메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue 959, 2008, Pages 1-69

Fragmaentation in the boreal forest and possible effects on terrestrial wildlife

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Configuration; Fragmentation; Habitat area loss; Landscape management; Spatial scale

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; OCEAN HABITATS; POPULATION STATISTICS;

EID: 58149231454     PISSN: 08860882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (1)

References (261)
  • 1
    • 0031901441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Home ranges, movements and habitat associations of red foxes Vulpes vulpes in suburban Toronto, Canada
    • Adkins, C.A. and Stott, P. 1998. Home ranges, movements and habitat associations of red foxes Vulpes vulpes in suburban Toronto, Canada. Journal of Zoology (London) 244:335-346.
    • (1998) Journal of Zoology (London) , vol.244 , pp. 335-346
    • Adkins, C.A.1    Stott, P.2
  • 3
    • 0026498571 scopus 로고
    • Corvid density and nest predation in relation to forest fragmentation: A landscape perspective
    • Andrén, H. 1992. Corvid density and nest predation in relation to forest fragmentation: A landscape perspective. Ecology 73: 794-804.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 794-804
    • Andrén, H.1
  • 4
    • 0028165202 scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: A review
    • -. 1994. Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: A review. Oikos 71: 355-366.
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.71 , pp. 355-366
    • Andrén, H.1
  • 5
    • 0028888817 scopus 로고
    • Effects of landscape composition on predation rates at habitat edges
    • ed. L. Hansson, L. Fahrig, and G. Merriam, London: Chapman and Hall
    • -. 1995. Effects of landscape composition on predation rates at habitat edges. In Mosaic landscapes and ecological processes, ed. L. Hansson, L. Fahrig, and G. Merriam, 225-255. London: Chapman and Hall.
    • (1995) Mosaic landscapes and ecological processes , pp. 225-255
    • Andrén, H.1
  • 6
    • 0027805206 scopus 로고
    • Conservation of communities-The importance of edges, surroundings and landscape mosaic structure
    • ed. L.Hansson, London: Elsevier Applied Science
    • Angelstam, P. 1992. Conservation of communities-The importance of edges, surroundings and landscape mosaic structure. In Ecological principles of nature conservation: Applications in temperate and boreal environments, ed. L.Hansson, 9-70. London: Elsevier Applied Science.
    • (1992) Ecological principles of nature conservation: Applications in temperate and boreal environments , pp. 9-70
    • Angelstam, P.1
  • 7
    • 0001127723 scopus 로고
    • Comparative ecology of black and grizzly bears on the Rocky Mountain Front, Montana
    • Aune, K.E. 1994. Comparative ecology of black and grizzly bears on the Rocky Mountain Front, Montana. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9: 365-374.
    • (1994) International Conference on Bear Research and Management , vol.9 , pp. 365-374
    • Aune, K.E.1
  • 8
    • 0035161097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape context and fragmentation effects on forest birds in southern Ontario
    • Austen, M.J.W., Francis, CM., Burke, D.M., and Bradstreet, M.S.W. 2001. Landscape context and fragmentation effects on forest birds in southern Ontario. The Condor 103: 701-714.
    • (2001) The Condor , vol.103 , pp. 701-714
    • Austen, M.J.W.1    Francis, C.M.2    Burke, D.M.3    Bradstreet, M.S.W.4
  • 9
    • 58149261026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Banfield, A.W.F. 1974. The relationship of caribou migration behavior to pipeline construction. In The behavior of ungulates and its relation to management, ed. V. Geist and F. Walther, 797-804. Morges, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature Press.
    • Banfield, A.W.F. 1974. The relationship of caribou migration behavior to pipeline construction. In The behavior of ungulates and its relation to management, ed. V. Geist and F. Walther, 797-804. Morges, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature Press.
  • 10
    • 0034089538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative use of contiguous and fragmented boreal forest by red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
    • Bayne, E. and Hobson, K. 2000. Relative use of contiguous and fragmented boreal forest by red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 359-365.
    • (2000) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.78 , pp. 359-365
    • Bayne, E.1    Hobson, K.2
  • 11
    • 0031955024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of habitat fragmentation by forestry and agriculture on the abundance of small mammals in the southern boreal mixedwood forest
    • Bayne, E.M. and Hobson, K.A. 1998. The effects of habitat fragmentation by forestry and agriculture on the abundance of small mammals in the southern boreal mixedwood forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76: 62-69.
    • (1998) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.76 , pp. 62-69
    • Bayne, E.M.1    Hobson, K.A.2
  • 12
    • 0000938939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apparent survival of male ovenbirds in fragmented and forested boreal landscapes
    • -. 2002. Apparent survival of male ovenbirds in fragmented and forested boreal landscapes. Ecology 83: 1307-1316.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 1307-1316
    • Bayne, E.M.1    Hobson, K.A.2
  • 13
    • 54249097983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative effects of barriers on the movement of forest birds
    • Bélisle, M. and St. Clair, C.C. 2001. Cumulative effects of barriers on the movement of forest birds. Conservation Ecology 5(2): 9. http://www.consecol.org/vol5/iss2/art9.
    • (2001) Conservation Ecology , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 9
    • Bélisle, M.1    St. Clair, C.C.2
  • 14
    • 0031853057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat loss and population decline: A metaanalysis of the patch size effect
    • Bender, D.J., Contreras, T.A., and Fahrig, L. 1998. Habitat loss and population decline: A metaanalysis of the patch size effect. Ecology 79: 517-533.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 517-533
    • Bender, D.J.1    Contreras, T.A.2    Fahrig, L.3
  • 15
    • 0000847268 scopus 로고
    • Decline of caribou in North America following settlement
    • Bergerud, A.T. 1974. Decline of caribou in North America following settlement. Journal of Wildlife Management 38: 757-770.
    • (1974) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.38 , pp. 757-770
    • Bergerud, A.T.1
  • 16
    • 0003044617 scopus 로고
    • The buffalo of the north: Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and human developments
    • Bergerud, A.T., Jakimchuk, R.D., and Carruthers, D.R. 1984. The buffalo of the north: Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and human developments. Arctic 37: 7-22.
    • (1984) Arctic , vol.37 , pp. 7-22
    • Bergerud, A.T.1    Jakimchuk, R.D.2    Carruthers, D.R.3
  • 17
    • 34447503549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds in songbird occurrence in relation to landscape structure
    • Betts, M.G., Forbes, G.J., and Diamond, A.W. 2007. Thresholds in songbird occurrence in relation to landscape structure. Conservation Biology 21: 1046-1058.
    • (2007) Conservation Biology , vol.21 , pp. 1046-1058
    • Betts, M.G.1    Forbes, G.J.2    Diamond, A.W.3
  • 18
    • 33745997653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent effects of fragmentation on forest songbirds: An organism-based approach
    • Betts, M.G., Forbes, G.J., Diamond, A.W., and Taylor, P.D. 2006. Independent effects of fragmentation on forest songbirds: An organism-based approach. Ecological Applications 16: 1076-1089.
    • (2006) Ecological Applications , vol.16 , pp. 1076-1089
    • Betts, M.G.1    Forbes, G.J.2    Diamond, A.W.3    Taylor, P.D.4
  • 20
    • 54249130422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fragmentation: Is the message clear?
    • Bissonette, J.A. and Storch, I. 2002. Fragmentation: Is the message clear? Conservation Ecology 6: 14. http:www.consecol.org/vol6/iss2/artl4.
    • (2002) Conservation Ecology , vol.6 , pp. 14
    • Bissonette, J.A.1    Storch, I.2
  • 21
    • 0034008687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depredation of artificial bird nests along roads, rivers, and lakes in a boreal balsam fir, Abies balsamea, forest
    • Boulet, M. and Darveau, M. 2000. Depredation of artificial bird nests along roads, rivers, and lakes in a boreal balsam fir, Abies balsamea, forest. Canadian Field Naturalist 114: 83-88.
    • (2000) Canadian Field Naturalist , vol.114 , pp. 83-88
    • Boulet, M.1    Darveau, M.2
  • 22
    • 0033812941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A landscape perspective of bird nest predation in a managed black spruce forest
    • Boulet, M., Darveau, M., and Bélanger, L. 2000. A landscape perspective of bird nest predation in a managed black spruce forest. Ecoscience 7: 281-289.
    • (2000) Ecoscience , vol.7 , pp. 281-289
    • Boulet, M.1    Darveau, M.2    Bélanger, L.3
  • 23
    • 0038472116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest predation and breeding activity of songbirds in riparian and nonriparian black spruce strips of central Quebec
    • -. 2003. Nest predation and breeding activity of songbirds in riparian and nonriparian black spruce strips of central Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 922-930.
    • (2003) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.33 , pp. 922-930
    • Boulet, M.1    Darveau, M.2    Bélanger, L.3
  • 24
    • 0035055366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest fragmentation and bird community dynamics: Inference at regional scales
    • Boulinier, T., Nichols, J.D., Hines, J.E., Sauer, J.R., Flather, C.H., and Pollock, K.H. 2001. Forest fragmentation and bird community dynamics: Inference at regional scales. Ecology 82: 1159-1169.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 1159-1169
    • Boulinier, T.1    Nichols, J.D.2    Hines, J.E.3    Sauer, J.R.4    Flather, C.H.5    Pollock, K.H.6
  • 25
    • 0024936827 scopus 로고
    • Effects of roads on black bear movements in western North Carolina
    • Brody, A.J. and Pelton, M.R. 1989. Effects of roads on black bear movements in western North Carolina. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17: 5-10.
    • (1989) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.17 , pp. 5-10
    • Brody, A.J.1    Pelton, M.R.2
  • 26
    • 85053018629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do reptiles in Canada have a future? An overview of the constraints on conserving Canadian snakes, turtles and lizards
    • Brooks, RJ. 2007. Do reptiles in Canada have a future? An overview of the constraints on conserving Canadian snakes, turtles and lizards. Herpetological Conservation 2: 183-190.
    • (2007) Herpetological Conservation , vol.2 , pp. 183-190
    • Brooks, R.J.1
  • 27
    • 0026307896 scopus 로고
    • Effects of a sudden increase in natural mortality of adults on a population of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)
    • Brooks, R.J., Brown, G.P., and Galbraith, D.A. 1991. Effects of a sudden increase in natural mortality of adults on a population of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 1314-1320.
