메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 611-630

Sedation and pain management in acute neurological disease

Author keywords

Intensive care unit; Pharmacokinetics; Scales; Sedation; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUTYROPHENONE DERIVATIVE; CLONIDINE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; DIAZEPAM; DROPERIDOL; FENTANYL; HALOPERIDOL; HYDROMORPHONE; KETAMINE; LORAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; MORPHINE; MORPHINE SULFATE; MU OPIATE RECEPTOR AGONIST; NALOXONE; NARCOTIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NORPETHIDINE; PARACETAMOL; PETHIDINE; PROPOFOL; REMIFENTANIL; SEDATIVE AGENT; STEROID;

EID: 58849102136     PISSN: 02718235     EISSN: 10989021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1105970     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (11)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 34147183716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current practices in sedation and analgesia for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: A prospective multicenter patient-based study
    • Payen JF, Chanques G, Mantz J, et al. Current practices in sedation and analgesia for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a prospective multicenter patient-based study. Anesthesiology 2007;106:687-695
    • (2007) Anesthesiology , vol.106 , pp. 687-695
    • Payen, J.F.1    Chanques, G.2    Mantz, J.3
  • 2
    • 58849129266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JCAHO pain management standards are unveiled. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
    • Phillips DM. JCAHO pain management standards are unveiled. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. JAMA 2000;284:2317-2318
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.284 , pp. 2317-2318
    • Phillips, D.M.1
  • 3
    • 0034682246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation
    • Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1471-1477
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 1471-1477
    • Kress, J.P.1    Pohlman, A.S.2    O'Connor, M.F.3    Hall, J.B.4
  • 4
    • 0842312953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients
    • Hogarth DK, Hall J. Management of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2004;10(1):40-46
    • (2004) Curr Opin Crit Care , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-46
    • Hogarth, D.K.1    Hall, J.2
  • 6
    • 35148840046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients' self-report of procedural pain in the intensive care unit
    • Siffleet J, Young J, Nikoletti S, Shaw T. Patients' self-report of procedural pain in the intensive care unit. J Clin Nurs 2007;16:2142-2148
    • (2007) J Clin Nurs , vol.16 , pp. 2142-2148
    • Siffleet, J.1    Young, J.2    Nikoletti, S.3    Shaw, T.4
  • 7
    • 37449008445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of objective pain measures for use with critical care adult patients unable to self-report
    • Li D, Puntillo K, Miaskowski C. A review of objective pain measures for use with critical care adult patients unable to self-report. J Pain 2008;9:2-10
    • (2008) J Pain , vol.9 , pp. 2-10
    • Li, D.1    Puntillo, K.2    Miaskowski, C.3
  • 8
    • 0026815887 scopus 로고
    • A pilot study to assess the relationship between behavioral manifestations and self-report of pain in postanesthesia care unit patients
    • Mateo OM, Krenzischek DA. A pilot study to assess the relationship between behavioral manifestations and self-report of pain in postanesthesia care unit patients. J Post Anesth Nurs 1992;7:15-21
    • (1992) J Post Anesth Nurs , vol.7 , pp. 15-21
    • Mateo, O.M.1    Krenzischek, D.A.2
  • 9
    • 0035674980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale
    • Payen JF, Bru O, Bosson JL, et al. Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale. Crit Care Med 2001;29:2258-2263
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 2258-2263
    • Payen, J.F.1    Bru, O.2    Bosson, J.L.3
  • 10
    • 33845274721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the critical-care pain observation tool in adult patients
    • Gelinas C, Fillion L, Puntillo K, Viens C, Fortier M. Validation of the critical-care pain observation tool in adult patients. Am J Crit Care 2006;15:420-427
    • (2006) Am J Crit Care , vol.15 , pp. 420-427
    • Gelinas, C.1    Fillion, L.2    Puntillo, K.3    Viens, C.4    Fortier, M.5
  • 12
    • 0030745056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between behavioral and physiological indicators of pain, critical care patients' self-reports of pain, and opioid administration
    • Puntillo KA, Miaskowski C, Kehrle K, Stannard D, Gleeson S, Nye P. Relationship between behavioral and physiological indicators of pain, critical care patients' self-reports of pain, and opioid administration. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1159-1166
    • (1997) Crit Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 1159-1166
    • Puntillo, K.A.1    Miaskowski, C.2    Kehrle, K.3    Stannard, D.4    Gleeson, S.5    Nye, P.6
  • 13
    • 0037334354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reports of pain intensity and direct observations of pain behavior: When are they correlated?
