Adiposity and Alzheimer's disease

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 15-21

  Luchsinger, José A ^a,b,c,d,g   Gustafson, Deborah R ^e,f  

^a Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Gertrude H Sergievsky Center   (United States)

^b NewYork Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

^c College of Physicians and Surgeons ^*  (United States)

^d Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^f MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^g PH19 ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Adiposity; Alzheimer's disease; Body weight; Dementia; Obese; Overweight

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; METFORMIN; ROSIGLITAZONE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; DEMENTIA; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; LIPID STORAGE; OBESITY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WEIGHT CONTROL; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADIPOSITY; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BODY MASS INDEX; BRAIN; HUMANS; HYPERINSULINISM; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 58149129115     PISSN: 13631950     EISSN: 15353885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831c8c71     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Ritchie K, Lovestone S. The dementias. Lancet 2002; 360:1759-1766.
2. Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C. Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am J Public Health 1998; 88:1337-1342.
3. Evans DA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons. Higher than previously reported. JAMA 1989; 262:2551-2556.
4. Selkoe DJ. Alzheimer's disease: genotypes, phenotypes, and treatments. Science 1997; 275:630-631.
5. Cummings JL. Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:56-67.
6. Haan MN, Shemanski L, Jagust WJ, et al. The role of APOE epsilon4 in modulating effects of other risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly persons. JAMA 1999; 282:40-46.
7. Peila R, Rodriguez BL, Launer LJ, Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Type 2 diabetes, APOE gene, and the risk for dementia and related pathologies: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Diabetes 2002; 51:1256-1262.
8. Luchsinger JA, Tang M-X, Shea S, Mayeux R. Hyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2004; 63:1187-1192.
9. Selkoe DJ. The origins of Alzheimer disease: a is for amyloid. JAMA 2000; 283:1615-1617.
10. Sano M. Noncholinergic treatment options for Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64 (Suppl 9):23-28.
11. Pi-Sunyer FX. The obesity epidemic: pathophysiology and consequences of obesity. Obes Res 2002; 10:97S-104S.
12. Reaven GM, Laws A. Insulin resistance: the metabolic syndrome X. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1999.
13. Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association scientific statement on obesity and heart disease from the obesity committee of the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism. Circulation 2006; 113:898-918.
14. National Institutes of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults - the evidence report. Obesity Res 1998; 6:51S-209S.
15. Mueller WH, Wear ML, Hanis CL, et al. Which measure of body fat distribution is best for epidemiologic research? Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133:858-869.
16. Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight in Adults. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: executive summary. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:899-917.
17. Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Roche AF. Human body composition and the epidemiology of chronic disease. Obes Res 1995; 3:73-95.
18. Heiat A, Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM. An evidence-based assessment of federal guidelines for overweight and obesity as they apply to elderly persons. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:1194-1203.
19. Wahrenberg H, Hertel K, Leijonhufvud B-M, et al. Use of waist circumference to predict insulin resistance: retrospective study. BMJ 2005; 330:1363-1364.
20. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:379-384.
21. Hill JO, Bessesen D. What to do about the metabolic syndrome? Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:395-397.
22. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002; 288:1723-1727.
23. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH. Trends in waist circumference among U.S. adults. Obes Res 2003; 11:1223-1231.
24. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA 2004; 291:2847-2850.
25. Strachan MWJ. Insulin and cognitive function. Lancet 2003; 362:1253.
26. Farris W, Mansourian S, Chang Y, et al. Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta-protein, and the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:4162-4167.
27. Reger MA, Watson GS, Frey WH 2nd, et al. Effects of intranasal insulin on cognition in memory-impaired older adults: modulation by APOE genotype. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:451-458.
28. Risner ME, Saunders AM, Altman JF, et al. Efficacy of rosiglitazone in a genetically defined population with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacogenomics J 2006; 6:246-254.
29. Watson GS, Bernhardt T, Reger MA, et al. Insulin effects on CSF norepinephrine and cognition in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:38-41.
