Death and Black Diamonds: Meaning, Mortality, and the Meaning Maintenance Model

Psychological Inquiry

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 309-318

  Proulx, Travis ^a   Heine, Steven J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 57649164710     PISSN: 1047840X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10478400701366985     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Antonovsky, A. 1979. Health, stress and coping, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
2. Aristotle. 1987. De anima., London: Penguin Books.
3. Aslin, R., Saffran, J. and Newport, E. 1998. Computation of conditional probability statistics by 8-month-old infants. Psychological Science, 9(4): 321-324.
4. Baldwin, M. W. 1992. Relational schemas and the processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin, 112(3): 461-484.
5. Baldwin, M. W. and Wesley, R. 1996. Effects of existential anxiety and self-esteem on the perception of others. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 10: 75-95.
6. Bartlett, F. C. 1932. Remembering, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
7. Baumeister, R. F. 1991. Meanings of life, New York: Guilford.
8. Baumeister, R. F. and Jones, E. E. 1978. When self-presentation is constrained by the target's knowledge: Consistency and compensation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36: 608-618.
9. Becker, E. 1973. The denial of death, New York: Free Press.
10. Brown, J. D., Collins, R. L. and Schmidt, G. W. 1988. Self-esteem and direct versus indirect forms of self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55: 445-453.
11. Bruner, J. 1990. Acts of meaning, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12. Bruner, J. and Postman, L. 1949. On the perception of incongruity: A paradigm. Journal of Personality, 18: 206-223.
13. Burris, C. T. and Rempel, J. K. 2004. "It's the end of the world as we know it": Threat and the spatial-symbolic self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86: 19-42.
14. Camus, A. 1955. "An absurd reasoning". In The Myth of Sisyphus and other essays, New York: Vintage Books.
15. Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S. and Sloan, L. R. 1976. Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34: 366-375.
16. Dechesne, M. 2002. Individual differences in terror management research: The case of need for closure, Manuscript in preparation.
17. Dechesne, M. and Wigboldus, D. 2001. [Terror management in a minimal worldview paradigm]. Unpublished raw data.
18. Dijksterhuis, A., van Knippenberg, A., Kruglanski, A. W. and Schaper, C. 1996. Motivated social cognition: Need for closure effects on memory and judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32: 254-270.
19. Doherty, K. T. 1998. A mind of her own: Effects of need for closure and gender on reactions to nonconformity. Sex Roles, 38: 801-819.
20. Ebbinghaus, H. 1987. Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology, New York: Dover. (Original work published 1885)
21. Epstein, S. 1981. "The unity principle versus the reality and pleasure principles, or the tale of the scorpion and the frog". In Self-concept: Advances in theory of a theory and research, Edited by: Lynch, M. D., Norem-Hebeisen, A. A. and Gergen, K. 27-38. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
22. Festinger, L. 1957. A theory of cognitive dissonance., Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
23. Fiske, S. and Dyer, F. 1985. Structure and development of social schemata: Evidence from positive and negative transfer effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(4): 839-852.
24. Florian, V., Mikulincer, M. and Hirschberger, G. 2002. The anxiety-buffering function of close relationships: Evidence that relationship commitment acts as a terror management mechanism. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82(4): 527-542.
25. Frankl, V. E. 1946. Man's search for meaning, New York: Washington Square Press.
26. Freud, S. 1991. "Civilization and its discontents". In Sigmund Freud: 12. Civilization, society, and religion, Edited by: Dickson, A. 245-341. New York: Penguin. (Original work published 1930)
27. Fromm, E. 1958. Escape from freedom, New York: Reinhart & Co. (Original work published 1941)
28. Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., McCoy, S. K. and Greenberg, J. 1999. Death, sex, love, and neuroticism: Why is sex such a problem?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 1173-1187.
29. Gomez, R. and Gerken, L. 1999. Artificial grammar learning by 1-year-olds leads to specific and abstract knowledge. Cognition, 70(2): 109-135.
30. Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J.Lyon, D. 1992. Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 63: 913-922.
31. Grieve, P. and Hogg, M. A. 1999. Subjective uncertainty and intergroup discrimination in the minimal group situation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25: 926-940.
32. Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S. and McGregor, H. 1997. Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduces mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 24-36.
33. Harter, S. 1996. "Developmental changes in self-understanding across the 5 to 7 shift". In Five to 7 year shift: The age of reason and responsibility, Edited by: Sameroff, A. and Haith, M. 207-236. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
34. Heidegger, M. 1996. Being and time, New York: State University of New York Press. (Original work published 1953)
35. Heine, S. J. and Lehman, D. R. 1997. Culture, dissonance, and self-affirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23: 389-400.
