Endothelial dysfunction in glaucoma

Acta Ophthalmologica

Volumn 87, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 4-12

  Resch, Hemma ^a   Garhofer, Gerhard ^a   Fuchsjäger Mayrl, Gabriele ^a   Hommer, Anton ^a,b   Schmetterer, Leopold ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b Hospital Sanatorium Hera   (Austria)

Author keywords

Endothelin; Glaucoma; Humans; Nitric oxide; Optic nerve head blood flow

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE;

CELL FUNCTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE COURSE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HUMAN; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE ABNORMALITY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SHEAR STRESS;

ANIMALS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; GLAUCOMA, OPEN-ANGLE; HUMANS; OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; RETINAL GANGLION CELLS;

EID: 58849122661     PISSN: 1755375X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2007.01167.x     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Arai H, Hori S, Aramori I, Ohkubo H Nakanishi S (1990 Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor. Nature 48 : 730 732.
2. Buckley C, Hadoke PW, Henry E O'Brien C (2002 Systemic vascular endothelial cell dysfunction in normal pressure glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 86 : 227 232.
3. Buerk DG, Riva CE Cranstoun SD (1996 Nitric oxide has a vasodilatory role in cat optic nerve head during flicker stimuli. Microvasc Res 52 : 13 26.
4. Butt Z, O'Brien C, McKillop G, Aspinall P Allan P (1997 Colour Doppler imaging in untreated high and normal pressure open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38 : 690 696.
5. Cellini M, Possati GL, Profazio V, Sbrocca M, Caramazza N Caramazza R (1997 Colour Doppler imaging and plasma levels of endothelin-1 in low-tension glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 224 (Suppl. 11 13.
6. Chauhan BC, LeVatte TL Jollimore CA (2004 Model of endothelin-1-induced chronic optic neuropathy in rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45 : 144 152.
7. Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group (1998 Comparison of glaucomatous progression between untreated patients with normal-tension glaucoma and patients with therapeutically reduced intraocular pressures. Am J Ophthalmol 126 : 487 497.
8. Cursiefen C, Wisse M, Cursiefen S, Junemann A, Martus P Korth M (2000 Migraine and tension headache in high-pressure and normal-pressure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 129 : 102 104.
9. Dallinger S, Dorner GT, Wenzel R, Graselli U, Findl O, Eichler HG, Wolzt M Schmetterer L (2000 Endothelin-1 contributes to hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction in the human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41 : 864 869.
10. Delles C, Michelson G, Harazny J, Oehmer S, Hilgers KF Schmieder RE (2004 Impaired endothelial function of the retinal vasculature in hypertensive patients. Stroke 35 : 1289 1293.
11. Doganay S, Evereklioglu C, Turkoz Y Er H (2002 Decreased nitric oxide production in primary open-angle glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 12 : 44 48.
12. Dorner GT, Garhofer G, Kiss B, Polska E, Polak K, Riva CE Schmetterer L (2003a Nitric oxide regulates retinal vascular tone in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285 : 631 636.
13. Dorner GT, Garhofer G, Huemer KH, Golestani E, Zawinka C, Schmetterer L Wolzt M (2003b Effects of adrenomedullin on ocular haemodynamic parameters in the choroid and the ophthalmic artery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44 : 3947 3951.
14. Dorner GT, Garhofer G, Huemer KH, Riva CE, Wolzt M Schmetterer L (2003c Hyperglycaemia affects flicker-induced vasodilation in the retina of healthy subjects. Vision Res 43 : 1495 1500.
15. Dorner GT, Garhofer G, Selenko N, Fasching P, Bayerle-Eder M, Schmetterer L Wolzt M (2003d The ocular haemodynamic response to nitric oxide synthase inhibition is unaltered in patients with early type 1 diabetes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 24 : 619 624.
16. Dowd P (1995 Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet 346 : 283 290.
17. Drance SM, Douglas GR, Wijsman K, Schulzer M Britton RJ (1988 Response of blood flow to warm and cold in normal and low-tension glaucoma patients. Am J Ophthalmol 105 : 35 39.