    • (1991) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.69 , pp. 1314-1320
    • Brooks, R.J.1    Brown, G.P.2    Galbraith, D.A.3
  • 28
    • 0141702355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are fragments islands? Landscape context and density-area relationships in boreal forest birds
    • Brotons, L., Mönkkönen, M., and Martin, J.L. 2003. Are fragments islands? Landscape context and density-area relationships in boreal forest birds. The American Naturalist 162: 343-357.
    • (2003) The American Naturalist , vol.162 , pp. 343-357
    • Brotons, L.1    Mönkkönen, M.2    Martin, J.L.3
  • 29
    • 0012912894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foreword: Let's kill a panchreston: Giving fragmentation a meaning
    • ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill
    • Bunnell, F.L. 1999a. Foreword: Let's kill a panchreston: Giving fragmentation a meaning. In Forest wildlife and fragmentation: Management implications, ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, vii-xiii. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
    • (1999) Forest wildlife and fragmentation: Management implications
    • Bunnell, F.L.1
  • 30
    • 0003385830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What habitat is an island?
    • ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill
    • -. 1999b. What habitat is an island? In Forest wildlife and fragmentation: Management implications, ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, 1-31. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
    • (1999) Forest wildlife and fragmentation: Management implications , pp. 1-31
    • Bunnell, F.L.1
  • 32
    • 0032426584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of landscape pattern on habitat use by American marten in an industrial forest
    • Chapin, T.G., Harrison, D.J., and Katnik, D.D. 1998. Influence of landscape pattern on habitat use by American marten in an industrial forest. Conservation Biology 12: 1327-1337.
    • (1998) Conservation Biology , vol.12 , pp. 1327-1337
    • Chapin, T.G.1    Harrison, D.J.2    Katnik, D.D.3
  • 33
    • 58149270002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State of knowledge of woodland caribou in Ontario
    • accessed 6 August 2008
    • Chowns, T. J. 2003. State of knowledge of woodland caribou in Ontario. Report prepared for Forest Research Partnership. http://www.forestresearch.ca/Projects/Sustain/WoodlandCaribou Ontario.pdf (accessed 6 August 2008).
    • (2003) Report prepared for Forest Research Partnership
    • Chowns, T.J.1
  • 34
    • 0034142234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of habitat fragmentation and patch size upon migration rates
    • Collingham, Y.C. and Huntley, B. 2000. Impacts of habitat fragmentation and patch size upon migration rates. Ecological Applications 10: 131-144.
    • (2000) Ecological Applications , vol.10 , pp. 131-144
    • Collingham, Y.C.1    Huntley, B.2
  • 35
    • 0027331712 scopus 로고
    • Delayed sexual maturity and demographics of Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii): Implications for conservation and management of long-lived organisms
    • Congdon, J.D., Dunham, A.E., and van Loben Sels, R.C. 1993. Delayed sexual maturity and demographics of Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii): Implications for conservation and management of long-lived organisms. Conservation Biology 7: 826-833.
    • (1993) Conservation Biology , vol.7 , pp. 826-833
    • Congdon, J.D.1    Dunham, A.E.2    van Loben Sels, R.C.3
  • 36
    • 0033495075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No evidence of short-term effects of clearcutting on artificial nest predation in boreal mixedwood forests
    • Cotterill, S.E. and Hannon, S.J. 1999. No evidence of short-term effects of clearcutting on artificial nest predation in boreal mixedwood forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29: 1900-1910.
    • (1999) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.29 , pp. 1900-1910
    • Cotterill, S.E.1    Hannon, S.J.2
  • 38
    • 0002636359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection by bats in fragmented and unfragmented aspen mixedwood stands of different ages
    • ed. R.M.R. Barclay and R.M. Brigham, Victoria, B.C, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch
    • Crampton, L.H. and Barclay, R.M.R. 1996. Habitat selection by bats in fragmented and unfragmented aspen mixedwood stands of different ages. In Bats and forests symposium, ed. R.M.R. Barclay and R.M. Brigham, 238-259. Victoria, B.C.: B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch.
    • (1996) Bats and forests symposium , pp. 238-259
    • Crampton, L.H.1    Barclay, R.M.R.2
  • 39
    • 0027060917 scopus 로고
    • Woodland caribou: Facts for forest managers
    • Cumming, H.G. 1992. Woodland caribou: Facts for forest managers. The Forestry Chronicle 68: 481-491.
    • (1992) The Forestry Chronicle , vol.68 , pp. 481-491
    • Cumming, H.G.1
  • 40
    • 0007450063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental log hauling through a traditional caribou wintering area
    • Cumming, H.G. and Hyer, B.T. 1998. Experimental log hauling through a traditional caribou wintering area. Rangifer Special Issue 10: 241-258.
    • (1998) Rangifer Special Issue , vol.10 , pp. 241-258
    • Cumming, H.G.1    Hyer, B.T.2
  • 42
    • 0000948474 scopus 로고
    • The effects of pipelines, roads, and traffic on the movements of caribou, Rangifer tarandus
    • Curatolo, J. A. and Murphy, S.M. 1986. The effects of pipelines, roads, and traffic on the movements of caribou, Rangifer tarandus. Canadian Field Naturalist 100: 218-224.
    • (1986) Canadian Field Naturalist , vol.100 , pp. 218-224
    • Curatolo, J.A.1    Murphy, S.M.2
  • 45
    • 58149233023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DeGraaf, R. M. and Healy, W. M. (compilers). 1989. Is forest fragmentation a management issue in the Northeast? General Technical Report NE-140. Radnor, PA: USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
    • DeGraaf, R. M. and Healy, W. M. (compilers). 1989. Is forest fragmentation a management issue in the Northeast? General Technical Report NE-140. Radnor, PA: USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
  • 46
    • 0036587191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of edge contrast on redback salamander distribution in even-aged northern hardwoods
    • DeGraaf, R.M. and Yamasaki, M. 2002. Effects of edge contrast on redback salamander distribution in even-aged northern hardwoods. Forest Science 48: 351-363.
    • (2002) Forest Science , vol.48 , pp. 351-363
    • DeGraaf, R.M.1    Yamasaki, M.2
  • 47
    • 0000291051 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between forest management and amphibian ecology: A review of the North American literature
    • deMaynadier, P.G. and Hunter, Jr., M.L. 1995. The relationship between forest management and amphibian ecology: A review of the North American literature. Environmental Reviews 3: 230-261.
    • (1995) Environmental Reviews , vol.3 , pp. 230-261
    • deMaynadier, P.G.1    Hunter Jr., M.L.2
  • 48
    • 0031948164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of silvicultural edges on the distribution and abundance of amphibians in Maine
    • -. 1998. Effects of silvicultural edges on the distribution and abundance of amphibians in Maine. Conservation Biology 12: 340-352.
    • (1998) Conservation Biology , vol.12 , pp. 340-352
    • deMaynadier, P.G.1    Hunter Jr., M.L.2
  • 50
    • 0031404728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap crossing decisions by forest songbirds during the post-fledging period
    • Desrochers, A. and Hannon, S.J. 1997. Gap crossing decisions by forest songbirds during the post-fledging period. Conservation Biology 11: 1204-1210.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 1204-1210
    • Desrochers, A.1    Hannon, S.J.2
  • 51
    • 0000972460 scopus 로고
    • Demography and ecology of an ornate box turtle Terrapene ornata population in south-central Wisconsin USA
    • Doroff, A.M. and Keith, A.B. 1990. Demography and ecology of an ornate box turtle Terrapene ornata population in south-central Wisconsin USA. Copeia 990: 387-389.
    • (1990) Copeia , vol.990 , pp. 387-389
    • Doroff, A.M.1    Keith, A.B.2
  • 53
    • 0032808966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of landscape structure on nesting songbird distribution in a harvested boreal forest
    • Drolet, B., Desrochers, A., and Fortin, M.-J. 1999. Effects of landscape structure on nesting songbird distribution in a harvested boreal forest. The Condor 101: 699-704.
    • (1999) The Condor , vol.101 , pp. 699-704
    • Drolet, B.1    Desrochers, A.2    Fortin, M.-J.3
  • 54
    • 0000557173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of logging on terrestrial amphibians of coastal British Columbia
    • Dupuis, L.A. 1997. Effects of logging on terrestrial amphibians of coastal British Columbia. Herpetological Conservation 1: 185-190.
    • (1997) Herpetological Conservation , vol.1 , pp. 185-190
    • Dupuis, L.A.1
  • 56
    • 0036313560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying barrier effects of roads and seismic lines on movements of female woodland caribou in northeastern Alberta
    • -. 2002. Quantifying barrier effects of roads and seismic lines on movements of female woodland caribou in northeastern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 839-845.
    • (2002) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.80 , pp. 839-845
    • Dyer, S.J.1    O'Neil, J.P.2    Wasel, S.M.3    Boutin, S.4
  • 57
    • 0030390679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape level effects of modern forestry on bird communities in north Swedish boreal forests
    • Edenius, L. and Elmberg, J. 1996. Landscape level effects of modern forestry on bird communities in north Swedish boreal forests. Landscape Ecology 11: 325-338.
    • (1996) Landscape Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 325-338
    • Edenius, L.1    Elmberg, J.2
  • 58
    • 0030799837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population extinction
    • Fahrig, L. 1997. Relative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population extinction. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 603-610.
    • (1997) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.61 , pp. 603-610
    • Fahrig, L.1
  • 59
    • 0031931790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When does fragmentation of breeding habitat affect population survival?
    • -. 1998. When does fragmentation of breeding habitat affect population survival? Ecological Modelling 105: 273-292.
    • (1998) Ecological Modelling , vol.105 , pp. 273-292
    • Fahrig, L.1
  • 60
    • 0002649618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest loss and fragmentation: Which has the greater effect on persistence of forest dwelling animals?
    • ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill
    • -. 1999. Forest loss and fragmentation: Which has the greater effect on persistence of forest dwelling animals? In Forest wildlife and fragmentation: Management implications, ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, 87-95. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
    • (1999) Forest wildlife and fragmentation: Management implications , pp. 87-95
    • Fahrig, L.1
  • 61
    • 0034951411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How much habitat is enough?
    • -. 2001. How much habitat is enough? Biological Conservation 100: 65-74.
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.100 , pp. 65-74
    • Fahrig, L.1
  • 62
    • 0036557552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of habitat fragmentation of the extinction threshold: A synthesis
    • -. 2002. Effect of habitat fragmentation of the extinction threshold: A synthesis. Ecological Applications 12: 346-353.
    • (2002) Ecological Applications , vol.12 , pp. 346-353
    • Fahrig, L.1
  • 64
    • 0030895891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation of artificial ground nests at two types of edges in a forest-dominated landscape
    • Fenske-Crawford, TJ. and Niemi, G.J. 1997. Predation of artificial ground nests at two types of edges in a forest-dominated landscape.Condor 99: 14-24.