    • Labus JS, Keefe FJ, Jensen MP. Self-reports of pain intensity and direct observations of pain behavior: When are they correlated? Pain 2003;102:109-124
    • (2003) Pain , vol.102 , pp. 109-124
    • Labus, J.S.1    Keefe, F.J.2    Jensen, M.P.3
  • 14
    • 0034908863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in the intensive care unit: An under-recognized syndrome of organ dysfunction
    • Ely EW, Siegel MD, Inouye S. Delirium in the intensive care unit: an under-recognized syndrome of organ dysfunction. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2001;22:115-126
    • (2001) Semin Respir Crit Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 115-126
    • Ely, E.W.1    Siegel, M.D.2    Inouye, S.3
  • 15
    • 23744460868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive care delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay: A prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients
    • Thomason JW, Shintani A, Peterson JF, et al. Intensive care delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients. Crit Care 2005;9:R375-R381
    • (2005) Crit Care , vol.9
    • Thomason, J.W.1    Shintani, A.2    Peterson, J.F.3
  • 16
  • 17
    • 0032814036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients
    • Riker RR, Picard JT, Fraser GL. Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1999;27:1325-1329
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1325-1329
    • Riker, R.R.1    Picard, J.T.2    Fraser, G.L.3
  • 18
    • 0035006382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validating the Sedation-Agitation Scale with the Bispectral Index and Visual Analog Scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery
    • Riker RR, Fraser GL, Simmons LE, Wilkins ML. Validating the Sedation-Agitation Scale with the Bispectral Index and Visual Analog Scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 2001;27:853-858
    • (2001) Intensive Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 853-858
    • Riker, R.R.1    Fraser, G.L.2    Simmons, L.E.3    Wilkins, M.L.4
  • 19
    • 0032813749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor Activity Assessment Scale: A valid and reasonable sedation scale for use with mechanically ventilated patients in an adult surgical intensive care unit
    • Devlin JW, Boleski G, Mlynarek M, et al. Motor Activity Assessment Scale: a valid and reasonable sedation scale for use with mechanically ventilated patients in an adult surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1999;27:1271-1275
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1271-1275
    • Devlin, J.W.1    Boleski, G.2    Mlynarek, M.3
  • 20
    • 0037111193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale. Validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients
    • Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grapp MJ, et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale. Validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:1338-1344
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 1338-1344
    • Sessler, C.N.1    Gosnell, M.S.2    Grapp, M.J.3
  • 21
    • 0041830209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation to the Intensive Care Environment (ATICE): Development and validation of a new sedation assessment instrument
    • De Jonghe B, Cook D, Griffith L, et al. Adaptation to the Intensive Care Environment (ATICE): development and validation of a new sedation assessment instrument. Crit Care Med 2003;31:2344-2354
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 2344-2354
    • De Jonghe, B.1    Cook, D.2    Griffith, L.3
  • 23
    • 0038142852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: Reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)
    • Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA 2003;289:2983-2991
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 2983-2991
    • Ely, E.W.1    Truman, B.2    Shintani, A.3
  • 24
    • 0033829570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring quality of sedation in adult mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: The Vancouver Interaction and Calmness Scale
    • de Lemos J, Tweeddale M, Chittock D. Measuring quality of sedation in adult mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: the Vancouver Interaction and Calmness Scale. J Clin Epidemiol 2000;53:908-919
    • (2000) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.53 , pp. 908-919
    • de Lemos, J.1    Tweeddale, M.2    Chittock, D.3
  • 25
    • 10444235082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The state of intubated ICU patients. Development of a two-dimensional sedation rating scale for critically ill adults
    • Weinert C, McFarland L. The state of intubated ICU patients. Development of a two-dimensional sedation rating scale for critically ill adults. Chest 2004;126:1883-1890
    • (2004) Chest , vol.126 , pp. 1883-1890
    • Weinert, C.1    McFarland, L.2
  • 26
    • 0036152552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult
    • Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med 2002;30:119-141
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 119-141
