Are boreal birds resilient to forest fragmentation? An experimental study of short-term community responses

Ecology

Volumn 78, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 1914-1932

  Schmiegelow, Fiona K A ^a   Machtans, Craig S ^b   Hannnon, Susan J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Boreal mixed wood forest; Connectivity; Experimental fragmentation; Neotropical migrants; Regional forests; Songbird communities

Indexed keywords

AVES; PASSERI; PASSERIFORMES; RIPARIA;

BIRD COMMUNITY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; FOREST; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES RICHNESS;

EID: 0030613591     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1914:ABBRTF]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Adams, R. J., and R. Brewer. 1981. Autumn selection of breeding location by Field Sparrows. Auk 98:629-631.
2. Ambuel, B., and S. A. Temple. 1983. Area-dependent changes in the bird communities and vegetation of southern Wisconsin forests. Ecology 64:1057-1068.
3. Angelstam, P. 1992. Conservation of communities: the importance of edges, surroundings, and landscape mosaic structure. Pages 9-70 in L. Hannson, editor. Ecological principles of nature conservation: applications in temperate and boreal environments. Elsevier Science, Barking, Essex, UK.
4. Angelstam, P., and G. Mikusiński. 1994. Woodpecker assemblages in natural and managed boreal and hemiboreal forest, a review. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31:157-172.
5. Anonymous, 1991. Preliminary lists of migrants for Partners in Flight Neotropical migratory bird conservation program. Partners in Flight 2:30.
6. Askins, R. A. 1995. Hostile landscapes and the decline of migratory songbirds. Science 267:1956-1957.
7. Askins, R. A. and M. J. Philbrick. 1987. Effect of changes in regional forest abundance on the decline and recovery of a forest bird community. Wilson Bulletin 99:7-21.
8. Barker, R. J., and J. R. Sauer. 1995. Statistical aspects of point count sampling. Pages 125-130 in C. J. Ralph, J. R. Sauer, and S. Droege, editors. Monitoring bird populations by point counts. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-149, Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
9. Bierregaard, R. O. and T. E. Lovejoy. 1989 Effects of forest fragmentation on Amazonian understory bird communities. Acta Amazonica 19:215-241.
10. Bierregaard, R. O., T. E. Lovejoy, V. Kapos, A. A. dos Santos, and R. W. Hatchings. 1992. The biological dynamics of tropical rainforest fragments. A prospective comparison of fragments and continuous forest. BioSciencc 42:859-866.
11. Brewer, R., and K. G. Harrison. 1975. The time of habitat selection by birds. Ibis 117:521-522.
12. Brittingham, M. C., and S. A. Temple. 1983. Have Cowbirds caused forest songbirds to decline? BioScience 33:31-35.
13. Brown, J. H. 1971. Mammals on mountaintops: nonequilibrium insular biogeography. American Naturalist 105: 467-478.
14. Brown, J. H., and A. Kodric-Brown. 1977. Turnover rate in insular biogeography: effects of immigration on extinction. Ecology 58:445-449.
15. Conover, W. J. 1980. Practical nonparametric statistics. Second edition. John Wiley, New York, New York, USA.
16. Cotterill, S. E. 1996. Effect of clearcutting on artificial egg predation in boreal mixed-wood forests in north-central Alberta. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
17. Cumming, S. G., P. J. Burton, S. Prahacs, and M. R. Garland. 1994. Potential conflicts between timber supply and habitat protection in the boreal mixed-wood of Alberta, Canada: a simulation study. Forest Ecology and Management 68: 281-302.
18. Darveau, M., P. Beauchesne, L. Belanger, J. Huot, and P. Larue. 1995. Riparian forest strips as habitat for breeding birds in the boreal forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:67-78.
19. Desrochers, A., and S. J. Hannon. In press. Gap crossing decisions by dispersing forest songbirds. Conservation Biology.
20. Esseen, P.-A. 1994. Tree mortality patterns after experimental fragmentation of an old-growth conifer forest. Biological Conservation 68:19-28.
21. Fisher, R. A., A. S. Corbel, and C. B. Williams. 1943. The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology 12:75-84.
22. Freemark, K., and B. Collins. 1992. Landscape ecology of birds breeding in temperate forest fragments. Pages 443 454 in J. Hagan and D. J. Johnston, editors. Conservation of Neotropical migrants. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C., USA.