    • (1997) Condor , vol.99 , pp. 14-24
    • Fenske-Crawford, T.J.1    Niemi, G.J.2
  • 65
    • 33645112219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond fragmentation: The continuum model for fauna research and conservation in human-modified landscapes
    • Fischer, J. and Lindenmayer, D.B. 2006. Beyond fragmentation: The continuum model for fauna research and conservation in human-modified landscapes. Oikos 112: 473-480.
    • (2006) Oikos , vol.112 , pp. 473-480
    • Fischer, J.1    Lindenmayer, D.B.2
  • 67
    • 0021036702 scopus 로고
    • The history and pattern of fire in the boreal forest of southeastern Labrador
    • Foster, D.R. 1983. The history and pattern of fire in the boreal forest of southeastern Labrador. Canadian Journal of Botany 61: 2459-2471.
    • (1983) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.61 , pp. 2459-2471
    • Foster, D.R.1
  • 68
    • 0022880283 scopus 로고
    • Importance of area and habitat heterogeneity to bird assemblages in temperate forest fragments
    • Freemark, K.E. and Merriam, G. 1986. Importance of area and habitat heterogeneity to bird assemblages in temperate forest fragments. Biological Conservation 36: 115-141.
    • (1986) Biological Conservation , vol.36 , pp. 115-141
    • Freemark, K.E.1    Merriam, G.2
  • 69
    • 0000863115 scopus 로고
    • Avian distribution patterns in forest islands of different sizes in central New Jersey
    • Galli, A.E., Leek, C.F., and Forman, R.T. 1976. Avian distribution patterns in forest islands of different sizes in central New Jersey. Auk 93: 356-365.
    • (1976) Auk , vol.93 , pp. 356-365
    • Galli, A.E.1    Leek, C.F.2    Forman, R.T.3
  • 70
    • 0000933667 scopus 로고
    • Avian nest dispersion and fledging success in field-forest ecotones
    • Gates, J.E. and Gysel, L.W. 1978. Avian nest dispersion and fledging success in field-forest ecotones. Ecology 59: 871-883.
    • (1978) Ecology , vol.59 , pp. 871-883
    • Gates, J.E.1    Gysel, L.W.2
  • 71
    • 0031812918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amphibian movements in response to forest edges, roads, and streambeds in southern New England
    • Gibbs, J.P. 1998a. Amphibian movements in response to forest edges, roads, and streambeds in southern New England. Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 584-589.
    • (1998) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.62 , pp. 584-589
    • Gibbs, J.P.1
  • 72
    • 0031856446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of woodland amphibians along a forest fragment gradient
    • -. 1998b. Distribution of woodland amphibians along a forest fragment gradient. Landscape Ecology 13: 263-268.
    • (1998) Landscape Ecology , vol.13 , pp. 263-268
    • Gibbs, J.P.1
  • 73
    • 0036900961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the effects of road mortality on turtle populations
    • Gibbs, J.P. and Shriver, W.G. 2002. Estimating the effects of road mortality on turtle populations. Conservation Biology 16: 1647-1652.
    • (2002) Conservation Biology , vol.16 , pp. 1647-1652
    • Gibbs, J.P.1    Shriver, W.G.2
  • 74
    • 21644457013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can road mortality limit populations of pool-breeding amphibians?
    • -. 2005. Can road mortality limit populations of pool-breeding amphibians? Wetlands Ecology and Management 13: 281-289.
    • (2005) Wetlands Ecology and Management , vol.13 , pp. 281-289
    • Gibbs, J.P.1    Shriver, W.G.2
  • 75
    • 0000354907 scopus 로고
    • The metapopulation ecology of the Red-Spotted Newt, Notophthalmus viridenscens (Rafinesque)
    • Gill, D.E. 1978. The metapopulation ecology of the Red-Spotted Newt, Notophthalmus viridenscens (Rafinesque). Ecological Monographs 48: 145-166.
    • (1978) Ecological Monographs , vol.48 , pp. 145-166
    • Gill, D.E.1
  • 76
    • 0033771785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental effects of habitat fragmentation on rove beetles and ants: Patch area or edge?
    • Golden, D.M. and Crist, T.O. 2000. Experimental effects of habitat fragmentation on rove beetles and ants: Patch area or edge? Oikos 90: 525-538.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.90 , pp. 525-538
    • Golden, D.M.1    Crist, T.O.2
  • 77
    • 0034143523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of forest fragmentation and isolation on insectivorous small mammals (Lipotyphla) on the Central High Plateau of Madagascar
    • Goodman, S.M. and Rakotondravony, D. 2000. The effects of forest fragmentation and isolation on insectivorous small mammals (Lipotyphla) on the Central High Plateau of Madagascar. Journal of Zoology 250: 193-200.
    • (2000) Journal of Zoology , vol.250 , pp. 193-200
    • Goodman, S.M.1    Rakotondravony, D.2
  • 78
    • 0028995697 scopus 로고
    • Control of abundant native vertebrates for conservation of endangered species
    • Goodrich, J.M. and Buskirk, S.W. 1995. Control of abundant native vertebrates for conservation of endangered species. Conservation Biology 9: 1357-1364.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.9 , pp. 1357-1364
    • Goodrich, J.M.1    Buskirk, S.W.2
  • 79
    • 58149251074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Greenpeace, N.R.D.C., and Forest Ethics. 2003. Through the trees: The truth behind logging in Canada. Toronto: Greenpeace, Natural Resources Defense Council, and Forest Ethics.
    • Greenpeace, N.R.D.C., and Forest Ethics. 2003. Through the trees: The truth behind logging in Canada. Toronto: Greenpeace, Natural Resources Defense Council, and Forest Ethics.
  • 80
    • 0002099273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat use by bats in fragmented forests
    • ed. R.M.R. Barclay and R.M. Brigham, Victoria, BC: B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch
    • Grindal, S.D. 1996. Habitat use by bats in fragmented forests. In Proceedings of bats and forests symposium, ed. R.M.R. Barclay and R.M. Brigham, 260-272. Victoria, BC: B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch.
    • (1996) Proceedings of bats and forests symposium , pp. 260-272
    • Grindal, S.D.1
  • 82
    • 0029667655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The early development of forest fragmentation effects on birds
    • Hagan, J.M., Vander Haegen, M., and McKinley, P.S. 1996. The early development of forest fragmentation effects on birds. Conservation Biology 10: 188-202.
    • (1996) Conservation Biology , vol.10 , pp. 188-202
    • Hagan, J.M.1    Vander Haegen, M.2    McKinley, P.S.3
  • 83
    • 0036587199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of stand-level and landscape -level variables for explaining bird occurrence in an industrial forest
    • Hagan, J.M. and Meehan, A.L. 2002. The effectiveness of stand-level and landscape -level variables for explaining bird occurrence in an industrial forest. Forest Science 48: 231-242.
    • (2002) Forest Science , vol.48 , pp. 231-242
    • Hagan, J.M.1    Meehan, A.L.2
  • 84
    • 0020873094 scopus 로고
    • Land birds on northern islands: A sampling metaphor for insular colonization
    • Haila, Y. 1983. Land birds on northern islands: A sampling metaphor for insular colonization. Oikos 41:334-351.
    • (1983) Oikos , vol.41 , pp. 334-351
    • Haila, Y.1
  • 85
    • 0036557549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conceptual genealogy of fragmentation research: From island biogeography to landscape ecology
    • -. 2002. A conceptual genealogy of fragmentation research: From island biogeography to landscape ecology. Ecological Applications 12: 321-334.
    • (2002) Ecological Applications , vol.12 , pp. 321-334
    • Haila, Y.1
  • 87
    • 0036825766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corridors may not improve the conservation value of small reserves for most birds
    • Hannon, S.J. and Schmiegelow, F.K.A. 2002. Corridors may not improve the conservation value of small reserves for most birds. Ecological Applications 12: 1457-1468.
    • (2002) Ecological Applications , vol.12 , pp. 1457-1468
    • Hannon, S.J.1    Schmiegelow, F.K.A.2
  • 88
    • 0030443901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of edge effect in nesting success of breeding birds in managed forest landscapes
    • Hanski, I.K., T.J. Fenske, and G.J. Niemi. 1996. Lack of edge effect in nesting success of breeding birds in managed forest landscapes. The Auk 113(3): 578-585.
    • (1996) The Auk , vol.113 , Issue.3 , pp. 578-585
    • Hanski, I.K.1    Fenske, T.J.2    Niemi, G.J.3
  • 89
    • 0032890592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of forest fragmentation and landscape pattern on American martens
    • Hargis, CD., Bissonette, J. A., and Turner, D.L. 1999. The influence of forest fragmentation and landscape pattern on American martens. Journal of Applied Ecology 36: 157-172.
    • (1999) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.36 , pp. 157-172
    • Hargis, C.D.1    Bissonette, J.A.2    Turner, D.L.3
  • 91
    • 0002389009 scopus 로고
    • Forest fragmentation and the conservation of biological diversity
    • ed. P.L. Fiedler and S.K. Jain, New York: Chapman and Hall, Inc
    • Harris, L.D. and Silva-Lopez, G. 1992. Forest fragmentation and the conservation of biological diversity. In Conservation biology: The theory and practice of nature conservation, ed. P.L. Fiedler and S.K. Jain, 197-237. New York: Chapman and Hall, Inc.
    • (1992) Conservation biology: The theory and practice of nature conservation , pp. 197-237
    • Harris, L.D.1    Silva-Lopez, G.2
  • 92
    • 0036436310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harris, R.J. and Reed, J.M. 2002. Effects of forest-clearcut edges on a forest-breeding songbird. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 1026-103 7.
    • Harris, R.J. and Reed, J.M. 2002. Effects of forest-clearcut edges on a forest-breeding songbird. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 1026-103 7.
  • 93
    • 0022163492 scopus 로고
    • Dominance and anti-predator behaviour in Blue Tits (Parus caeruleus)
    • Hegner, R.E. 1985. Dominance and anti-predator behaviour in Blue Tits (Parus caeruleus). Animal Behaviour 33: 762-768.
    • (1985) Animal Behaviour , vol.33 , pp. 762-768
    • Hegner, R.E.1
  • 94
    • 0019669758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heinselman, M.L. 1981. Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems. In Proceedings of the conference: Fire regimes and ecosystem properties, coordinated by H.A. Mooney, T.M. Nonnicksen, N.L. Christensen, J.E. Lotan, and W.A. Reiners, 7-57. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-26.