    • Jacobi, J.1    Fraser, G.L.2    Coursin, D.B.3
  • 27
    • 33746487491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bispectral index does not correlate with observer assessment of alertness and sedation scores during 0.5% bupivacaine epidural anesthesia with nitrous oxide sedation
    • Park KS, Hur EJ, Han KW, Kil HY, Han TH. Bispectral index does not correlate with observer assessment of alertness and sedation scores during 0.5% bupivacaine epidural anesthesia with nitrous oxide sedation. Anesth Analg 2006;103:385-389
    • (2006) Anesth Analg , vol.103 , pp. 385-389
    • Park, K.S.1    Hur, E.J.2    Han, K.W.3    Kil, H.Y.4    Han, T.H.5
  • 28
    • 34250663121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bispectral index as a predictor of sedation depth during isoflurane or midazolam sedation in ICU patients
    • Sackey PV, Radell PJ, Granath F, Martling CR. Bispectral index as a predictor of sedation depth during isoflurane or midazolam sedation in ICU patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 2007;35:348-356
    • (2007) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.35 , pp. 348-356
    • Sackey, P.V.1    Radell, P.J.2    Granath, F.3    Martling, C.R.4
  • 29
    • 41549106656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The addition of haloperidol, propofol, or midazolam to sufentanil for intravenous sedation in the intensive care unit using bispectral index
    • Tukenmez B, Memis D, Pamukcu Z. The addition of haloperidol, propofol, or midazolam to sufentanil for intravenous sedation in the intensive care unit using bispectral index. J Opioid Manag 2008;4:34-40
    • (2008) J Opioid Manag , vol.4 , pp. 34-40
    • Tukenmez, B.1    Memis, D.2    Pamukcu, Z.3
  • 31
    • 23944518698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of four novel exon 5 splice variants of the mouse mu-opioid receptor gene: Functional consequences of C-terminal splicing
    • Pan YX, Xu J, Bolan E, Moskowitz HS, Xu M, Pasternak GW. Identification of four novel exon 5 splice variants of the mouse mu-opioid receptor gene: functional consequences of C-terminal splicing. Mol Pharmacol 2005;68:866-875
    • (2005) Mol Pharmacol , vol.68 , pp. 866-875
    • Pan, Y.X.1    Xu, J.2    Bolan, E.3    Moskowitz, H.S.4    Xu, M.5    Pasternak, G.W.6
  • 32
    • 2342635166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remifentanil versus fentanyl for analgesia based sedation to provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial
    • Muellejans B, López A, Cross MH, Bonome C, Morrison L, Kirkham AJ. Remifentanil versus fentanyl for analgesia based sedation to provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Crit Care 2004;8:R1-R11
    • (2004) Crit Care , vol.8
    • Muellejans, B.1    López, A.2    Cross, M.H.3    Bonome, C.4    Morrison, L.5    Kirkham, A.J.6
  • 33
    • 0020461620 scopus 로고
    • Convulsions: An unusual response to intravenous fentanyl administration
    • Rao TLK, Mummaneni N, El-Etr AA. Convulsions: an unusual response to intravenous fentanyl administration. Anesth Analg 1982;61:1020-1021
    • (1982) Anesth Analg , vol.61 , pp. 1020-1021
    • Rao, T.L.K.1    Mummaneni, N.2    El-Etr, A.A.3
  • 34
    • 0021348667 scopus 로고
    • Absence of seizures during induction of anesthesia with high-dose fentanyl
    • Murkin JM, Moldenhauer CC, Hug CC, et al. Absence of seizures during induction of anesthesia with high-dose fentanyl. Anesth Analg 1984;63:489-494
    • (1984) Anesth Analg , vol.63 , pp. 489-494
    • Murkin, J.M.1    Moldenhauer, C.C.2    Hug, C.C.3
  • 35
    • 0025788197 scopus 로고
    • Hyperalgesia and myoclonus with intrathecal infusion of high-dose morphine
    • De Conno F, Caraceni A, Martini C, et al. Hyperalgesia and myoclonus with intrathecal infusion of high-dose morphine. Pain 1991;47:337-339
    • (1991) Pain , vol.47 , pp. 337-339
    • De Conno, F.1    Caraceni, A.2    Martini, C.3
  • 39
    • 0027270955 scopus 로고
    • Flumazenil: A benzodiazepine antagonist
    • Hoffman EJ, Warren EW. Flumazenil: a benzodiazepine antagonist. Clin Pharm 1993;12:641-656
    • (1993) Clin Pharm , vol.12 , pp. 641-656
    • Hoffman, E.J.1    Warren, E.W.2
  • 41
    • 0020961440 scopus 로고
    • Effects of midazolam on cerebral hemodynamics and cerebral vasomotor responsiveness to carbon dioxide
    • Forster A, Juge O, Morel D. Effects of midazolam on cerebral hemodynamics and cerebral vasomotor responsiveness to carbon dioxide. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1983;3:246-249
    • (1983) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.3 , pp. 246-249
    • Forster, A.1    Juge, O.2    Morel, D.3
  • 42
    • 0035814368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: Validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU)
    • Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA 2001;286:2703-2710
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.286 , pp. 2703-2710
    • Ely, E.W.1    Inouye, S.K.2    Bernard, G.R.3
  • 43
    • 0035023645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: Evaluation of a new screening tool
    • Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med 2001;27:859-864