18. Drance S, Anderson DR, Schulzer M Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group (2001 Risk factors for progression of visual field abnormalities in normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 131 : 699 708.
19. Emre M, Orgül S, Haufschild T, Shaw SG Flammer J (2005 Increased plasma endothelin-1 levels in patients with progressive open-angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 89 : 60 63.
20. Feletou M Vanhoutte PM (2006 Endothelial dysfunction: a multifaceted disorder. (The Wiggers Award Lecture). Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291 : 985 1002.
21. Findl O, Rainer G, Dallinger S et al. (2000 Assessment of optic disc blood flow in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 130 : 589 596.
22. Flammer J (1994 The vascular concept of glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 38 (Suppl. 3 6.
23. Flammer J Orgül S (1998 Optic nerve blood-flow abnormalities in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 17 : 267 289.
24. Flammer J, Haefliger IO, Orgül S Resink T (1999 Vascular dysregulation: a principal risk factor for glaucomatous damage? J Glaucoma 8 : 212 219.
25. Flammer J, Orgül S, Costa VP, Orzalesi N, Krieglstein GK, Serra LM, Renard JP Stefansson E (2002 The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 21 : 359 393.
26. Fuchsjäger-Mayrl G, Luksch A, Malec M, Polska E, Wolzt M Schmetterer L (2003 Role of endothelin-1 in choroidal blood flow regulation during isometric exercise in healthy humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44 : 728 733.
27. Fuchsjäger-Mayrl G, Wally B, Georgopoulos M et al. (2004 Ocular blood flow and systemic blood pressure in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45 : 834 839.
28. Galassi F, Sodi A, Ucci F, Renieri G, Pieri B Baccini M (2003 Ocular haemodynamics and glaucoma prognosis: a colour Doppler imaging study. Arch Ophthalmol 121 : 1711 1715.
29. Garhofer G, Zawinka C, Resch H, Kothy P, Schmetterer L Dorner GT (2004a Reduced response of retinal vessel diameters to flicker stimulation in patients with diabetes. Br J Ophthalmol 88 : 887 891.
30. Garhofer G, Zawinka C, Resch H, Huemer KH, Schmetterer L Dorner GT (2004b Response of retinal vessel diameters to flicker stimulation in patients with early open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 13 : 340 344.
31. Gass A, Flammer J, Linder L, Romerio SC, Gasser P Haefeli WE (1997 Inverse correlation between endothelin-1-induced peripheral microvascular vasoconstriction and blood pressure in glaucoma patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 235 : 634 638.
32. Gasser P Flammer J (1991 Blood-cell velocity in the nailfold capillaries of patients with normal-tension and high-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 111 : 585 588.
33. Griendling KK FitzGerald GA (2003a Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part I: basic mechanisms and in vivo monitoring of ROS. Circulation 108 : 1912 1916.
34. Griendling KK FitzGerald GA (2003b Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part II: animal and human studies. Circulation 108 : 2034 2040.
35. Grunwald JE, Piltz J, Hariprasad SM DuPont J (1998 Optic nerve and choroidal circulation in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39 : 2329 2336.
36. Guthauser U, Flammer J Mahler F (1988 The relationship between digital and ocular vasospasm. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 226 : 224 226.
37. Haefliger IO, Dettmann E, Liu R, Meyer P, Prunte C, Messerli J Flammer J (1999 Potential role of nitric oxide and endothelin in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 43 (Suppl. 1 51 58.
38. Haefliger IO, Flammer J, Beny JL Luscher TF (2001 Endothelium-dependent vasoactive modulation in the ophthalmic circulation. Prog Retin Eye Res 20 : 209 225.
39. Hamard P, Hamard H Dufaux J (1994 Blood flow rate in the microvasculature of the optic nerve head in primary open-angle glaucoma. A new approach. Surv Ophthalmol 38 (Suppl. 87 94.
40. Harris A, Sergott RC, Spaeth GL, Katz JL, Shoemaker JA Martin BJ (1994 Colour Doppler analysis of ocular vessel blood velocity in normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 118 : 642 649.