30. Watson GS, Craft S. Modulation of memory by insulin and glucose: neuropsychological observations in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 490:97-113.
31. Yamagishi S, Nakamura K, Inoue H, et al. Serum or cerebrospinal fluid levels of glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may be a promising biomarker for early detection of Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:1205-1207.
32. Trujillo ME, Scherer PE. Adiponectin - journey from an adipocyte secretory protein to biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. J Intern Med 2005; 257:167-175.
33. Yu YH, Ginsberg HN. Adipocyte signaling and lipid homeostasis: sequelae of insulin-resistant adipose tissue. Circ Res 2005; 96:1042-1052.
34. Friedman J, Halaas L. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 1998; 22:763-770.
35. Lissner L, Karlsson C, Lindroos AK, et al. Birth weight, adulthood BMI, and subsequent weight gain in relation to leptin levels in Swedish women. Obes Res 1999; 7:150-154.
36. Harvey J, Shanley LJ, O'Malley D, Irving AJ. Leptin: a potential cognitive enhancer? Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33 (Pt 5):1029-1032.
37. Davidson TL, Kanoski SE, Walls EK, Jarrard LE. Memory inhibition and energy regulation. Physiol Behav 2005; 86:731-746.
38. Matochik JA, London ED, Yildiz BO, et al. Effect of leptin replacement on brain structure in genetically leptin-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:2851-2854.
39. Kishi T, Elmquist JK. Body weight is regulated by the brain: a link between feeding and emotion. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10:132-146.
40. Qi Y, Takahashi N, Hileman SM, et al. Adiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weight. Nat Med 2004; 10:524-529.
41. Fewlass DC, Noboa K, Pi-Sunyer FX, et al. Obesity-related leptin regulates Alzheimer's Abeta. FASEB J 2004; 18:1870-1878.
42. Olsson T, Nasman B, Rasmuson S, Ahren B. Dual relation between leptin and cortisol in humans is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 44:374-376.
43. Power DA, Noel J, Collins R, O'Neill D. Circulating leptin levels and weight loss in Alzheimer's disease patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2001; 12:167-170.
44. Pannacciulli N, Le DS, Chen K, et al. Relationships between plasma leptin concentrations and human brain structure: a voxel-based morphometric study. Neurosci Lett 2007; 412:248-253.
45. Vermeer SE, Prins ND, den Heijer T, et al. Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1215-1222.
46. Honig LS, Tang MX, Albert S, et al. Stroke and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2003; 60:1707-1712.
47. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, et al. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study. JAMA 1997; 277:813-817.
48. Honig LS, Kukull W, Mayeux R. Atherosclerosis and AD: analysis of data from the US National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. Neurology 2005; 64:494-500.
49. Sacco RL, Benjamin EJ, Broderick JP, et al. American Heart Association Prevention Conference, IV. Prevention and Rehabilitation of Stroke. Risk factors. Stroke 1997; 28:1507-1517.
50. Goossens GH, Blaak EE, van Baak MA. Possible involvement of the adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system in the pathophysiology of obesity and obesity-related disorders. Obes Rev 2003; 4:43-55.
51. Katzov H, Bennet AM, Kehoe P, et al. A cladistic model of ACE sequence variation with implications for myocardial infarction, Alzheimer disease and obesity. Human Mol Genet 2004; 13:2647-2657.
52. Strazzullo P, Iacone R, Iacoviello L, et al. Genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin system and abdominal adiposity in men: the Olivetti Prospective Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:17-23.
53. Savaskan E. The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Alzheimer Res 2005; 2:29-35.
54. Albiston AL, McDowall SG, Matsacos D, et al. Evidence that the angiotensin IV (AT(4)) receptor is the enzyme insulin-regulated aminopeptidase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48623-48626.
55. Tracy AL, Jarrard LE, Davidson TL. The hippocampus and motivation revisited: appetite and activity. Behav Brain Res 2001; 127 (1-2):13-23.
56. Kelley AE. Ventral striatal control of appetitive motivation: role in ingestive behavior and reward-related learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 27:765-776.
57. Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1991; 82:239-259.
58. Delacourte A. Biochemical and molecular characterization of neurofibrillary degeneration in frontotemporal dementias. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999; 10 (Suppl 1):75-79.
59. Squire LR, Zola SM. Ischemic brain damage and memory impairment: a commentary. Hippocampus 1996; 6:546-552.
60. Welsh-Bohmer KA, Hulette C, Schmechel D, et al. Neuropsychological detection of preclinical Alzheimer's disease: results of a neuropathological series of 'normal' controls. In: Iqbal K, Sisodia SS, Winblad B, editors. Alzheimer's disesase: advances in etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2001. pp. 111-128.
61. Visser PJ, Verhey FRJ, Hofman PAM, et al. Medial temporal lobe atrophy predicts Alzheimer' disease in patients with minor cognitive impairment. J Neurol Neurosur Psychiatr 2002; 72:491-497.
62. DeLeon MJ, George AE, Golomb J, et al. Frequency of hippocampal formation atrophy in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1996; 18:1-11.