    • Heinselman, M.L. 1981. Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems. In Proceedings of the conference: Fire regimes and ecosystem properties, coordinated by H.A. Mooney, T.M. Nonnicksen, N.L. Christensen, J.E. Lotan, and W.A. Reiners, 7-57. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-26.
  • 95
    • 0034915277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of Carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) across a boreal forest-clearcut ecotone
    • Heliötä, J., M. Koivula, and J. Niemelä 2001. Distribution of Carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) across a boreal forest-clearcut ecotone. Conservation Biology 15: 370-377.
    • (2001) Conservation Biology , vol.15 , pp. 370-377
    • Heliötä, J.1    Koivula, M.2    Niemelä, J.3
  • 96
    • 33644952211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation
    • Helm, A., I. Hanski, and M. Partel 2006. Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation. Ecology Letters 9: 72-77.
    • (2006) Ecology Letters , vol.9 , pp. 72-77
    • Helm, A.1    Hanski, I.2    Partel, M.3
  • 97
    • 0141538142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Area, shape and isolation of tropical forest fragments: Effects on tree species diversity and implications for conservation
    • Hill, J.L. and Curran, P.L. 2003. Area, shape and isolation of tropical forest fragments: Effects on tree species diversity and implications for conservation. Journal of Biogeography 30: 1391-1403.
    • (2003) Journal of Biogeography , vol.30 , pp. 1391-1403
    • Hill, J.L.1    Curran, P.L.2
  • 98
    • 0033178333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest: Harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years
    • Hobson, K.A. and Schieck, J. 1999. Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest: Harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years. Ecological Applications 9: 849-863.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 849-863
    • Hobson, K.A.1    Schieck, J.2
  • 99
    • 34047165767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northern and southern flying squirrel use of space within home ranges in central Ontario
    • Holloway, G.L. and Malcolm, J.R. 2007. Northern and southern flying squirrel use of space within home ranges in central Ontario. Forest Ecology & Management 242:747-755.
    • (2007) Forest Ecology & Management , vol.242 , pp. 747-755
    • Holloway, G.L.1    Malcolm, J.R.2
  • 100
    • 0024885172 scopus 로고
    • Uncontrolled land-use threatens an international grizzly bear population
    • Horejsi, B. 1989. Uncontrolled land-use threatens an international grizzly bear population. Conservation Biology 3: 220-223.
    • (1989) Conservation Biology , vol.3 , pp. 220-223
    • Horejsi, B.1
  • 101
    • 0034919675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat fragmentation in a seagrass landscape: Patch size and complexity control blue crab survival
    • Hovel, K.A. and Lipcius, R.N. 2001. Habitat fragmentation in a seagrass landscape: Patch size and complexity control blue crab survival. Ecology 82: 1814-1829.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 1814-1829
    • Hovel, K.A.1    Lipcius, R.N.2
  • 103
    • 0035127233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of relationship between forest edge proximity and nest predator activity in an eastern Canadian boreal forest
    • Ibarzabal, J. and Desrochers, A. 2001. Lack of relationship between forest edge proximity and nest predator activity in an eastern Canadian boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31: 117-122.
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.31 , pp. 117-122
    • Ibarzabal, J.1    Desrochers, A.2
  • 104
    • 1242310482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nest predator's view of a managed forest: Gray jay (Perisoreus Canadensis) movement patterns in response to forest edges
    • -. 2004. A nest predator's view of a managed forest: Gray jay (Perisoreus Canadensis) movement patterns in response to forest edges. The Auk 121: 162-169
    • (2004) The Auk , vol.121 , pp. 162-169
    • Ibarzabal, J.1    Desrochers, A.2
  • 105
    • 0034896364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of forestry on birds of the eastern Canadian boreal forests: A comparison with Fennoscandia
    • Imbeau, L., Mönkkönen, M., and Desrochers, A. 2001. Long-term effects of forestry on birds of the eastern Canadian boreal forests: A comparison with Fennoscandia. Conservation Biology 15: 1151-1162.
    • (2001) Conservation Biology , vol.15 , pp. 1151-1162
    • Imbeau, L.1    Mönkkönen, M.2    Desrochers, A.3
  • 106
    • 0032832264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of experimental habitat fragmentation and connectivity on root vole demography
    • Ims, R.A. and Andreassen, H.P. 1999. Effects of experimental habitat fragmentation and connectivity on root vole demography. Journal of Animal Ecology 68: 839-852.
    • (1999) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 839-852
    • Ims, R.A.1    Andreassen, H.P.2
  • 109
    • 0033977947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of caribou and wolves in relation to linear corridors
    • James, A.R.C. and Stuart-Smith, A.K. 2000. Distribution of caribou and wolves in relation to linear corridors. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 154-159.
    • (2000) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.64 , pp. 154-159
    • James, A.R.C.1    Stuart-Smith, A.K.2
  • 110
    • 0000294304 scopus 로고
    • Wolf, Canis lupus, distribution on the Ontario-Michigan border near Sault Ste. Marie
    • Jensen, W.F., Fuller, T.K., and Robinson, W.L. 1986. Wolf, Canis lupus, distribution on the Ontario-Michigan border near Sault Ste. Marie. Canadian Field Naturalist 100: 363-366.
    • (1986) Canadian Field Naturalist , vol.100 , pp. 363-366
    • Jensen, W.F.1    Fuller, T.K.2    Robinson, W.L.3
  • 111
    • 0000442570 scopus 로고
    • Man-caused deaths of mountain caribou Rangifer tarandus, in southeastern British Columbia
    • Johnson, D.R. 1985. Man-caused deaths of mountain caribou Rangifer tarandus, in southeastern British Columbia. Canadian Field Naturalist 99: 542-544.
    • (1985) Canadian Field Naturalist , vol.99 , pp. 542-544
    • Johnson, D.R.1
  • 112
    • 0004080331 scopus 로고
    • Fire and vegetation dynamics: Studies from the North American boreal forest
    • Cambridge, NY: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge
    • Johnson, E. A. 1992. Fire and vegetation dynamics: Studies from the North American boreal forest. Cambridge Studies in Ecology. Cambridge, NY: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
    • (1992) Cambridge Studies in Ecology
    • Johnson, E.A.1
  • 114
    • 0031949914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest predator distribution among clearcut forest, forest edge and forest interior in an extensively forested landscape
    • King, D.I., Griffin, C.R., and DeGraaf, R.M. 1998. Nest predator distribution among clearcut forest, forest edge and forest interior in an extensively forested landscape. Forest Ecology and Management 104: 151-156.
    • (1998) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.104 , pp. 151-156
    • King, D.I.1    Griffin, C.R.2    DeGraaf, R.M.3
  • 115
    • 0024911985 scopus 로고
    • Shooting mortality in small populations of grizzly bears
    • Knick, S.T. and Kasworm, W. 1989. Shooting mortality in small populations of grizzly bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17: 11-15.
    • (1989) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.17 , pp. 11-15
    • Knick, S.T.1    Kasworm, W.2
  • 116
    • 58149238263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Koehler, G.M. and Aubry, K.B. 1994. Lynx. In The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx and wolverine in the Western United States, ed. L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, L.J. Lyon, and W.J. Zielinski, 74-98. General Technical Report RM-254. Ft Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
    • Koehler, G.M. and Aubry, K.B. 1994. Lynx. In The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx and wolverine in the Western United States, ed. L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, L.J. Lyon, and W.J. Zielinski, 74-98. General Technical Report RM-254. Ft Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
  • 118
    • 33644887478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not seeing the ocean for the islands: The mediating influence of matrix-based processes on forest fragmentation effects
    • Kupfer, J.A., Malanson, G.P., and Franklin, S.B. 2006. Not seeing the ocean for the islands: The mediating influence of matrix-based processes on forest fragmentation effects. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15: 8-20.
    • (2006) Global Ecology and Biogeography , vol.15 , pp. 8-20
    • Kupfer, J.A.1    Malanson, G.P.2    Franklin, S.B.3
  • 119
    • 0031742718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abundance of red fox and pine marten in relation to the composition of boreal forest landscapes
    • Kurki, S., A. Nikula, P. Helle, and H. Lindén 1998. Abundance of red fox and pine marten in relation to the composition of boreal forest landscapes. Journal of Animal Ecology 67: 874-886.
    • (1998) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 874-886
    • Kurki, S.1    Nikula, A.2    Helle, P.3    Lindén, H.4
  • 120
    • 0001548047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "edge effect on nest predation" hypothesis after twenty years
    • Lahti, D.C. 2001. The "edge effect on nest predation" hypothesis after twenty years. Biological Conservation 99: 365-374.
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.99 , pp. 365-374
    • Lahti, D.C.1
  • 121
    • 0003424407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical forest remnants: Ecology, manageament and conservation of fragmented communities
    • Laurance, F. and Bierregaard, R.O.Jr. 1998. Tropical forest remnants: Ecology, manageament and conservation of fragmented communities. Ecology 79: 1472-1473.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 1472-1473
    • Laurance, F.1    Bierregaard Jr., R.O.2
  • 124
    • 58149262121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levins, R. 1970. Extinction. In Some mathematical questions in biology. Lectures on mathematics in the life sciences, 2, ed. M. Gerstenhaber, 77-107. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society.
    • Levins, R. 1970. Extinction. In Some mathematical questions in biology. Lectures on mathematics in the life sciences, Volume 2, ed. M. Gerstenhaber, 77-107. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society.
  • 125
    • 0025252617 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus
    • Lima, S.L. and L.M. Dill. 1990. Behavioural decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 619-640.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.68 , pp. 619-640
    • Lima, S.L.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 126
    • 0028162111 scopus 로고
    • Wildlife corridors and the mitigation of logging impacts on fauna in wood-production forests in southeastern Australia: A review
    • Lindenmayer, D.B. 1994. Wildlife corridors and the mitigation of logging impacts on fauna in wood-production forests in southeastern Australia: A review. Wildlife Research 21: 323-340.
    • (1994) Wildlife Research , vol.21 , pp. 323-340
    • Lindenmayer, D.B.1
  • 128
    • 16844367108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis: Thresholds in conservation and management
    • Lindenmayer, D.B. and Luck, G. 2005. Synthesis: Thresholds in conservation and management. Biological Conservation 124: 351-354.
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.124 , pp. 351-354
    • Lindenmayer, D.B.1    Luck, G.2
  • 129
    • 0029663450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bobcat movements and home ranges relative to roads in Wisconsin
    • Lovallo, M.J. and Anderson, E.M. 1996. Bobcat movements and home ranges relative to roads in Wisconsin. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 71-76.