41. Haynes WG Webb DJ (1994 Contribution of endogenous generation of endothelin-1 to basal vascular tone. Lancet 344 : 852 854.
42. Haynes WG, Strachan FE Webb DJ (1995 Endothelin ETA and ETB receptors cause vasoconstriction of human resistance and capacitance vessels in vivo. Circulation 92 : 357 363.
43. Haynes WG, Ferro CJ, O'Kane KPJ, Somerville D, Lomax CC Webb DJ (1996 Systemic endothelin receptor blockade decreases peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure in man. Circulation 93 : 1860 1870.
44. Hayreh SS (1997 Factors influencing blood flow in the optic nerve head. J Glaucoma 6 : 412 425.
45. Henry E, Newby DE, Webb DJ O'Brien C (1999 Peripheral endothelial dysfunction in normal pressure glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40 : 1710 1714.
46. Henry E, Newby DE, Webb DJ, Hadoke PW O'Brien CJ (2006 Altered endothelin-1 vasoreactivity in patients with untreated normal-pressure glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47 : 2528 2532.
47. Huemer KH, Zawinka C, Garhofer G, Golestani E, Litschauer B, Dorner GT Schmetterer L (2007 Effects of dopamine on retinal and choroidal blood flow parameters in humans. Br J Ophthalmol 91 : 1194 1198.
48. Inoue A, Yanagisawa M, Kimura S, Kasuya Y, Miyauchi T, Goto K Masaki T (1989 The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86 : 2863 2867.
49. Ishikawa K, Funayama T, Ohtake Y et al. (2005 Association between glaucoma and gene polymorphism of endothelin type A receptor. Mol Vis 11 : 431 437.
50. Kaiser HJ, Flammer J, Wenk M Luscher T (1995 Endothelin-1 plasma levels in normal-tension glaucoma: abnormal response to postural changes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 233 : 484 488.
51. Kim SH, Kim JY, Kim DM et al 2006 Investigations on the association between normal tension glaucoma and single nucleotide polymorphisms of the endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor genes. Mol Vis 12 : 1016 1021.
52. Kondo M, Wang L Bill A (1997 The role of nitric oxide in hyperaemic response to flicker in the retina and optic nerve in cats. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 75 : 232 235.
53. Landmesser U Drexler H (2005 The clinical significance of endothelial dysfunction. Curr Opin Cardiol 20 : 547 551.
54. Levin LA (2005 Pathophysiology of the progressive optic neuropathy of glaucoma. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 18 : 355 364.
55. Lip PL, Felmeden DC, Blann AD, Matheou N, Thakur S, Cunliffe IA Lip GY (2002 Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor, soluble VEGF receptor FLT-1, and von Willebrand factor in glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 86 : 1299 1302.
56. Logan JF, Chakravarthy U, Hughes AE, Patterson CC, Jackson JA Rankin SJ (2005 Evidence for association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene in subjects with glaucoma and a history of migraine. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46 : 3221 3226.
57. Luksch A, Polak K, Beier C, Polska E, Wolzt M, Dorner GT, Eichler HG Schmetterer L (2000 Effects of systemic NO synthase inhibition on choroidal and optic nerve head blood flow in healthy subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41 : 3080 3084.
58. Luksch A, Polska E, Imhof A, Schering J, Fuchsjäger-Mayrl G, Wolzt M Schmetterer L (2003 Role of NO in choroidal blood flow regulation during isometric exercise in healthy humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44 : 734 739.
59. Luscher TF Tanner FC (1993 Endothelial regulation of vascular tone and growth. Am J Hypertens 6 : 283 293.
60. McGwin G Jr, McNeal S, Owsley C, Girkin C, Epstein D Lee PP (2004 Statins and other cholesterol-lowering medications and the presence of glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 122 : 822 826.
61. McLeod SD, West SK, Quigley HA Fozard JL (1990 A longitudinal study of the relationship between intraocular and blood pressures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31 : 2361 2366.
62. Michelson G, Langhans MJ, Harazny J Dichtl A (1998 Visual field defect and perfusion of the juxtapapillary retina and the neuroretinal rim area in primary open-angle glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 236 : 80 85.
63. Michelson G, Warntges S, Harazny J, Oehmer S, Delles C Schmieder RE (2006 Effect of NOS inhibition on retinal arterial and capillary circulation in early arterial hypertension. Retina 26 : 437 444.