63. Gustafson D, Lissner L, Bengtsson C, et al. A 24-year follow-up of body mass index and cerebral atrophy. Neurology 2004; 63:1876-1881.
64. Ward MA, Carlsson CM, Trivedi MA, et al. The effect of body mass index on global brain volume in middle-aged adults: a cross sectional study. BMC Neurol 2005; 5:23.
65. Enzinger C, Fazekas F, Matthews PM, et al. Risk factors for progression of brain atrophy in aging: six-year follow-up of normal subjects. Neurology 2005; 64:1704-1711.
66. Jagust W, Harvey D, Mungas D, Haan M. Central obesity and the aging brain. Arch Neurol 2005; 62:1545-1548.
67. Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Fratiglioni L, et al. Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2005; 62:1556-1560.
68. Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study. BMJ 2005; 330:1360.
69. Whitmer RA, Gustafson DR, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later. Neurology 2008; 71:1057-1064. This study from a unique middle age cohort demonstrated a relation between higher central adiposity and risk of dementia in old age.
70. Gustafson D, Rothenberg E, Blennow K, et al. An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:1524-1528.
71. Stewart R, Masaki K, Xue Q-L, et al. A 32-year prospective study of change in body weight and incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Arch Neurol 2005; 62:55-60.
72. Atti AR, Palmer K, Volpato S, et al. Late-life body mass index and dementia incidence: nine-year follow-up data from the Kungsholmen Project. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56:111-116. This study from an elderly cohort found an inverse association between BMI and risk of dementia.
73. Nourhashemi F, Deschamps V, Larrieu S, et al. Body mass index and incidence of dementia: the PAQUID study. Neurology 2003; 60:117-119.
74. Buchman AS, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, et al. Change in body mass index and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2005; 65:892-897.
75. Knopman DS, Edland SD, Cha RH, et al. Incident dementia in women is preceded by weight loss by at least a decade. Neurology 2007; 69:739-746. This study demonstrated that weight loss may precede dementia by decades, which could explain the conflict between studies in old age and studies in middle age.
76. White H, Pieper C, Schmader K, Fillenbaum G. Weight change in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44:265-272.
77. Gustafson D. A life course of adiposity and dementia. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:163-175.
78. Luchsinger JA, Patel B, Tang MX, et al. Measures of adiposity and dementia risk in elderly persons. Arch Neurol 2007; 64:392-398. This study showed a U-shape association between BMI and dementia and an association between higher waist circumference and dementia in persons 65-75 years old. It also demonstrated an inverse association of BMI and dementia, and no association between waist circumference and dementia in persons 76 years and older.
79. Stevens J, Cai J, Pamuk ER, et al. The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:1-7.
80. Stevens J. Impact of age on associations between weight and mortality. Nutr Rev 2000; 58:129-137.
81. Morley JE. Anorexia, sarcopenia, and aging. Nutrition 2001; 17:660-663.
82. Morley JE, Thomas DR, Wilson M-MG. Cachexia: pathophysiology and clinical relevance. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:735-743.
83. Wedick NM, Mayer-Davis EJ, Wingard DL, et al. Insulin resistance precedes weight loss in adults without diabetes: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153:1199-1205.
84. Andrieu S, Reynish W, Nourhashemi F, et al. Nutritional risk factors for institutional placement in Alzheimer's disease after one year follow-up. J Nutr Health Aging 2001; 5:113-117.
85. Guerin O, Andrieu S, Schneider SM, et al. Different modes of weight loss in Alzheimer disease: a prospective study of 395 patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82:435-441.
86. Guyonnet S, Nourhashemi F, Ousset PJ, et al. Factors associated with weight loss in Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging 1998; 2:107-109.
87. Reynish W, Andrieu S, Nourhashemi F, Vellas B. Nutritional factors and Alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56:M675-M680.
88. Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF, McAuley E, et al. Neurocognitive aging and cardiovascular fitness: recent findings and future directions. J Mol Neurosci 2004; 24:9-14.
89. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci 2003; 14:125-130.
90. Watson GS, Reger MA, Baker LD, et al. Effects of exercise and nutrition on memory in Japanese Americans with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:135-136.
91. Watson GS, Cholerton BA, Reger MA, et al. Preserved cognition in patients with early Alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment during treatment with rosiglitazone: a preliminary study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 13:950-958.
92. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1343-1350.
93. The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Role of insulin secretion and sensitivity in the evolution of type 2 diabetes in the diabetes prevention program: effects of lifestyle intervention and metformin. Diabetes 2005; 54:2404-2414.
94. The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Achieving weight and activity goals among diabetes prevention program lifestyle participants. Obesity Res 2004; 12:1426-1434.