    • (1996) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.24 , pp. 71-76
    • Lovallo, M.J.1    Anderson, E.M.2
  • 130
    • 58149251079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lovejoy, T.E., Bierregaard, Jr., R.O., Rylands, A.B., Malcolm, J.R., Quintela, C.E., Harper, L.H., Brown, Jr., K.S., Powell, A.H., Powell, G.V.N., Schubart, H.R., and Hays, M.B. 1986. Edge and other effects of isolation on Amazon forest fragments. In Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity, ed. M.E. Soulé, 257-285. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
    • Lovejoy, T.E., Bierregaard, Jr., R.O., Rylands, A.B., Malcolm, J.R., Quintela, C.E., Harper, L.H., Brown, Jr., K.S., Powell, A.H., Powell, G.V.N., Schubart, H.R., and Hays, M.B. 1986. Edge and other effects of isolation on Amazon forest fragments. In Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity, ed. M.E. Soulé, 257-285. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
  • 131
    • 0034664098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Function, effects, and management of forest roads
    • Lugo, A.E. and Gucinski, H. 2000. Function, effects, and management of forest roads. Forest Ecology and Management 133: 249-262.
    • (2000) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.133 , pp. 249-262
    • Lugo, A.E.1    Gucinski, H.2
  • 132
    • 2942613042 scopus 로고
    • The natural fire regime of an unprotected section of the boreal forest in Canada
    • Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station
    • th Tall Timbers fire ecology conference, 99-109. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station.
    • (1991) th Tall Timbers fire ecology conference , pp. 99-109
    • Lynham, T.J.1    Stocks, B.J.2
  • 133
    • 0021041489 scopus 로고
    • Road density models describing habitat effectiveness for elk
    • Lyon, L.J. 1983. Road density models describing habitat effectiveness for elk. Journal of Forestry 81: 592-613.
    • (1983) Journal of Forestry , vol.81 , pp. 592-613
    • Lyon, L.J.1
  • 134
    • 0001575260 scopus 로고
    • An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography
    • MacArthur, R.H. and Wilson, E.O. 1963. An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution 17: 373-387.
    • (1963) Evolution , vol.17 , pp. 373-387
    • MacArthur, R.H.1    Wilson, E.O.2
  • 136
    • 0030302619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships among grizzly bears, roads and habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana
    • Mace, R.D., Waller, J.S., Manley, T.L., Lyon, L.J., and Zuuring, H. 1996. Relationships among grizzly bears, roads and habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 1395-1404.
    • (1996) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.33 , pp. 1395-1404
    • Mace, R.D.1    Waller, J.S.2    Manley, T.L.3    Lyon, L.J.4    Zuuring, H.5
  • 137
  • 138
    • 0029769335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of artificial nest experiments to understanding avian reproductive success: A review of methods and conclusions
    • Major, R.E. and C.E. Kendal 1996. The contribution of artificial nest experiments to understanding avian reproductive success: A review of methods and conclusions. Ibis 138: 298-307.
    • (1996) Ibis , vol.138 , pp. 298-307
    • Major, R.E.1    Kendal, C.E.2
  • 139
    • 0034512182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns in clearcut edge and fragmentation studies in northern hardwood-conifer landscapes: Retrospective power analysis and Minnesota results
    • Manolis, J.C., Andersen, D.E., and Cuthbert, F.J. 2000. Patterns in clearcut edge and fragmentation studies in northern hardwood-conifer landscapes: Retrospective power analysis and Minnesota results. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28: 1088-1101.
    • (2000) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.28 , pp. 1088-1101
    • Manolis, J.C.1    Andersen, D.E.2    Cuthbert, F.J.3
  • 141
    • 11144326803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of forest roads on the abundance and activity of terrestrial salamanders
    • Marsh, D.M. and Beckman, N.G. 2004. Effects of forest roads on the abundance and activity of terrestrial salamanders. Ecological Applications 14: 1882-1891.
    • (2004) Ecological Applications , vol.14 , pp. 1882-1891
    • Marsh, D.M.1    Beckman, N.G.2
  • 142
    • 33244484784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest roads as partial barriers to terrestrial salamander movement
    • Marsh, D.M., Milam, G.S., Gorham, N.P., and Beckman, N.G. 2005. Forest roads as partial barriers to terrestrial salamander movement. Conservation Biology 19: 2004-2008.
    • (2005) Conservation Biology , vol.19 , pp. 2004-2008
    • Marsh, D.M.1    Milam, G.S.2    Gorham, N.P.3    Beckman, N.G.4
  • 143
    • 0001943295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of forest fragmentation on avian nest predation
    • ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers
    • Marzluff, J.M. and Restani, M. 1999. The effects of forest fragmentation on avian nest predation. In Forest -wildlife andfragmentation: Management implications, ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, 155-169. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.
    • (1999) Forest -wildlife andfragmentation: Management implications , pp. 155-169
    • Marzluff, J.M.1    Restani, M.2
  • 144
    • 0036557499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative evaluation of experimental approaches to the study of habitat fragmentation effects
    • McGarigal, K. and Cushman, S. 2002. Comparative evaluation of experimental approaches to the study of habitat fragmentation effects. Ecological Applications 12: 334-345.
    • (2002) Ecological Applications , vol.12 , pp. 334-345
    • McGarigal, K.1    Cushman, S.2
  • 145
    • 85041150778 scopus 로고
    • FRAGSTATS: Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure
    • PNW-GTR-351. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station
    • McGarigal, K. and Marks, B. J. 1995. FRAGSTATS: Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-351. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station
    • (1995) General Technical Report
    • McGarigal, K.1    Marks, B.J.2
  • 146
    • 0028976001 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between landscape structure and breeding birds in the Oregon coast range
    • McGarigal, K. and McComb, W.C. 1995. Relationships between landscape structure and breeding birds in the Oregon coast range. Ecological Monographs 65: 235-260.
    • (1995) Ecological Monographs , vol.65 , pp. 235-260
    • McGarigal, K.1    McComb, W.C.2
  • 147
    • 0034924308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative effects of roads and logging on landscape structure in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado (USA)
    • McGarigal, K., Romme, W.H., Crist, M., and Roworth, E. 2001. Cumulative effects of roads and logging on landscape structure in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado (USA). Landscape Ecology 16: 327-349.
    • (2001) Landscape Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 327-349
    • McGarigal, K.1    Romme, W.H.2    Crist, M.3    Roworth, E.4
  • 148
    • 58149220129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McKelvey, K.S., Ortega, Y.K., Koehler, G., Aubry, K., and Brittell, D. 1999. Canada lynx habitat and topogrpahic use patterns in north central Washington: A reanalysis. In Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States, ed. L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, G.M. Koeler, C.J. Krebs, K.S. McKelvey, and J.R. Squires, 307-336. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-30WWW. Ft Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service.
    • McKelvey, K.S., Ortega, Y.K., Koehler, G., Aubry, K., and Brittell, D. 1999. Canada lynx habitat and topogrpahic use patterns in north central Washington: A reanalysis. In Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States, ed. L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, G.M. Koeler, C.J. Krebs, K.S. McKelvey, and J.R. Squires, 307-336. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-30WWW. Ft Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service.
  • 149
    • 0024221530 scopus 로고
    • Grizzly bears and resource-extraction industries: Effects of roads on behaviour, habitat use and demography
    • McLellan, B.N. and Shackleton, D.M. 1988. Grizzly bears and resource-extraction industries: Effects of roads on behaviour, habitat use and demography. Journal of Applied Ecology 25: 451-460.
    • (1988) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.25 , pp. 451-460
    • McLellan, B.N.1    Shackleton, D.M.2
  • 151
    • 0028974891 scopus 로고
    • The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations
    • -. 1995. The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology 9: 270-278.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.9 , pp. 270-278
    • Mech, L.D.1
  • 153
    • 0024879188 scopus 로고
    • Barriers as boundaries for metapopulations and demes of Peromyscus leucopus in farm landscapes
    • Merriam, G., Kozakiewicz, M., Tsuchiya, E., and Hawley, K. 1989. Barriers as boundaries for metapopulations and demes of Peromyscus leucopus in farm landscapes. Landscape Ecology 2:227-235.
    • (1989) Landscape Ecology , vol.2 , pp. 227-235
    • Merriam, G.1    Kozakiewicz, M.2    Tsuchiya, E.3    Hawley, K.4
  • 154
    • 0008176777 scopus 로고
    • Population ecology of the prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster in the western mixed prairie of Nebraska
    • Meserve, R.P. 1971. Population ecology of the prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster in the western mixed prairie of Nebraska. American Midland Naturalist 86: 417-433.
    • (1971) American Midland Naturalist , vol.86 , pp. 417-433
    • Meserve, R.P.1
  • 156
    • 0000136259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest roads and landscape structure in the southern Rocky Mountains
    • Miller, J.R., Joyce, L.A., Knight, R.L., and King, R.M. 1996. Forest roads and landscape structure in the southern Rocky Mountains. Landscape Ecology 11: 115-127.
    • (1996) Landscape Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 115-127
    • Miller, J.R.1    Joyce, L.A.2    Knight, R.L.3    King, R.M.4
  • 157
    • 0028974708 scopus 로고
    • A regional landscape analysis and prediction of favorable gray wolf habitat in the Northern Great Lakes region
    • Mladenoff, D.J., Sickley, T.A., Haight, R.G., and Wydeven, A.P. 1995. A regional landscape analysis and prediction of favorable gray wolf habitat in the Northern Great Lakes region. Conservation Biology 9: 279-294.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.9 , pp. 279-294
    • Mladenoff, D.J.1    Sickley, T.A.2    Haight, R.G.3    Wydeven, A.P.4
  • 158
    • 0141860325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On critical thresholds in landscape connectivity: A management perspective
    • Mönkkönen, M. and Reunanen, P. 1999. On critical thresholds in landscape connectivity: A management perspective. Oikos 84: 302-305.
    • (1999) Oikos , vol.84 , pp. 302-305
    • Mönkkönen, M.1    Reunanen, P.2
  • 159
    • 0028564244 scopus 로고
    • A biogeographical hypothesis on the effects of human caused landscape changes on the forest bird communities of Europe and North America
    • Mönkkönen, M. and Welsh, D.A. 1994. A biogeographical hypothesis on the effects of human caused landscape changes on the forest bird communities of Europe and North America. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31: 61-70.
