Goji juice: A novel miraculous cure for longevity and well-being? A review of composition, pharmacology, health-related claims and benefits

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur GanzheitsMedizin

Volumn 20, Issue 7-8, 2008, Pages 399-405

  Potterat, Olivier ^a   Hamburger, Matthias ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Anti aging; Antioxidant; Constituents; Goji; Health claims; Immunomodulation; Lycium barbarum; Novel food; Safety; Solanaceae; Traditional Chinese medicine

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ASCORBIC ACID; ATROPINE; BETA ELEMENE; BETAINE; CAROTENOID; CEREBROSIDE; COUMARIC ACID; CRYPTOXANTHIN; DAUCOSTEROL; FLAVONOID; GOCHI; KAEMPFEROL; LINOLEIC ACID; LYCIUM BARBARUM EXTRACT; MYRICETIN; MYRISTIC ACID; PALMITIC ACID; POLYSACCHARIDE; PROLINE; PROTEOGLYCAN; QUERCETIN; RIBOFLAVIN; RUTOSIDE; SCOPOLETIN; SITOSTEROL; TAURINE; THIAMINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN; ZEAXANTHIN;

ADVANCED CANCER; AGING; ALLERGIC REACTION; ALLERGY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTHRITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BERRY; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG MECHANISM; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFERTILITY; INFLAMMATION; LIVER PROTECTION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; RASH; REVIEW; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; URTICARIA;