23. Freemark, K. E., and H. G. Merriam. 1986. Importance of area and habitat heterogeneity to bird assemblages in temperate forest fragments. Biological Conservation 36:115-141.
24. Gibbs, J. P., and J. Faaborg. 1990. Estimating the viability of Ovenbird and Kentucky Warbler populations in forest fragments. Conservation Biology 4:193-196.
25. Godfrey, W. E. 1986. The birds of Canada. Revised edition. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Canada.
26. Haas, C. A. 1995. Dispersal and use of corridors by birds in wooded patches on an agricultural landscape. Conservation Biology 9:845-854.
27. Hagan, J. M., W. M. Vander Haegen, and P. S. McKinley. 1996. The early development of forest fragmentation effects on birds. Conservation Biology 10:188-202.
28. Haila, Y. 1986. North European land birds in forest fragments: evidence for area effects? Pages 315-320 in J. Verner, M. L. Morrison, and C. J. Ralph, editors. Wildlife 2000: modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
29. Haila, Y. 1994. Preserving ecological diversity in boreal forests: ecological background, research, and management. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31:203-217.
30. Haila, Y., I. K. Hanski, J. Niemciä, P. Punttila, S. Raivio, and H. Tukia. 1994. Forestry and the boreal fauna: matching management with natural forest dynamics. Annules Zoologici Fennici 31:187-202.
31. Haila, Y., I. K. Hanski, and S. Raivio. 1989. Methodology for studying the minimum habitat requirements of forest birds. Annales Zoologici Fennici 26:173-180.
32. Haila, Y., and O. Järvinen. 1990. Northern conifer forests and their breeding bird assemblages. Pages 61-85 in A. Keast, editor. Biogeography and ecology of forest bird communities. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands.
33. Haila, Y., D. Saunders, and R. Hobbs. 1993. What do we presently know understand ubout ecosystem fragmentation? Pages 45-55 in D. Saunders, R. J. Hobbs, and P. Ehrlich, editors. Nature conservation 3: reconstruction of fragmented ecosystems. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia.
34. Hansson, L. 1994. Vertebrate distributions relative to clear-cut edges in a boreal forest landscape. Landscape Ecology 9:105-115.
35. Helle, P. 1984. Effect of habitat area on breeding bird communities in northeastern Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici 21:421-425.
36. Helle, P., and O. Järvinen. 1986. Population trends of north Finnish land birds in relation to their habitat selection and changes in forest structure. Oikos 46:107-115.
37. Hinsley, S. A., P. E. Bellamy, and I. Newton. 1995. Bird species turnover and stochastic extinction in woodland fragments. Ecography 18:41-50.
38. Hobbs, R. J. 1992. The role of corridors in conservation: solution or bandwagon? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:389-392.
39. Ims, R. A., and J. Rolstad. 1993. Predicting space use responses to habitat fragmentation: can voles Microtus oeconomus serve as an experimental model system (EMS) for Capercaillie grouse Tetrao urogallus in boreal forest? Biological Conservation 63:261-268.
40. Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological methodology. Harper and Row, New York, New York, USA.
41. Kuuluvainen, T. 1994. Gap disturbance, ground microtopography, and the regeneration dynamics of boreal coniferous forests in Finland: a review. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31:35-51.
42. Legendre, L., and P. Legendre. 1983. Numerical ecology. Elsevier Scientific Publishing, New York, New York, USA.
43. Levins, R. 1970. Extinction. Pages 77-107 in M. Gerstenhaber, editor. Some mathematical questions in biology. Lecture on mathematics in the life sciences, Volume 2. American Mathematical Society. Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
44. Lynch, J. F., and D. F. Whigham. 1984. Effects of forest fragmentation on breeding bird communities in Maryland, USA. Biological Conservation 28:287-384.
45. MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1963. An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution 17:373-387.
46. MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
47. Machtans, C. S., M.-.A. Villard, and S. J. Hannon. 1996. Use of riparian butter strips as movement corridors by forest birds. Conservation Biology 10:1366-1379.
48. Mugurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
49. Mann, C. C., and M. L. Plummer. 1993. The high cost of biodiversity. Science 260:1868-1871.