    • (1994) Annales Zoologici Fennici , vol.31 , pp. 61-70
    • Mönkkönen, M.1    Welsh, D.A.2
  • 160
    • 0035063612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of clear-cut logging and residual leave material on small populations in aspen-dominated boreal mixedwoods
    • Moses, R.M. and Boutin, S. 2001. The influence of clear-cut logging and residual leave material on small populations in aspen-dominated boreal mixedwoods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31: 483-495.
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.31 , pp. 483-495
    • Moses, R.M.1    Boutin, S.2
  • 161
    • 0035103030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat fragmentation on population genetic structure in the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)
    • Mossman, C.A. and Waser, P.M. 2001. Effects of habitat fragmentation on population genetic structure in the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 285-295.
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.79 , pp. 285-295
    • Mossman, C.A.1    Waser, P.M.2
  • 162
    • 58149243776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mowat, G., Poole, K.G., and O'Donoghue, M. 1999. Ecology of lynx in northern Canada and Alaska. In Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States, ed. L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, G.M. Koeler, C.J. Krebs, K.S. McKelvey, and J.R. Squires, 256-306. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-30WWW. Ft Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service.
    • Mowat, G., Poole, K.G., and O'Donoghue, M. 1999. Ecology of lynx in northern Canada and Alaska. In Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States, ed. L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, G.M. Koeler, C.J. Krebs, K.S. McKelvey, and J.R. Squires, 256-306. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-30WWW. Ft Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service.
  • 163
    • 0141704311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating regression models with unknown break-points
    • Muggeo, V.M.R. 2003. Estimating regression models with unknown break-points. Statistics in Medicine 22: 3055-3071
    • (2003) Statistics in Medicine , vol.22 , pp. 3055-3071
    • Muggeo, V.M.R.1
  • 164
    • 0004261853 scopus 로고
    • Washington, D.C, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Parks Service
    • Murie, A. 1944. The wolves of Mount McKinley. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Parks Service.
    • (1944) The wolves of Mount McKinley
    • Murie, A.1
  • 165
    • 0023517244 scopus 로고
    • Activity budgets and movement rates of caribou encountering pipelines, roads, and traffic in northern Alaska
    • Murphy, S.M. and Curatolo, J.A. 1987. Activity budgets and movement rates of caribou encountering pipelines, roads, and traffic in northern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 2483-2490.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.65 , pp. 2483-2490
    • Murphy, S.M.1    Curatolo, J.A.2
  • 166
    • 58149213400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI). 2004. Bird-forestry relationships in Canada: Literature review and synthesis of management recommendations. NCASI Technical Bulletin No. 892. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
    • National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI). 2004. Bird-forestry relationships in Canada: Literature review and synthesis of management recommendations. NCASI Technical Bulletin No. 892. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
  • 167
    • 58149236120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • -. 2005. Defining old-growth in Canada and identifying wildlife habitat in old-growth boreal forest stands. Technical Bulletin No. 909. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
    • -. 2005. Defining old-growth in Canada and identifying wildlife habitat in old-growth boreal forest stands. Technical Bulletin No. 909. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
  • 168
    • 58149238706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • -. Forthcoming. Review of relationships between roads and forest-dwelling terrestrial wildlife in Canada. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
    • -. Forthcoming. Review of relationships between roads and forest-dwelling terrestrial wildlife in Canada. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
  • 169
    • 0031458417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invertebrates and boreal forest management
    • Niemelä, J. 1997. Invertebrates and boreal forest management. Conservation Biology 11: 601-610.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 601-610
    • Niemelä, J.1
  • 172
    • 0003020385 scopus 로고
    • Effects of edge and internal patchiness on avian habitat use in an old-growth Florida hummock
    • Noss, R.F. 1991. Effects of edge and internal patchiness on avian habitat use in an old-growth Florida hummock. Natural Areas Journal 11: 34-47.
    • (1991) Natural Areas Journal , vol.11 , pp. 34-47
    • Noss, R.F.1
  • 173
    • 34250129549 scopus 로고
    • Nodes, networks, and MUMs: Preserving diversity at all scales
    • Noss, R.F. and Harris, L.D. 1986. Nodes, networks, and MUMs: Preserving diversity at all scales. Environmental Management 10: 299-309.
    • (1986) Environmental Management , vol.10 , pp. 299-309
    • Noss, R.F.1    Harris, L.D.2
  • 174
    • 0030302272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of spatial scale in understanding responses of medium-sized carnivores to forest fragmentation
    • Oehler, J.D. and Litvaitis, J.A. 1996. The role of spatial scale in understanding responses of medium-sized carnivores to forest fragmentation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 2070-2079.
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.74 , pp. 2070-2079
    • Oehler, J.D.1    Litvaitis, J.A.2
  • 181
    • 0002780173 scopus 로고
    • Distribution, demography and dispersal of field vole (Microtus agrestis (L.) in the Tvärminne archipelago, Finland
    • Pokki, J. 1981. Distribution, demography and dispersal of field vole (Microtus agrestis (L.) in the Tvärminne archipelago, Finland. Acta Zoologica Fennica 164: 1-48.
    • (1981) Acta Zoologica Fennica , vol.164 , pp. 1-48
    • Pokki, J.1
  • 183
    • 0002697810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term effects of clearcutting on martens and their prey in the boreal forest of western Québec
    • ed. G. Groulx, H.N. Bryant, and P.M. Woodward, Edmonton, AB: Provincial Museum of Alberta
    • Potvin, F. and Breton, L. 1997. Short-term effects of clearcutting on martens and their prey in the boreal forest of western Québec. In Martes: Taxonomy, ecology, techniques, and management, ed. G. Groulx, H.N. Bryant, and P.M. Woodward, 452-474. Edmonton, AB: Provincial Museum of Alberta.
    • (1997) Martes: Taxonomy, ecology, techniques, and management , pp. 452-474
    • Potvin, F.1    Breton, L.2
  • 184
    • 1242299430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest management guidelines for the conservation of woodland caribou: A landscape approach
    • Thunder Bay, ON: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
    • Racey, G., Harris, A., Gerrish, L., Armstrong, E., McNicol, J., and Baker, J. 1999. Forest management guidelines for the conservation of woodland caribou: A landscape approach. MS draft. Thunder Bay, ON: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
    • (1999) MS draft
    • Racey, G.1    Harris, A.2    Gerrish, L.3    Armstrong, E.4    McNicol, J.5    Baker, J.6
  • 186
    • 13444284761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction risk in fragmented habitats
    • Reed, D.H. 2004. Extinction risk in fragmented habitats. Animal Conservation 7: 181-191.
    • (2004) Animal Conservation , vol.7 , pp. 181-191
    • Reed, D.H.1
  • 187
    • 0030462973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of roads to forest fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains
    • Reed, R.A., Johnson-Barnard, J., and Baker, W.L. 1996. Contribution of roads to forest fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology 10: 1098-1106.
    • (1996) Conservation Biology , vol.10 , pp. 1098-1106
    • Reed, R.A.1    Johnson-Barnard, J.2    Baker, W.L.3
  • 188
    • 0033862597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical habitat selection in woodland caribou: Its relationship to limiting factors
    • Rettie, W.J. and Messier, F. 2000. Hierarchical habitat selection in woodland caribou: Its relationship to limiting factors. Ecography 23: 466-478.
    • (2000) Ecography , vol.23 , pp. 466-478
    • Rettie, W.J.1    Messier, F.2
  • 189
    • 58149217480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Riitters, K., Wickham, J., O'Neil, R., Jones, B., and Smith, E. 2000. Global-scale patterns of forest fragmentation. Conservation Ecology A: 3. http://www.consecol.org/vol4/iss2/art3/.
    • Riitters, K., Wickham, J., O'Neil, R., Jones, B., and Smith, E. 2000. Global-scale patterns of forest fragmentation. Conservation Ecology A: 3. http://www.consecol.org/vol4/iss2/art3/.
  • 190
    • 0036039722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of forest regeneration on songbird movements in a managed forest landscape of Alberta, Canada
    • Robichaud, I., Villard, M.-A., and Machtans, C.S. 2002. Effects of forest regeneration on songbird movements in a managed forest landscape of Alberta, Canada. Landscape Ecology 17: 247-262.
    • (2002) Landscape Ecology , vol.17 , pp. 247-262
    • Robichaud, I.1    Villard, M.-A.2    Machtans, C.S.3
  • 191
    • 0028974699 scopus 로고
    • Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birds
    • Robinson, S.K., Thompson, F.R.I., Donovan, T.M., Whitehead, D.R., and Faaborg, J. 1995. Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birds. Science 267: 1987-1990.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 1987-1990
    • Robinson, S.K.1    Thompson, F.R.I.2    Donovan, T.M.3    Whitehead, D.R.4    Faaborg, J.5
  • 192
    • 0037489495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of land uses within the landscape matrix
    • Rodewald, A.D. 2003. The importance of land uses within the landscape matrix. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 586-592.
    • (2003) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.31 , pp. 586-592
    • Rodewald, A.D.1
  • 193
    • 0042905782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems
    • Rooney, T.P. and D.M. Waller 2003. Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 181: 165-176.
    • (2003) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.181 , pp. 165-176
    • Rooney, T.P.1    Waller, D.M.2
  • 194
    • 0001940871 scopus 로고
    • Striped, spotted, hooded, and hog-nosed skunk
    • ed. M. Novak, J.A. Baker, M.E. Obbard, and B. Malloch, Ontario Trappers Association, North Bay
    • Rosatte, R.C. 1987. Striped, spotted, hooded, and hog-nosed skunk. In Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America, ed. M. Novak, J.A. Baker, M.E. Obbard, and B. Malloch, 598-613. Ontario Trappers Association, North Bay.
    • (1987) Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America , pp. 598-613
    • Rosatte, R.C.1
  • 195
    • 0000612989 scopus 로고
    • Effects of forest fragmentation on vertebrates in Douglas-fir forests
    • ed. J. Verner, M.L. Morrison, and C.J. Ralph, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
    • Rosenburg, K.V., and Raphael, M.G. 1986. Effects of forest fragmentation on vertebrates in Douglas-fir forests. In Wildlife 2000: Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates, ed. J. Verner, M.L. Morrison, and C.J. Ralph, 340-354. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
    • (1986) Wildlife 2000: Modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates , pp. 340-354
    • Rosenburg, K.V.1    Raphael, M.G.2
  • 197
    • 0033861880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat fragmentation: Increased isolation and reduced habitat size reduces the incidence of dead wood fungi beetles in a fragmented forest landscape
    • Rukke, B.A. 2000. Effects of habitat fragmentation: Increased isolation and reduced habitat size reduces the incidence of dead wood fungi beetles in a fragmented forest landscape. Ecography 23: 492-502.
