sancenon, F. and Carda, M. (2005) Sesquiterpenes from Centaurea aspera. Phytochemistry, 66:14, pp. 1644-1650.
58. Medjroubi, K., Benayache, F. and Bermejo, J. (2005) Sesquiterpene lactones from Centaurea musimomum. Antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities. Fitoterapia, 76:7, pp. 744-746.
59. Middleton, JrE and Kandaswami, C. (1993) The impact of plant flavonoids on mammalian biology: Implications for immunity, inflammation and cancer. The Flavonoids: Advances in Research since 1986, pp. 619-652. Chapman & Hall, London
60. Mills, S. and Bone, K. (2000) Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy-Modern Herbal Medicine, pp. 31-34. Churchill Livingstone, New York
61. Morrison, JrAJ, Hoffmann, KK and Wenzel, RP (1986) Associated mortality and clinical characteristics of nosocomial Pseudomonas maltophilia in a university hospital. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 24, pp. 52-55.
62. Murray, PR, Baron, EJ and Pfaller, NA (1995) Manual of clinic microbiology, ASM Press, Washington, D.C
63. Negrete, RE, Backhouse, N., Cajigal, I., Delporte, C., Cassels, BK Breitmaier, E. et al. (1993) Two new antiinflammatory elemanolides from Centaurea chilensis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 40:3, pp. 149-153.
64. Noble, WC, Virani, Z. and Cree, RGA (1992) Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 93, pp. 195-198.
65. Nowak, G., Drozdzg, B. and Holub, M. (1996) Sesquiterpen lactones of the Cardveae, subtribe centaureinae. Compositae: Systematics. Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference 1994, 1, pp. 219-227. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK
66. Oncel, I., Yurdakulol, E., Keles, Y., Kurt, L. and Yildiz, A. (2004) Role of antioxidant defense system and biochemical adaptation on stress tolerance of high mountain and steppe plants. Acta Oecologica, 26:3, pp. 211-218.
67. Ozturk, M., Aydogmus-Ozturk, F., Duru, ME and Topcu, G. (2007) Antioxidant activity of stem and root extracts of rhubarb (Rheum ribes): An edible medicinal plant. Food Chemistry, 103:2, pp. 623-630.
68. Palleroni, NJ and Bradbury, JF (1993) Stenotrophomonas, a new bacterial genus for Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1980) Swings et al. 1983. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 43, pp. 606-609.
69. Park, YK, Koo, MH, Ikegaki, M. and Contado, JL (1997) Comparison of the flavonoid aglycone contents of Apis mellifera propolis from various regions of Brazil. Arquivos de Biologiae Technology, 40:1, pp. 97-106.
70. Primo, V., Rovera, M., Zanon, S., Oliva, M., Demo, V. Daghero, J. et al. (2001) Determination of the antibacterial and antiviral activity of the essential oil from Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia, 33, pp. 113-117.
71. Prior, RL and Cao, G. (2000) Flavonoids: Diet and health relationships. Nutrition in Clinical Care, 3, pp. 279-288.
72. Prior, RL and Cao, G. (2000) Antioxidant phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables: Diet and health implications. Horticulture Science, 35, pp. 588-592.
73. Radic, S., Prolic, M., Pavlica, M. and Pevalek-Kozlina, B. (2005) Cytogenetic effects of osmotic stress on the root meristem cells of Centaurea ragusina L. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 54:3, pp. 213-218.
74. Ramarathnam, N., Osawa, T., Namiki, M. and Tashiro, T. (1986) Studies on the relationship between antioxidative activity of rice hull and germination ability of rice seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 37, pp. 719-726.
75. Robin, T. and Janda, JM (1996) Pseudo-, Xantho-, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: An emerging pathogen in search of a genus. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 18:2, pp. 9-13.
76. Rubin, RJ, Harrington, CA, Poon, A., Dietrich, K., Grene, JA and Moiduddin, A. (1999) The economic impact of Staphylococcus infection in New York City hospitals. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5, pp. 9-17.
77. Rusak, G., Krajacic, M. and Plese, N. (1997) Inhibition of tomato bushy stunt virus infection using a quercetagetin flavonoid isolated from Centaurea rupestris L. Antiviral Research, 36, pp. 125-129.
78. Sahu, SC and Green, S. (1997) Food antioxidants: Their dual role in carcinogenesis. Oxidants, antioxidants and free radicals, pp. 329-330. Taylor and Francis, Washington
79. Sarker, SD, Savchenko, T., Whiting, P., Sik, V. and Dinan, LN (1997) Moschamine, cis moschamine, moschamindole and moschamindolol: Four novel indole alkaloids from Centaurea moschata. Natural Product Letters, 9, pp. 189-199.
80. Senol, E., DesJardin, J., Stark, PC, Barefoot, L. and Snydman, DR (2002) Attributable mortality of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 34, pp. 1653-1656.
81. Severino, JF, Stich, K. and Soja, G. (2007) Ozone stress and antioxidant substances in Trifolium repens and Centaurea jacea leaves. Environmental Pollution, 146:3, pp. 707-714.