50. Martin, T. E. 1992a. Breeding Biology Research database (BBIRD) program: general overview and standardized protocols. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Arkansas, Fayetleville, Arkansas, USA.
51. _. 1992b. Breeding productivity considerations: what are the appropriate habitat features for management? Pages 455-473 in J. M. Haan and D. W. Johnston, editors. Conservation of Neotropical migrant landbirds. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA.
52. Matlack, G. R. 1993. Microenvironment variation within and among forest edge sites in the eastern United States. Biological Conservation 66:185-194.
53. Maxwell, S. E., and H. D. Delaney. 1990. Designing experiments and analyzing data: a model comparison perspective. Wadsworth Publishing, Belmont, California, USA.
54. May, R. M. 1975. Patterns of species abundance and diversity. Pages 81-120 in M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, editors. Ecology and evolution of communities. Belknap Press, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
55. McGarigal, K., and W. C. McComb. 1995. Relationships between landscape structure and breeding birds in the Oregon coast range. Ecological Monographs 65:235-260.
56. Mönkkönen, M. 1994. Diversity patterns in Palacarctic and Nearctic forest bird assemblages. Journal of Biogeography 21:183-195.
57. Mönkkönen, M., and D. A. Welsh. 1994. A biogeographical hypothesis on the effects of human-caused landscape changes on the forest bird communities of Europe and North America. Annales Zoologici Fennici 31:61-70.
58. Morton, M. L., M. W. Wakamatsu, M. F., Pereyra, and G. A. Morton. 1991. Postfledging dispersal, habitat imprinting, and philopalry in a montane, migratory sparrow. Ornis Scandinavica 22:98-106.
59. Norusis, M. J. 1993. SPSS for Windows: base system user's guide release 6.0. SPSS, Chicago, Illinois. USA.
60. Opdam, R., G. Rijsdijk, and E. Hustings. 1985. Bird communities in small woods in an agricultural landscape: effects of area and isolation. Biological Conservation 34: 333-352.
61. Peterman, R. M. 1990. Statistical power analysis can improve fisheries research and management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47:2-15.
62. Petterson, R. H., J. P. Ball, K.-E. Renhorn, P.-A. Esseen, and K. Sjoberg, 1995. Invertebrate communities in boreal forest canopies, as influenced by forestry and lichens, with implications for passerine birds. Biological Conservation 74:57-63.
63. Preston, F. W. 1948. The commonness, and rarity, of species. Ecology 29:254-283.
64. Ralph, C. J., G. R. Geupel, P. Pyle, T. F., Martin, and D. F. DeSante. 1993. Handbook of field methods for monitoring landbirds. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-144. Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
65. Robbins, C. S., D. Bystrak, and P. H. Geissler. 1986. The breeding bird survey: its first fifteen years. 1965-1979. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 157, Washington, D.C., USA.
66. Robbins, C. S., J. R. Sauer, R. S. Greenberg, and S. Droege. 1989. Population declines in North American birds that migrate to the neotropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 86:7658-7662.
67. Robinson, S. K., F. R. Thompson, T. M. Donovan, D. R. Whitehead, and J. Faaborg. 1995. Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birds. Science 267:1987-1990.
68. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1995. Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
69. Rowe, J. S. 1972. Forest regions of Canada. Canadian Forest Service Publication Number 1300.
70. Schieck, J., and M. Nietfeld. 1995. Bird species richness and abundance in relation to stand age and structure in aspen mixed-wood forests in Alberta. Pages 115-158 in J. B. Stelfox, editor. Relationships between stand age, stand structure, and biodiversity in aspen mixed-wood forest in Alberta. Jointly published by the Alberta Environmental Centre, Vegreville, Alberta, and the Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
71. Schmiegclow, F. K. A. 1992. The use of atlas data to test appropriate hypotheses about faunal collapse. Pages 67-74 in G. B. Ingram and M. R. Moss, editors. Landscape approaches to wildlife and ecosystem management in Canada Polyscience, Montreal, Ontario, Canada.
72. Schmicgelow, F. K. A., and S. J. Hannon. 1993. Adaptive management, adaptive science, and the effects of forest fragmentation on boreal birds in northern Alberta. Transactions of the 58th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference: 584-598.