    • (2000) Ecography , vol.23 , pp. 492-502
    • Rukke, B.A.1
  • 198
    • 0026291025 scopus 로고
    • Biological consequences of ecological fragmentation: A review
    • Saunders, D.A., Hobbs, R.J., and Margules, C.R. 1991. Biological consequences of ecological fragmentation: A review. Conservation Biology 5: 18-32.
    • (1991) Conservation Biology , vol.5 , pp. 18-32
    • Saunders, D.A.1    Hobbs, R.J.2    Margules, C.R.3
  • 199
    • 0036144676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of roads on landscape structure within nested ecological units of the Northern Great Lakes Region, USA
    • Saunders, S.C., Mislivets, M.R., Chen, J., and Cleland, D.T. 2002. Effects of roads on landscape structure within nested ecological units of the Northern Great Lakes Region, USA. Biological Conservation 103: 209-225.
    • (2002) Biological Conservation , vol.103 , pp. 209-225
    • Saunders, S.C.1    Mislivets, M.R.2    Chen, J.3    Cleland, D.T.4
  • 200
    • 0141907871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term range recession and the persistence of caribou in the taiga
    • Schaefer, J.A. 2003. Long-term range recession and the persistence of caribou in the taiga. Conservation Biology 17: 1435-1439.
    • (2003) Conservation Biology , vol.17 , pp. 1435-1439
    • Schaefer, J.A.1
  • 201
    • 0000328197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest-level effects of management on boreal songbirds: The Calling Lake fragmentation studies
    • ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill
    • Schmiegelow, F.K.A. and Hannon, S.J. 1999. Forest-level effects of management on boreal songbirds: The Calling Lake fragmentation studies. In Forest wildlife and fragmentation: Management implications, ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, 201-221. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
    • (1999) Forest wildlife and fragmentation: Management implications , pp. 201-221
    • Schmiegelow, F.K.A.1    Hannon, S.J.2
  • 202
    • 0030613591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are boreal birds resilient to forest fragmentation? An experimental study of short-term community responses
    • Schmiegelow, F.K.A., Machtans, C.S., and Hannon, S.J. 1997. Are boreal birds resilient to forest fragmentation? An experimental study of short-term community responses. Ecology 78: 1914-1932.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1914-1932
    • Schmiegelow, F.K.A.1    Machtans, C.S.2    Hannon, S.J.3
  • 203
    • 0036557494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat loss and fragmentation dynamics: Avian perspectives from the boreal forest
    • Schmiegelow, F.K.A. and Mönkkönen, M. 2002. Habitat loss and fragmentation dynamics: Avian perspectives from the boreal forest. Ecological Applications 12: 375-389.
    • (2002) Ecological Applications , vol.12 , pp. 375-389
    • Schmiegelow, F.K.A.1    Mönkkönen, M.2
  • 204
    • 0033999438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of human settlement on the density of moose in northern Alberta
    • Schneider, R.R. and S. Wasel 2000. The effects of human settlement on the density of moose in northern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 513-520.
    • (2000) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.64 , pp. 513-520
    • Schneider, R.R.1    Wasel, S.2
  • 205
  • 206
    • 0035159726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space use of the Siberian flying squirrel Pteromys volans in fragmented forest landscapes
    • Selonen, V., Hanski, I.K., and Stevens, P.C. 2001. Space use of the Siberian flying squirrel Pteromys volans in fragmented forest landscapes. Ecography 24: 588-600.
    • (2001) Ecography , vol.24 , pp. 588-600
    • Selonen, V.1    Hanski, I.K.2    Stevens, P.C.3
  • 207
    • 0030417218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter habitat quality, population limitation, and conservation of neotropical-neartic migrant birds
    • Sherry, T.W. and Holmes, R.T. 1996. Winter habitat quality, population limitation, and conservation of neotropical-neartic migrant birds. Ecology 77: 36-48.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 36-48
    • Sherry, T.W.1    Holmes, R.T.2
  • 208
    • 0031756341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest predation and avian species diversity in a northwestern forest understory
    • Sieving, K.E. and Willson, M.F. 1998. Nest predation and avian species diversity in a northwestern forest understory. Ecology 79: 2391-2402.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 2391-2402
    • Sieving, K.E.1    Willson, M.F.2
  • 209
    • 58149243639 scopus 로고
    • A preliminary report of the woodland caribou study in Ontario
    • Wildlife Number 59. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Cited in Bergerud 1974
    • Simkin, D. W. 1965. A preliminary report of the woodland caribou study in Ontario. Section Report (Wildlife) Number 59. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Cited in Bergerud 1974.
    • (1965) Section Report
    • Simkin, D.W.1
  • 210
    • 0024182699 scopus 로고
    • Forest fragmentation and avian nest predation in forested landscapes
    • Small, M.F. and Hunter, M.L. 1988. Forest fragmentation and avian nest predation in forested landscapes. Oecologia 76: 62-64.
    • (1988) Oecologia , vol.76 , pp. 62-64
    • Small, M.F.1    Hunter, M.L.2
  • 211
    • 0023467190 scopus 로고
    • Marten use of clear-cuttings and residual forest stands in western Newfoundland
    • Snyder, J.E. and Bissonette, J.A. 1987. Marten use of clear-cuttings and residual forest stands in western Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 169-174.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.65 , pp. 169-174
    • Snyder, J.E.1    Bissonette, J.A.2
  • 213
    • 0033509228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation in heterogeneous forests: A comparison at natural and anthropogenic edges
    • Song, S.J. and Hannon, S.J. 1999. Predation in heterogeneous forests: A comparison at natural and anthropogenic edges. Ecoscience 6: 521-530.
    • (1999) Ecoscience , vol.6 , pp. 521-530
    • Song, S.J.1    Hannon, S.J.2
  • 214
    • 0000973662 scopus 로고
    • Effects of timber harvesting on marten in Maine
    • Soutiere, E.C. 1979. Effects of timber harvesting on marten in Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 43: 850-860.
    • (1979) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.43 , pp. 850-860
    • Soutiere, E.C.1
  • 215
    • 54249141118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter responses of forest birds to habitat corridors and gaps
    • St. Clair, C.C., Bélisle, M., Descrochers, A., and Hannon, S.J. 1998. Winter responses of forest birds to habitat corridors and gaps. Conservation Ecology 2: 13 http://www.consecol.org/Journal/vol2/iss2/ artl3.
    • (1998) Conservation Ecology , vol.2 , pp. 13
    • St. Clair, C.C.1    Bélisle, M.2    Descrochers, A.3    Hannon, S.J.4
  • 216
    • 0001263085 scopus 로고
    • Marten use of habitat in a commercially clear-cut forest
    • Steventon, J.D. and Major, J.T. 1982. Marten use of habitat in a commercially clear-cut forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 46: 175-182.
    • (1982) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.46 , pp. 175-182
    • Steventon, J.D.1    Major, J.T.2
  • 217
    • 0027528069 scopus 로고
    • Predation risk influences the use of foraging sites by tits
    • Suhonen, J. 1993. Predation risk influences the use of foraging sites by tits. Ecology 74:1197-1203.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1197-1203
    • Suhonen, J.1
  • 218
    • 0032800793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clearcutting and burning of northern spruce-fir forest: Implications for small mammals
    • Sullivan, T.P., Lautenschlager, R.A., and Wagner, R.C. 1999. Clearcutting and burning of northern spruce-fir forest: Implications for small mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology 36: 327-344.
    • (1999) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.36 , pp. 327-344
    • Sullivan, T.P.1    Lautenschlager, R.A.2    Wagner, R.C.3
  • 219
    • 0000866572 scopus 로고
    • Road crossing in Sigmodon hispidus and Microtus ochrogaster
    • Swihart, R.K. and Slade, N.A. 1984. Road crossing in Sigmodon hispidus and Microtus ochrogaster. Journal of Mammalogy 65: 357-360.
    • (1984) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.65 , pp. 357-360
    • Swihart, R.K.1    Slade, N.A.2
  • 220
    • 0000452230 scopus 로고
    • Cervid distribution, browse and snow cover in Alberta
    • Telfer, E.S. 1978. Cervid distribution, browse and snow cover in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 42: 352-361.
    • (1978) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.42 , pp. 352-361
    • Telfer, E.S.1
  • 221
    • 84989457203 scopus 로고
    • Modeling dynamics of habitat-interior bird populations in fragmented landscapes
    • Temple, S.A. and Cary, J.R. 1988. Modeling dynamics of habitat-interior bird populations in fragmented landscapes. Conservation Biology 2: 340-347.
    • (1988) Conservation Biology , vol.2 , pp. 340-347
    • Temple, S.A.1    Cary, J.R.2
  • 223
    • 0032406523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breeding productivity does not decline with increasing fragmentation in a western landscape
    • Tewksbury, J.J., Hejl, S.J., and Martin, T.E. 1998. Breeding productivity does not decline with increasing fragmentation in a western landscape. Ecology 79: 2890-2903.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 2890-2903
    • Tewksbury, J.J.1    Hejl, S.J.2    Martin, T.E.3
  • 224
    • 0022193129 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between road densities and wolf habitat suitability in Wisconsin
    • Thiel, R.P. 1985. Relationship between road densities and wolf habitat suitability in Wisconsin. The American Midland Naturalist 113: 404-407.
    • (1985) The American Midland Naturalist , vol.113 , pp. 404-407
    • Thiel, R.P.1
  • 225
    • 0002856315 scopus 로고
    • Current forest management practices and their effects on songbirds
    • ed. D.E. Kuhnke, Edmonton, AB: Forestry Canada, Northwest Region, Northern Forest Centre
    • Thompson, I.D. 1992. Current forest management practices and their effects on songbirds. In Birds in the boreal forest, ed. D.E. Kuhnke, 146-153. Edmonton, AB: Forestry Canada, Northwest Region, Northern Forest Centre.
    • (1992) Birds in the boreal forest , pp. 146-153
    • Thompson, I.D.1
  • 226
    • 2442631544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of superior-quality wildlife habitats
    • -. 2004. The importance of superior-quality wildlife habitats. The Forestry Chronicle 60: 75-81.
    • (2004) The Forestry Chronicle , vol.60 , pp. 75-81
    • Thompson, I.D.1
  • 227
    • 0028594431 scopus 로고
    • Marten activity in uncut and logged boreal forests in Ontario
    • Thompson, I.D. and Colgan, P.W. 1994. Marten activity in uncut and logged boreal forests in Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 280-288.