64. Moncada S Higgs A (1993 The l-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med 329 : 2002 2012.
65. Nakayama M, Yasue H, Yoshimura M et al. (1999 T-786→C mutation in the 5′-flanking region of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with coronary spasm. Circulation 99 : 2864 2870.
66. Nathanson JA McKee M (1995 Alterations of ocular nitric oxide synthase in human glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36 : 1774 1784.
67. Neufeld AH (1999 Nitric oxide: a potential mediator of retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 43 (Suppl. 1 129 135.
68. Neufeld AH, Hernandez MR, Gonzalez M Geller A (1997 Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in the human optic nerve head. Exp Eye Res 65 : 739 745.
69. Nicolela MT, Ferrier SN, Morrison CA, Archibald ML, LeVatte TL, Wallace K, Chauhan BC LeBlanc RP (2003 Effects of cold-induced vasospasm in glaucoma: the role of endothelin-1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44 : 2565 2572.
70. Noske W, Hensen J Wiederholt M (1997 Endothelin-like immunoreactivity in aqueous humour of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and cataract. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 235 : 551 552.
71. Oehmer S, Harazny J, Delles C, Schwarz T, Handrock R, Michelson G Schmieder RE (2006 Valsartan and retinal endothelial function in elderly hypertensive patients. Blood Press 15 : 185 191.
72. Oku H, Sugiyama T Kojima S (1999 Experimental optic cup enlargement caused by endothelin-1-induced chronic optic nerve head ischaemia. Surv Ophthalmol 44 : 74 84.
73. Orgül S, Gaspar AZ, Hendrickson P Flammer J (1994 Comparison of the severity of normal-tension glaucoma in men and women. Ophthalmologica 208 : 142 144.
74. Orgül S, Cioffi GA Bacon DR (1996 An endothelin-1 induced model of chronic optic nerve ischaemia in the rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37 : 1860 1869.
75. Pache M, Schwarz HA, Kaiser HJ, Wuest P, Kloti M, Dubler B Flammer J (2002 Elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels and vascular dysregulation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Med Sci Monit 8 : 616 619.
76. Palmer R, Ashton D Moncada S (1988 Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from l-arginine. Nature 333 : 664 666.
77. Polak K, Petternel V, Luksch A, Krohn J, Findl O, Polska E Schmetterer L (2001 Effect of endothelin and BQ123 on ocular blood flow parameters in healthy subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42 : 2949 2956.
78. Polak K, Luksch A, Frank B, Jandrasits K, Polska E Schmetterer L (2003 Regulation of human retinal blood flow by endothelin-1. Exp Eye Res 76 : 633 640.
79. Polak K, Luksch A, Berisha F, Fuchsjäger-Mayrl G, Dallinger S Schmetterer L (2007 Altered nitric oxide system in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 125 : 494 498.
80. Quigley HA (1996 Number of people with glaucoma worldwide. Br J Ophthalmol 80 : 389 393.
81. Quigley HA Broman AT (2006 The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol 90 : 262 267.
82. Quigley HA, West SK, Munoz B, Mmbaga BB Glovinsky Y (1993 Examination methods for glaucoma prevalence surveys. Arch Ophthalmol 111 : 1409 1415.
83. Riva CE, Salgarello T, Logean E, Colotto A, Galan EM Falsini B (2004 Flicker-evoked response measured at the optic disc rim is reduced in ocular hypertension and early glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45 : 3662 3668.
84. Riva CE, Logean E Falsini B (2005 Visually evoked haemodynamical response and assessment of neurovascular coupling in the optic nerve and retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 24 : 183 215.
85. Satilmis M, Orgül S, Doubler B Flammer J (2003 Rate of progression of glaucoma correlates with retrobulbar circulation and intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol 135 : 664 669.
86. Schachinger V, Britten MB Zeiher AM (2000 Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse longterm outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation 101 : 1899 1906.
87. Schmetterer L Polak K (2001 Role of nitric oxide in the control of ocular blood flow. Prog Retin Eye Res 20 : 823 847.
88. Schmetterer L, Krejcy K, Kastner J et al. (1997a The effect of systemic nitric oxide-synthase inhibition on ocular fundus pulsations in man. Exp Eye Res 64 : 305 312.