36. Heine, S. J., Proulx, T., MacKay, M. and Charles, S. 2007. Meaning and death: An alternative account of terror management findings, Unpublished manuscript, University of British Columbia, Canada.
37. Heine, S. J., Proulx, T. and Vohs, K. D. 2006. The Meaning Maintenance Model: On the coherence of social motivation. Personality and Social Psychological Review, 10(2): 88-111.
38. Hogg, M. A. and Sunderland, J. 1991. Self-esteem and intergroup discrimination in the minimal group paradigm. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30: 51-62.
39. Horowitz, M. 1991. "Person schemas". In Person schemas and maladaptive interpersonal patterns, Edited by: Horowitz, M. 13-31. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
40. Intraub, H., Gottesman, V. and Bills, A. 1998. Effects of perceiving and imagining scenes on memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 21(1): 186-201.
41. James, W. 1950. The principles of psychology, New York: Dover. (Original work published 1890)
42. Janoff-Bulman, R. 1992. Shattered assumptions., New York: Free Press.
43. Kierkegaard, S. 1997. "Either/Or.". In The essential Kierkegaard, Edited by: Hong, H. and Hong, E. 37-84. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
44. Kierkegaard, S. 1997. "Either/Or.". In The sickness unto death. The essential Kierkegaard, Edited by: Hong, H. and Hong, E. 350-372. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
45. Kirkham, N., Slemmer, J. and Johnson, S. 2002. Visual statistical learning in infancy: Evidence for a domain general learning mechanism. Cognition, 324(7338): 324-643.
46. Kruglanski, A. and Freund, T. 1983. The freezing and unfreezing of lay inferences: Effects of impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping, and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19: 448-468.
47. Kruglanski, A. W. and Webster, D. M. 1991. Group members' reactions to opinion deviates and conformists at varying degrees of proximity to decision deadline and of environmental noise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61: 212-225.
48. Kruglanski, A. W. and Webster, D. M. 1996. Motivated closing of the mind: "Seizing" and "freezing.". Psychological Review, 103: 263-283.
49. Kuethe, J. 1962. Social schemas. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64: 31-38.
50. Kuhn, T. 1962/1996. The structure of scientific revolutions, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
51. Landau, M. J., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Martens, A., Goldenberg, J. L. and Solomon, S. 2004. A function of form: Terror management and structuring the social world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87: 190-210.
52. Lerner, M. 1998. "The two forms of belief in a just world: Some thoughts on why and how people care about justice". In Responses to victimizations and belief in a just world, Edited by: Montada, L. and Lerner, M. 247-269. New York: Plenum.
53. Mandel, N. and Heine, S. J. 1999. Terror management and marketing: He who dies with the most toys wins. Advances in Consumer Research, 26: 527-532.
54. Markus, H. 1977. Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35: 63-78.
55. Markus, H. and Wurf, E. 1987. The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38: 299-337.
56. Maslow, A. 1962. Toward a psychology of being, Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
57. McGregor, I. and Marigold, D. C. 2003. Defensive zeal and the uncertain self: What makes you so sure?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85: 838-852.
58. McGregor, I., Zanna, M. P. and Holmes, J. G. Identity threat and attitude polarization: An alternative account of terror management phenomena. Poster session presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association. Chicago.
59. McGregor, I., Zanna, M. P., Holmes, J. G. and Spencer, S. J. 2001. Compensatory conviction in the face of personal uncertainty: Going to extremes and being oneself. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80: 472-488.
60. Miedema, J., Van Den Bos, K. and Vermunt, R. 2006. The influence of self-threat on fairness judgments and affective measures. Social Justice Research, 19: 228-253.
61. Mikulincer, M. and Florian, V. 2002. The effects of mortality salience on self-serving attributions-Evidence for the function of self-esteem as a terror management mechanism. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24: 261-271.
62. Mikulincer, M., Florian, V. and Hirschberger, G. 2004. "The terror of death and the quest for love-An existential perspective on close relationships". In Handbook of experimental existential psychology, Edited by: Greenberg, J., Koole, S. L. and Pyszczynski, T. 287-304. New York: Guilford.
63. Murphy, G. L. and Medin, D. L. 1985. The role of theories in conceptual coherence. Psychological Review, 92: 289-316.
64. Navarrete, C. D., Kurzban, R., Fessler, D. M. T. and Kirkpatrick, L. A. 2004. Anxiety and intergroup bias: Terror management or coalitional psychology. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 7(4): 370-397.