    • (1994) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.58 , pp. 280-288
    • Thompson, I.D.1    Colgan, P.W.2
  • 229
    • 0034308281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest predation in and adjacent to cutblocks with variable tree retention
    • Tittler, R. and Hannon, S.J. 2000. Nest predation in and adjacent to cutblocks with variable tree retention. Forest Ecology and Management 147-157.
    • (2000) Forest Ecology and Management , pp. 147-157
    • Tittler, R.1    Hannon, S.J.2
  • 230
    • 0025629088 scopus 로고
    • Measuring the risk of predation in an energy currency: Field experiments with foraging Blue Tits, Parus caeruleus
    • Todd, I.A., and R.J. Cowie. 1990. Measuring the risk of predation in an energy currency: Field experiments with foraging Blue Tits, Parus caeruleus. Animal Behaviour 40:112-117.
    • (1990) Animal Behaviour , vol.40 , pp. 112-117
    • Todd, I.A.1    Cowie, R.J.2
  • 231
    • 0034072217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities
    • Trombulak, S.C. and Frissell, C.A. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14: 18-30
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , pp. 18-30
    • Trombulak, S.C.1    Frissell, C.A.2
  • 232
    • 0033135211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Independent effects of forest cover and fragmentation on the distribution of forest breeding birds
    • Trzcinski, M.K., Fahrig, L., and Merriam, G. 1999. Independent effects of forest cover and fragmentation on the distribution of forest breeding birds. Ecological Applications 9: 586-593.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 586-593
    • Trzcinski, M.K.1    Fahrig, L.2    Merriam, G.3
  • 234
    • 0020870171 scopus 로고
    • Density as a misleading indicator of habitat quality
    • Van Home, B. 1983. Density as a misleading indicator of habitat quality. Journal of Wildlife Management 47: 893-901.
    • (1983) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.47 , pp. 893-901
    • Van Home, B.1
  • 235
    • 0344246930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fragmentation effects on forest birds: Relative influence of woodland cover and configuration on landscape occupancy
    • Villard, M.-A., Trzcinski, M.K., and Merriam, G. 1999. Fragmentation effects on forest birds: Relative influence of woodland cover and configuration on landscape occupancy. Conservation Biology 13: 774-783.
    • (1999) Conservation Biology , vol.13 , pp. 774-783
    • Villard, M.-A.1    Trzcinski, M.K.2    Merriam, G.3
  • 239
    • 58149266990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Waldick, R. 1997. Effects of forestry practices on amphibian populations in Eastern North America. In Amphibians in decline: Canadian studies of a global problem, ed. D. M. Green, 191-205. Herpetological Conservation 1. St Louis, MO: Soc. for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
    • Waldick, R. 1997. Effects of forestry practices on amphibian populations in Eastern North America. In Amphibians in decline: Canadian studies of a global problem, ed. D. M. Green, 191-205. Herpetological Conservation Vol. 1. St Louis, MO: Soc. for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
  • 240
    • 33746328649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fragments as islands: A synthesis of faunal responses to habitat patchiness
    • Watling, J.I. and Donnelly, M.A. 2006. Fragments as islands: A synthesis of faunal responses to habitat patchiness. Conservation Biology 20: 1016-1025.
    • (2006) Conservation Biology , vol.20 , pp. 1016-1025
    • Watling, J.I.1    Donnelly, M.A.2
  • 241
    • 0036319702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conceptual framework for studying species composition in fragments, islands and other patchy ecosystems
    • Watson, D.M. 2002. A conceptual framework for studying species composition in fragments, islands and other patchy ecosystems. Journal of Biogeography 29: 823-834.
    • (2002) Journal of Biogeography , vol.29 , pp. 823-834
    • Watson, D.M.1
  • 243
    • 0023528117 scopus 로고
    • The influence of forest harvesting on mixed coniferous-deciduous boreal bird communities in Ontario, Canada
    • Welsh, D.A. 1987. The influence of forest harvesting on mixed coniferous-deciduous boreal bird communities in Ontario, Canada. Acta Ecologica 8: 247-252.
    • (1987) Acta Ecologica , vol.8 , pp. 247-252
    • Welsh, D.A.1
  • 244
    • 0002460788 scopus 로고
    • Island biogeography and "habitat islands" of eastern forests. III. Long-term turnover and effects of selective logging on the avifauna of forest fragments
    • Whitcomb, B.L., Whitcomb, R.F., and Bystrak, D. 1977. Island biogeography and "habitat islands" of eastern forests. III. Long-term turnover and effects of selective logging on the avifauna of forest fragments. American Birds 31:17-23.
    • (1977) American Birds , vol.31 , pp. 17-23
    • Whitcomb, B.L.1    Whitcomb, R.F.2    Bystrak, D.3
  • 245
    • 14044279306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population dynamics
    • Wiegand, T., Revilla, E., and Moloney, K.A. 2005. Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population dynamics. Conservation Biology 19: 108-121.
    • (2005) Conservation Biology , vol.19 , pp. 108-121
    • Wiegand, T.1    Revilla, E.2    Moloney, K.A.3
  • 246
    • 0022207241 scopus 로고
    • Nest predation in forest tracts and the decline of migratory songbirds
    • Wilcove, D.S. 1985. Nest predation in forest tracts and the decline of migratory songbirds. Ecology 66: 1211-1214.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 1211-1214
    • Wilcove, D.S.1
  • 248
    • 58149247222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildlands League. 2006. Caribou - The untold story, http:// wildlandsleague.org/ display.aspx?pid=3&cid=338.
    • (2006) Caribou - The untold story
  • 249
    • 0031972296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How well do artificial nests estimate success of real nests?
    • Wilson, G.R., M.C. Brittingham, and L.J. Goodrich. 1998. How well do artificial nests estimate success of real nests? The Condor 100: 357-364.
    • (1998) The Condor , vol.100 , pp. 357-364
    • Wilson, G.R.1    Brittingham, M.C.2    Goodrich, L.J.3
  • 250
    • 33644841187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species dynamics in disturbed landscapes: When does a shifting habitat mosaic enhance connectivity?
    • Wimberly, M.C. 2006. Species dynamics in disturbed landscapes: When does a shifting habitat mosaic enhance connectivity? Landscape Ecology 21:35-46.
    • (2006) Landscape Ecology , vol.21 , pp. 35-46
    • Wimberly, M.C.1
  • 252
    • 58149264327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • -. 2000. Effects of habitat fragmentation on amphibians: What do we know and where do we go from here? In Proceedings of a conference on the biology and management of species and habitats at risk, Two, ed. L.M. Darling, 885-894. British Columbia Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks, and University College of the Caribou, Victoria B.C. and Kamloops B.C.
    • -. 2000. Effects of habitat fragmentation on amphibians: What do we know and where do we go from here? In Proceedings of a conference on the biology and management of species and habitats at risk, Vol. Two, ed. L.M. Darling, 885-894. British Columbia Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks, and University College of the Caribou, Victoria B.C. and Kamloops B.C.
  • 253
    • 0002950622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is landscape connectivity necessary and sufficient for wildlife management?
    • ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill
    • With, K.A. 1999. Is landscape connectivity necessary and sufficient for wildlife management? In Forest wildlife and fragmentation: Management implications, ed. J.A. Rochelle, L.A. Lehmann, and J. Wisniewski, 97-115. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
    • (1999) Forest wildlife and fragmentation: Management implications , pp. 97-115
    • With, K.A.1
  • 254
    • 0030620569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape connectivity and population distributions in heterogeneous environments
    • With, K.A., Gardner, R.H., and Turner, M.G. 1997. Landscape connectivity and population distributions in heterogeneous environments. Oikos 78: 151-169.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.78 , pp. 151-169
    • With, K.A.1    Gardner, R.H.2    Turner, M.G.3
  • 255
    • 0034951848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of landscape sources and sinks: The effect of spatial pattern on avian demography
    • With, K.A. and King, A.W. 2001. Analysis of landscape sources and sinks: The effect of spatial pattern on avian demography. Biological Conservation 100: 75-88.
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.100 , pp. 75-88
    • With, K.A.1    King, A.W.2
  • 256
    • 0030791606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the behavior and demography of gray-tailed voles
    • Wolff, J.O., Schauber, E.M., and Edge, W.D. 1997. Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the behavior and demography of gray-tailed voles. Conservation Biology 11: 945-956.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 945-956
    • Wolff, J.O.1    Schauber, E.M.2    Edge, W.D.3
  • 257
    • 0001764632 scopus 로고
    • Multiple threats to wildlife: Climate change, acid precipitation, and habitat fragmentation
    • ed. R.L. Wyman, New York: Routledge, Chapman, and Hall
    • Wyman, R.L. 1991. Multiple threats to wildlife: Climate change, acid precipitation, and habitat fragmentation. In Global climate change and life on earth, ed. R.L. Wyman, 134-155. New York: Routledge, Chapman, and Hall.
    • (1991) Global climate change and life on earth , pp. 134-155
    • Wyman, R.L.1
  • 258
    • 84989455765 scopus 로고
    • Changes in wildlife communities near edges
    • Yahner, R.H. 1988. Changes in wildlife communities near edges. Conservation Biology 4: 333-339.
    • (1988) Conservation Biology , vol.4 , pp. 333-339
    • Yahner, R.H.1
  • 259
    • 0024192779 scopus 로고
    • Effects of forest fragmentation on depredation of artificial nests
    • Yahner, R.H. and Scott, D.P. 1988. Effects of forest fragmentation on depredation of artificial nests. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:158-161.
    • (1988) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.52 , pp. 158-161
    • Yahner, R.H.1    Scott, D.P.2
  • 260
    • 0035039785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moose, caribou, and grizzly bear distribution in relation to road traffic in Denali National Park, Alaska
    • Yost, A.C. and Wright, R.G. 2001. Moose, caribou, and grizzly bear distribution in relation to road traffic in Denali National Park, Alaska. Arctic 54: 41-48.
    • (2001) Arctic , vol.54 , pp. 41-48
    • Yost, A.C.1    Wright, R.G.2
  • 261
    • 0035699766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring urban habitat fragmentation: An example from the Black Country, UK
    • Young, C.H. and Jarvis, P.J. 2001. Measuring urban habitat fragmentation: An example from the Black Country, UK. Landscape Ecology 16: 643-658.
    • (2001) Landscape Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 643-658
    • Young, C.H.1    Jarvis, P.J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.