82. Sezik, E., Yesilada, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y. and Tanaka, T. (2001) Traditional medicine in Turkey X. Folk medicine in Central Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 75:2, pp. 95-115.
83. Shoeb, M., MacManus, SM, Jaspars, M., Trevidu, J., Nahar, L. Kong-Thoo-Lin, P. et al. (2006) Montamine, a unique dimeric indole alkaloid, from the seeds of Centaurea montana (Asteraceae), and its in vitro cytotoxic activity against the CaCo2 colon cancer cells. Tetrahedron, 62:48, pp. 11172-11177.
84. Silver, L. and Bostian, K. (1990) Screening of natural products for antimicrobial agents. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology Infection Disease, 9:7, pp. 455-461.
85. Skaehill, P. (2000) Clinical review. Management of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections. The Consultant Pharmacist, 15, pp. 74-76.
86. Skliar, MI, Toribio, MS and Oriani, DS (2005) Antimicrobial activity of Centaurea diffusa. Fitoterapia, 76:7, pp. 737-739.
87. Skaltsa, H., Lazari, D., Panagouleas, C., Georgiadou, E., Garcia, B. and Sokovic, M. (2000) Sesquiterpene lactones from Centaurea thessala and Centaurea attica. Antifungal activity. Phytochemistry, 55, pp. 903-908.
88. Slinkard, K. and Singleton, VL (1977) Total phenol analyses: Automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28, pp. 49-55.
89. Sokmen, A., Jones, BM and Erturk, M. (1999) The in vitro antibacterial activity of Turkish medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 67:1, pp. 79-86.
90. Spencer, RC (1996) Predominant pathogens found in the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care Study. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 15, pp. 281-285.
91. Stamatis, G., Kyriazopoulos, P., Golegou, S., Basayiannis, A., Skaltsas, S. and Skaltsa, H. (2003) In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Greek herbal medicines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 88:2, pp. 175-179.
92. Swings, J., Devos, M., Van der Mooter, M. and De Ley, J. (1983) Transfer of Pseudomonas maltophilia Hugh 1981 to the genus Xanthomonas as Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1981) comb. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 33, pp. 409-413.
93. Tanaka, M., Kuei, CW, Nagashima, Y. and Taguchi, T. (1998) Application of antioxidative maillrad reaction products from histidine and glucose to sardine products. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishil, 54, pp. 1409-1414.
94. Tepe, B., Sokmen, M., Akpulat, HA, Yumrutas, O. and Sokmen, A. (2006) Screening of antioxidative properties of the methanolic extracts of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl., Verbascum wiedemannianum Fisch. & Mey., Sideritis libanotica Labill. subsp. linearis (Bentham) Borm., Centaurea mucronifera DC. and Hieracium cappadocicum Freyn from Turkish flora. Food Chemistry, 98, pp. 9-13.
95. Thornsberry, C. (1985) The development of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 21, pp. 9-16.
96. Todd, JK (1998) Toxic shock syndrome. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1, pp. 432-446.
97. Tomas-Barberan, FA and Clifford, MN (2000) Favanones, chalcones and dihydrochalcones-nature, occurrence and dietary burden. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80, pp. 1073-1080.
98. Turkoglu, A., Duru, ME, Mercan, N., Kivrak, I. and Gezer, K. (2007) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill. Food Chemistry, 101:1, pp. 267-273.
99. Vajs, V., Todorovic, N., Ristic, M., Tesevic, V., Todorovic, B. Janackovic, P. et al. (1999) Guaianolides from Centaurea nicolai: Antifungal activity. Phytochemistry, 52, pp. 383-386.
100. Vartivarian, S., Anaissie, E., Bodey, G., Sprigg, H. and Rolston, K. (1994) A changing pattern of susceptibility of Xanthomonas maltophilia to antimicrobial agents: Implications for therapy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 38, pp. 624-627.
101. Velioglu, YS, Mazza, G., Gao, L. and Oomah, BD (1998) Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46, pp. 4113-4117.
102. Wagenitz, G. (1975) Centaurea L. Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands, 5, pp. 465-585. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
103. Willett, HP (1992) Staphylococcus zinsser microbiology, pp. 401-416. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT, USA
104. Yayli, N., Yasar, A., Gulec, C., Usta, A., Kolayli, S. Coskuncelebi, K. et al. (2005) Composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Centaurea sessilis and Centaurea armena. Phytochemistry, 66, pp. 1741-1745.
105. Yen, GC, Duh, PD and Tsai, CL (1993) Relationship between antioxidant activity and maturity of peanut hulls. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 41, pp. 67-70.
106. Yesilada, E., Sezik, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y. and Tanaka, T. (1999) Traditional medicine in Turkey IX: Folk medicine in Northwest Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64, pp. 195-210.
107. Yesilada, E., Honda, G., Sezik, E., Tabata, M., Fujita, T. Tanata, T. et al. (1995) Traditional medicine in Turkey V. Folk medicine in inner Taurus Mountains. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 46, pp. 133-152.
108. Zakaria, M. (1991) Isolation and characterization of active compounds from medicinal plants. Asia Pacific Journal of Pharmacology, 6, pp. 15-20.