    • (2001) Intensive Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 859-864
    • Bergeron, N.1    Dubois, M.J.2    Dumont, M.3    Dial, S.4    Skrobik, Y.5
  • 44
    • 24344485183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delirium: Acute cognitive dysfunction in the critically ill
    • Pandharipande P, Jackson J, Ely EW. Delirium: acute cognitive dysfunction in the critically ill. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005;11:360-368
    • (2005) Curr Opin Crit Care , vol.11 , pp. 360-368
    • Pandharipande, P.1    Jackson, J.2    Ely, E.W.3
  • 45
    • 0035949764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous EEG monitoring and midazolam infusion for refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus
    • Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Emerson RG, Bates JE, Thompson TB, Mayer SA. Continuous EEG monitoring and midazolam infusion for refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Neurology 2001;57:1036-1042
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , pp. 1036-1042
    • Claassen, J.1    Hirsch, L.J.2    Emerson, R.G.3    Bates, J.E.4    Thompson, T.B.5    Mayer, S.A.6
  • 46
    • 25844522754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propylene glycol-induced lactic acidosis in a patient with normal renal function: A proposed mechanism and monitoring recommendations
    • Neale BW, Mesler EL, Young M, Rebuck JA, Weise WJ. Propylene glycol-induced lactic acidosis in a patient with normal renal function: a proposed mechanism and monitoring recommendations. Ann Pharmacother 2005;39:1732-1736
    • (2005) Ann Pharmacother , vol.39 , pp. 1732-1736
    • Neale, B.W.1    Mesler, E.L.2    Young, M.3    Rebuck, J.A.4    Weise, W.J.5
  • 47
    • 30544455514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osmol gap as a surrogate marker for serum propylene glycol concentrations in patients receiving lorazepam for sedation
    • Barnes BJ, Gerst C, Terrell AR, Mullins ME. Osmol gap as a surrogate marker for serum propylene glycol concentrations in patients receiving lorazepam for sedation. Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:23-33
    • (2006) Pharmacotherapy , vol.26 , pp. 23-33
    • Barnes, B.J.1    Gerst, C.2    Terrell, A.R.3    Mullins, M.E.4
  • 48
    • 0036074075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative pain relief following intrathecal bupivacaine combined with intrathecal or oral clonidine
    • Dobrydnjov I, Axelsson K, Samarutel J, Holmstrom B. Postoperative pain relief following intrathecal bupivacaine combined with intrathecal or oral clonidine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002;46:806-814
    • (2002) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.46 , pp. 806-814
    • Dobrydnjov, I.1    Axelsson, K.2    Samarutel, J.3    Holmstrom, B.4
  • 49
    • 0034858592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The enhancement of sensory blockade by clonidine selectively added to mepivacaine after midhumeral block
    • Iskandar H, Guillaume E, Dixmerias F, et al. The enhancement of sensory blockade by clonidine selectively added to mepivacaine after midhumeral block. Anesth Analg 2001;93:771-775
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 771-775
    • Iskandar, H.1    Guillaume, E.2    Dixmerias, F.3
  • 50
    • 0035167022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison between dexmedetomidine and propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit: Patient and clinician perceptions
    • Venn RM, Grounds RM. Comparison between dexmedetomidine and propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit: patient and clinician perceptions. Br J Anaesth 2001;87:684-690
    • (2001) Br J Anaesth , vol.87 , pp. 684-690
    • Venn, R.M.1    Grounds, R.M.2
  • 51
    • 0032855010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dexmedetomidine on isoflurane requirements in healthy volunteers. 1: Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions
    • Khan ZP, Munday IT, Jones RM, Thornton C, Mant TG, Amin D. Effects of dexmedetomidine on isoflurane requirements in healthy volunteers. 1: Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Br J Anaesth 1999;83:372-380
    • (1999) Br J Anaesth , vol.83 , pp. 372-380
    • Khan, Z.P.1    Munday, I.T.2    Jones, R.M.3    Thornton, C.4    Mant, T.G.5    Amin, D.6
  • 52
    • 0026454470 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and sedative responses to four graded doses of clonidine in a placebo-controlled study
    • Tulen JH, van de Wetering BJ, Kruijk MP, et al. Cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and sedative responses to four graded doses of clonidine in a placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry 1992;32:485-500
    • (1992) Biol Psychiatry , vol.32 , pp. 485-500
    • Tulen, J.H.1    van de Wetering, B.J.2    Kruijk, M.P.3
  • 53
    • 37149040245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: The MENDS randomized controlled trial
    • Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Herr DL, et al. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;298:2644-2653
    • (2007) JAMA , vol.298 , pp. 2644-2653
    • Pandharipande, P.P.1    Pun, B.T.2    Herr, D.L.3
  • 54