89. Schmetterer L, Wolzt M, Graselli U et al. (1997b Nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the histamine headache model. Cephalalgia 17 : 175 182.
90. Schmetterer L, Muller M, Fasching P et al. (1997c Renal and ocular haemodynamic effects of insulin. Diabetes 46 : 1868 1874.
91. 2 responsiveness of cerebral and ocular circulation in humans. Am J Physiol 273 : 2005 2012.
92. Schmetterer L, Findl O, Strenn K, Jilma B, Graselli U, Eichler HG Wolzt M (1997e Effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on ocular haemodynamics. Curr Eye Res 16 : 687 692.
93. Schmetterer L, Findl O, Fasching P et al. (1997f Nitric oxide and ocular blood flow in patients with IDDM. Diabetes 46 : 653 638.
94. Springer TA (1995 Traffic signals on endothelium for lymphocyte recirculation and leucocyte emigration. Annu Rev Physiol 57 : 827 872.
95. Strenn K, Matulla B, Wolzt M et al. (1998 Reversal of endothelin-1-induced ocular haemodynamic effects by low-dose nifedipine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 63 : 54 63.
96. Su WW, Cheng ST, Hsu TS Ho WJ (2006 Abnormal flow-mediated vasodilation in normal-tension glaucoma using a non-invasive determination for peripheral endothelial dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47 : 3390 3394.
97. Sugiyama T, Moriya S, Oku H Azuma I (1995 Association of endothelin-1 with normal-tension glaucoma: clinical and fundamental studies. Surv Ophthalmol 39 : 49 56.
98. Suzuki R, Masaoka H, Hirata Y, Marumo F, Isotani E Hirakawa K (1992 The role of endothelin-1 in the origin of cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurosurg 77 : 96 100.
99. Tezel G, Kass MA, Kolker AE, Becker B Wax MB (1997 Plasma and aqueous humour endothelin levels in primary open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 6 : 83 89.
100. Tielsch JM, Katz J, Sommer A, Quigley HA Javitt JC (1995 Hypertension, perfusion pressure, and primary open-angle glaucoma. A population-based assessment. Arch Ophthalmol 113 : 216 221.
101. Toyo-oka T, Aizawa T Suzuki N (1991 Increased plasma levels of endothelin-1 and coronary vasospasm induction in patients with vasospastic angina pectoris. Circulation 83 : 476 483.
102. Tunny TJ, Richardson KA Clark CV (1998 Association study of the 5′ flanking regions of endothelial-nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 genes in familial primary open-angle glaucoma. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 25 : 26 29.
103. Verhaar MC, Strachan FE, Newby DE, Cruden NL, Koomans HA, Rabelink TJ Webb DJ (1998 Endothelin-A receptor antagonist-mediated vasodilatation is attenuated by inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis and by endothelin-B receptor blockade. Circulation 97 : 752 756.
104. Walmsley D Goodfield MJD (1995 Evidence for an abnormal peripherally mediated vascular response to temperature in Raynaud's phenomenon. Br J Rheumatol 29 : 181 184.
105. Webb DJ Haynes WG (1993 Endothelins come of age. Lancet 342 : 1439 1440.
106. Weinreb RN Khaw PT (2004 Primary open-angle glaucoma. Lancet 363 : 1711 1720.
107. Werner E (1996 Progressive normal-tension glaucoma. I. Analysis. J Glaucoma 5 : 422 426.
108. Wood PL (2003 Multi-factorial drugs for endothelial dysfunction in diabetes and glaucoma. IDrugs 6 : 360 367.
109. Yamazaki Y Drance SM (1997 The relationship between progression of visual field defects and retrobulbar circulation in patients with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 124 : 287 295.
110. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S et al. (1988 A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 332 : 411 415.
111. Yorio T, Krishnamoorthy R Prasanna G (2002 Endothelin: is it a contributor to glaucoma pathophysiology? J Glaucoma 11 : 259 270.
112. Zamora MR, O'Brien RF, Rutherford RB Weil JV (1990 Serum endothelin-1 concentrations and cold provocation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet 336 : 1144 1147.
113. Zimmermann M (1997 Endothelin in cerebral vasospasm: clinical and experimental results. J Neurosurg Sci 41 : 139 151.
114. Zink JM, Grunwald JE, Piltz-Seymour J, Staii A Dupont J (2003 Association between lower optic nerve laser Doppler blood volume measurements and glaucomatous visual field progression. Br J Ophthalmol 87 : 1487 1491.