65. Neuberg, S. L. and Newsom, J. T. 1993. Personal need for structure: Individual differences in the desire for simpler structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 113-131.
66. Park, L. C. and Folkman, S. 1997. Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 2: 115-144.
67. Piaget, J. 1954. The construction of reality in the child, New York: Basic Books. (Original work published 1937)
68. Piaget, J. 1960. The child's conception of the world, London: Routledge.
69. Proulx, T. and Heine, S. 2007. Meaning maintenance model: The case of the transmogrifying experimenter., Canada: Unpublished manuscript. University of British Columbia.
70. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J. and Solomon, S. 2004. Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 130: 435-468.
71. Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S. and Greenberg, J. 2003. In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
72. Pyszczynski, T., Wicklund, R. A., Floresku, S., Koch, H., Gauch, G.Solomon, S. 1996. Whistling in the dark: Exaggerated consensus estimates in response to incidental reminders of mortality. Psychological Science, 7: 332-336.
73. Rogers, C. 1980. A way of being, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
74. Saffran, J., Aslin, R. and Newport, E. 1996. Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science, 274(5294): 1926-1928.
75. Saffran, J., Johnson, E., Aslin, R. and Newport, E. 1999. Statistical learning of tone sequences by human infants and adults. Cognition, 70(1): 27-52.
76. Sartre, J. P. 1992. Being and nothingness: An essay in phenomenological ontology, London: Methuen. (Original work published 1957).
77. Schimel, J., Simon, L. and Greenberg, J. 1999. Stereotypes and terror management: Evidence that mortality salience enhances stereotypic thinking and preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 905-926.
78. Shah, J. Y., Kruglanski, A. W. and Thompson, E. P. 1998. Membership has its (epistemic) rewards: Need for closure effects on in-group bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75: 383-393.
79. Solomon, S., Greenberg, J. and Pyszczynski, T. 1991. "A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews". In Advances in experimental social psychology, Edited by: Berkowitz, L. Vol. 24, 93-159. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
80. Steele, C. M. and Liu, T. J. 1983. Dissonance processes as self-affirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45: 5-19.
81. Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J. and Lynch, M. 1993. Self-image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64: 885-896.
82. Tesser, A. and Cornell, D. P. 1991. On the confluence of self processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27: 501-526.
83. Tesser, A., Crepaz, N., Beach, S. R. H., Cornell, D. and Collins, J. C. 2000. Confluence of self-esteem regulation mechanisms: On integrating the self-zoo. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26: 1476-1489.
84. Thompson, S. and Janigan, A. 1988. Life schemes: A framework for understanding the search for meaning. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 7: 260-280.
85. Tomasello, M., Kruger, A. C. and Ratner, H. H. 1993. Cultural learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16: 495-552.
86. Vallacher, R. R. and Wegner, D. M. 1987. 'What do people think they're doing? Action identification and human behavior. Psychological Review, 94: 3-15.
87. Van Den Bos, K. 2001. Reactions to perceived fairness: The impact of mortality salience and self-esteem on ratings of negative affect. Social Justice Research, 14: 1-23.
88. Van Den Bos, K. 2000. Toward understanding why fairness matters: The influence of mortality salience on reactions to procedural fairness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79: 355-366.
89. Van Den Bos, K. 2005. An enquiry concerning the principles of cultural norms and values: The impact of uncertainty and mortality salience on reactions to violations and bolstering of cultural worldviews. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41: 91-113.
90. Van Den Bos, K, Poortvliet, M., Maas, M., Miedema, J. and Van der Ham, E. 2005. An enquiry concerning the principles of cultural norms and values: The impact of uncertainty and mortality salience on reactions to violations and bolstering of cultural worldviews. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41: 91-113.
91. Walton, G. and Bower, T. 1993. Newborns form "prototypes" in less than 1 minute. Psychological Science, 4(3): 203-205.
92. Webster, D. M. and Kruglanski, A. W. 1998. "Cognitive and social consequences of the need for cognitive closure". In European Review of Social Psychology, Edited by: Stroebe, W. and Hewstone, M. Vol. 8, 133-173. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
93. Wisman, A. and Koole, S. L. 2003. Hiding in the crowd: Can mortality salience promote affiliation with others who oppose one's worldview?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84: 511-526.
94. Wyer, R., Bodenhausen, G. and Srull, T. 1984. The cognitive representation of persons and groups and its effects on recall and recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 20(5): 445-469.