73. Semenchuck, G. P., editor. 1992. The atlas of breeding birds of Alberta. Federation of Alberta Naturalists, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
74. Simberloff, D. 1994. How forest fragmentation hurts species and what to do about it. Pages 85-90 in W. W. Covington and L. E. DeBano, editors. Sustainable ecological systems: implementing an ecological approach to land management. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-247.
75. Simberloff, D., J. A. Farr, J. Cox, and D. W. Mehlman. 1992. Movement corridors: conservation bargains or poor investments? Conservation Biology 6:493-504.
76. Smith, S. M. 1995. Distribution-free and robust statistical methods: viable alternatives to parametric statistics? Ecology 76:1997-1998.
77. Soulé, M E., D. T. Bolger, and A. C. Alberts. 1988. Reconstructed dynamics of extinctions of chapparal-requiring birds in urban habitat islands. Conservation Biology 2: 75-92.
78. Southwood, T. R. E. 1978. Ecological methods. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
79. Stelfox, J. B., editor. 1995. Relationships between stand age, stand structure, and biodiversity, in aspen mixed-wood forest in Alberta. Jointly published by Alberta Environmental Centre, Vegreville, Alberta, and the Canadian Forest Service. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
80. Stouffer, P. C., and R. O. Bierregaard, Jr. 1995. Use of Amazonian forest fragments by understory insectivorous birds. Ecology 76:2429-2445.
81. Strong, W. I., and K. R. Leggat. 1981. Ecoregions of Alberta. Alberta Energy and Natural Resources Technical Report T/4. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
82. Taylor, L. R. 1978. Bates, Williams, Hutchinson: a variety of diversities. Pages 1-18 in L. A. Mound and N. Warloff, editors. Diversity of insect faunas. Ninth Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK.
83. Taylor, L. R., R. A. Kempton, and I. P. Woiwood. 1976. Diversity statistics and the log-series model. Journal of Animal Ecology 45:255-272.
84. Väisanen, R. A., O. Järvinen, and P. Rauhala. 1986. How are extensive, human-caused habitat alterations expressed on the scale of local bird populations in boreal forests? Ornis Scandinavica 17:282-242.
85. Van Horne, B. 1983. Density as a misleading indicator of habitat quality. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:893-901.
86. Villard, M.-A., P. R. Martin, and C. G. Drummond. 1993 Habitat fragmentation and pairing success in the Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus). Auk 110:759-768.
87. Virkkala, R. 1987. Effects of forest management on birds breeding in northern Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici 24:281-294.
88. Virkkala, R., A. Rajasärkkä, R. A. Väisänen, M. Vickholm, and E. Virolainen. 1994. Conservation value of nature reserves: do hole-nesting birds prefer protected forests in southern Finland? Annales Zoologici Fennici 31:173-186.
89. von Ende, C. N. 1993. Repeated-measures analysis: growth and other time-dependent measures. Pages 113-137 in S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors. Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
90. Welsh, D. A. 1987. The influence of forest harvesting on mixed deciduous-coniferous boreal bird communities in Ontario, Acta Occologia 8:247-252.
91. Welsh, D. A., and S. C. Lougheed. 1996. Relationships of bird community structure and species distributions to two environmental gradients in the northern boreal forest. Ecography 19: 194- 208.
92. Whitcomb, R. F., C. S. Robbins, J. F. Lynch, B. L. Whitcomb, M. K. Klimlicwez, and D. Bystrak. 1981. Effects of forest fragmentation on the avifauna of the eastern deciduous forest. Pages 125-205 in R. C. Burgess and D. M. Sharpe, editors. Forest island dynamics in man-dominated landscapes. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
93. Whittaker, R. H. 1965. Dominance and diversity in land plant communities. Science 147:250-260.
94. Wilcove, D. S. 1985. Nest predation in forest tracts and the decline of migratory song birds. Ecology 66:1211-1214.
95. Williams, C. B. 1964. Patterns in the balance of nature and related problems in quantitative ecology. Academic Press, London, UK.
96. Winer, B. J., D. R. Brown, and K. M. Michels. 1991. Statistical principles in experimental design. Third edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
97. Wolda, B. J. 1981. Similarity indices, sample size, and diversity. Oecologia 50:296-302.