    • 33847337959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sedation and analgesia in the intensive care unit: Evaluating the role of dexmedetomidine
    • Szumita PM, Baroletti SA, Anger KE, Wechsler ME. Sedation and analgesia in the intensive care unit: evaluating the role of dexmedetomidine. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007;64:37-44
    • (2007) Am J Health Syst Pharm , vol.64 , pp. 37-44
    • Szumita, P.M.1    Baroletti, S.A.2    Anger, K.E.3    Wechsler, M.E.4
  • 55
    • 33847290790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dexmedetomidine vs. propofol for short-term sedation of postoperative mechanically ventilated patients
    • Elbaradie S, El Mahalawy FH, Solyman AH. Dexmedetomidine vs. propofol for short-term sedation of postoperative mechanically ventilated patients. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2004;16:153-158
    • (2004) J Egypt Natl Canc Inst , vol.16 , pp. 153-158
    • Elbaradie, S.1    El Mahalawy, F.H.2    Solyman, A.H.3
  • 56
    • 0342981795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in cerebral hemodynamics after a single dose of clonidine in severely head-injured patients
    • ter Minassian A, Beydon L, Decq P, Bonnet F. Changes in cerebral hemodynamics after a single dose of clonidine in severely head-injured patients. Anesth Analg 1997;84:127-132
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.84 , pp. 127-132
    • ter Minassian, A.1    Beydon, L.2    Decq, P.3    Bonnet, F.4
  • 57
    • 33750095389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine in neurosurgical patients
    • Aryan HE, Box KW, Ibrahim D, Desiraju U, Ames CP. Safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine in neurosurgical patients. Brain Inj 2006;20:791-798
    • (2006) Brain Inj , vol.20 , pp. 791-798
    • Aryan, H.E.1    Box, K.W.2    Ibrahim, D.3    Desiraju, U.4    Ames, C.P.5
  • 58
    • 0030862290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postoperative pharmacokinetics and sympatholytic effects of dexmedetomidine
    • Talke P, Richardson CA, Scheinin M, Fisher DM. Postoperative pharmacokinetics and sympatholytic effects of dexmedetomidine. Anesth Analg 1997;85:1136-1142
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.85 , pp. 1136-1142
    • Talke, P.1    Richardson, C.A.2    Scheinin, M.3    Fisher, D.M.4
  • 60
    • 0001478989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders: Psychosis and mania
    • Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds, 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill;
    • Baldessarini RJ, Tarazi FI. Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders: psychosis and mania. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001:485-520
    • (2001) Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , pp. 485-520
    • Baldessarini, R.J.1    Tarazi, F.I.2
  • 61
    • 0017131694 scopus 로고
    • The effects of droperidol and fentanyl on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in neurosurgical patients
    • Misfeldt BB, Jorgensen PB, Spotoft H, Ronde F. The effects of droperidol and fentanyl on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in neurosurgical patients. Br J Anaesth 1976;48:963-968
    • (1976) Br J Anaesth , vol.48 , pp. 963-968
    • Misfeldt, B.B.1    Jorgensen, P.B.2    Spotoft, H.3    Ronde, F.4
  • 63
    • 0141789591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: A simple name for a complex syndrome
    • Vasile B, Rasulo F, Candiani A, Latronico N. The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: a simple name for a complex syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2003;29:1417-1425
    • (2003) Intensive Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 1417-1425
    • Vasile, B.1    Rasulo, F.2    Candiani, A.3    Latronico, N.4
  • 64
    • 0035032014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlating in vivo anaesthetic effects with ex vivo receptor density data supports a GABAergic mechanism of action for propofol, but not for isoflurane
    • Alkire MT, Haier RJ. Correlating in vivo anaesthetic effects with ex vivo receptor density data supports a GABAergic mechanism of action for propofol, but not for isoflurane. Br J Anaesth 2001;86:618-626
    • (2001) Br J Anaesth , vol.86 , pp. 618-626
    • Alkire, M.T.1    Haier, R.J.2
  • 65
    • 0035091628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-specific membrane-fluidizing effect of propofol
    • Tsuchiya H. Structure-specific membrane-fluidizing effect of propofol. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2001;28:292-299
    • (2001) Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol , vol.28 , pp. 292-299
    • Tsuchiya, H.1
  • 66
    • 0019819202 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous anesthetic agents. Pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic relationships
    • Greenblatt DJ. Intravenous anesthetic agents. Pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic relationships. Clin Pharmacokinet 1981;6:89-105
    • (1981) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.6 , pp. 89-105
    • Greenblatt, D.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.