EID: 57649108796     PISSN: 10150684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000286353     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Hänsel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G: Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vol 5 Drogen E-O, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1993.
2. Zhang KYB, Leung HW, Yeung HW, Wong RNS: Differentiation of Lycium barbarum from its related Lycium species using random amplified polymorphic DNA. Planta Med 2001;67(4):379-381.
3. Genaust H: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen, 3. Auflage, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1996.
4. NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Goji berries. http://www.nationmaster.com/ encyclopedia/Goji-berries.
5. Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, English Edition. Chemical Industry Press, Beijing 2000.
6. Burke DS, Smidt CR, Vuong LT: Momordica cochichinensis, Rosa roxburghii, wolfberry, and sea buckthorn - highly nutritional fruits supported by tradition and science. Curr Top Nutrac Res 2005; 3(4):259-266.
7. Zhufan X: Practical Traditional Chinese Medicine. Foreign Language Press, Beijing 2000.
8. Bensky D, Clavey S, Stöger E: Chinese Herbal Medicine, Materia Medica Eastland Press, Inc. 3rd Edition, Seattle 2004.
9. Chen JK, Chen TT: Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology. Art of Medicine Press Inc, City of Industry, CA, 2004.
10. Zhu YP: Chinese Materia Medica - Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applications. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 1998.
11. Reid D: Handbuch der chinesischen Heilkräuter. Droemersche Verlagsanstalt Th Knaur Nachf., München 1998.
12. Bich DH, Tap N, Toan T, Hung T, Hien PV, Lo VN, Man P K, Dan NV, Nhu DT, Mai PD: Selected medicinal plants in Vietnam, Volume 2. Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi 1999.
13. Yin G, Dang Y: Optimization of extraction technology of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides by Box-Behnken statistical design. Carbohydr Polym 2008;74:603-610.
14. Peng X, Qi C, Tian G, Zhang XX: Physicochemical properties and bioactivities of a glycoconjugate LbGp5B from Lycium barbarum L. Chin J Chem 2001;19(9):842-846.
15. Peng X, Huang J, Qi C, Zhang YX, Tian GY: Studies on chemistry and immuno-modulating mechanism of a glycoconjugate from Lycium barbarum L. Chin J Chem 2001;19:1190-1197.
16. Peng X, Tian G: Structural characterization of the glycan part of glycoconjugate LbGp2 from Lycium barbarum L. Carbohydr Res 2001;331:96-99.
17. Weller P, Breithaupt DE: Identification and quantification of zeaxanthin esters in plants using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51:7044-7049.
18. Peng Y, Ma C, Li Y, Leung KSY, Jiang ZH, Zhao Z : Quantification of zeaxanthin dipalmitate and total carotenoids in Lycium fruits (Fructus Lycii). Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2005;60:161-164.
19. Inbaraj BS, Lu H, Hung CF, Wu WB, Lin CL, Chen BH: Determination of carotenoids and their esters in fruits of Lycium barbarum Linnaeus by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008;47:812-818.
20. Qi Z, Li S, Wu J, Qu R, Yang Y, Zhang, L, Yang X. (1986). Chemical constituents of Fructus Lycii and Folium Lycii - Nutrients in Fructus Lycii and Folium Lycii. Zhongyao Tongbao (Beijing, China) 1986;11(3):169-171.
21. Toyoda-Ono Y, Maeda M, Nakao M, Yoshimura M, Sugiura-Tomimori N, Fukami H: 2-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl)ascorbic acid, a novel ascorbic acid analogue isolated from Lycium fruit. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:2092-2096.
22. Qian J, Liu D, Huang A G: The efficiency of flavonoids in polar extracts of Lycium chinense Mill. fruits as free radical scavenger. Food Chem 2004;87:283-288.
23. Le K, Chiu F, Ng K: Identification and quantification of antioxidants in Fructus lycii. Food Chem 2007;105(1):353-363.
24. Altintas A, Kosar M, Kirimer N, Baser KH, Demirci B: Composition of the essential oils of Lycium barbarum and Lycium ruthenicum fruits. Chem Nat Comp 2006;41(1):24-25.
25. Chen S, Wang Q, Gong S, Wu J, Yu X, Lin S: Analysis of amino acid in Fructus lycii. Zhongguo Yaoke Daxue Xuebao 1991;22(1):53-5. (CA 115:15369).
26. Cao Y, Zhang X, Chu Q, Fang Y, Ye J: Determination of taurine in Lycium barbarum L. and other foods by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Electroanalysis 2003;15(10):898-902.
27. Hiserodt RD, Adedeji J, John TV, Dewis ML: Identification of monomenthyl succinate, monomenthyl glutarate, and dimenthyl glutarate in nature by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:3536-3541.
28. Kim SY, Choi YH, Huh H, Kim J, Kim Y C, Lee H S: New antihepatotoxic cerebroside from Lycium chinense fruits. J Nat Prod 1997;60:274-276.
29. Chin YW, Lim SW, Kim SH, Shin DY, Suh YG, Kim YB, Kim YC, Kim J: Hepatoprotective pyrrole derivatives of Lycium chinense fruits. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003;13:79-81.
30. Noculak-Palczewska A, Matkowski A, Gasiorowski K, Tabaka H, Oszmianski J, Lamer-Zarawska E: Chemical characterisation of methanolic-water extracts from the fruit of acclimated Lycium chinense Mill.. Herba Pol 2004;50(1):47-53.
31. Harsh ML: Tropane alkaloids from Lycium barbarum Linn., in vivo and in vitro. Current Sci 1989;58(14):817-818.
32. Adams M, Wiedenmann M, Tittel G, Bauer R: HPLC-MS trace analysis of atropine in Lycium barbarum berries. Phytochem Anal 2006;17:279-283.
33. Chang RCC, So KF: Use of Anti-aging herbal medicine, Lycium barbarum, against aging-associated diseases. What do we know so far? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008;28(5):643-652.
34. Li XM, Li XL, Zhou AG: Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides extracted from Lycium barbarum fruits in vitro. Europ Polymer J 2007;43:488-497.
35. Ren B, Ma Y, Sheng Y, Gao, B: Protective action of Lycium barbarum L. and betaine on lipid peroxidation of RBC membrane induced by hydrogen peroxide. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1995;20(5):303-4. (CA 124:21718).
36. 2-induced DNA damage in mouse testicular cells and beneficial effect on sexual behavior and reproductive function of hemicastrated rats. Life Sci 2006;79:613-621.
37. Ma L, Chen Q, Yang W, Xi S, Wan, X, Tang X, Yu Y, Kang J: Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide against atherosclerosis in rabbits Zhengzhou Daxue Xuebao, Yixueban 2005;40(2):328-330. (CA 144:324440).
38. Wu H, Guo H, Zhao R (2006). Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the improvement of antioxidant ability and DNA damage in NIDDM rats. Yakugaku Zasshi 2006;126(5):365-371.
39. Li XM: Protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress in rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2007;40(5):461-465.
40. Zhao R, Li Q, Xiao B: Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the improvement of insulin resistance in NIDDM rats. Yakugaku Zasshi 2005;125(12):981-988.
41. Luo Q, Cai Y, Yan J, Sun M, Corke H: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life Sci 2004;76:137-149.
42. Kim HP, Lee EJ, Kim YC, Kim J, Kim HK, Park JH, Kim SY, Kim YC: Zeaxanthin dipalmitate from Lycium chinense fruit reduces experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2002;25(3):390-392.
43. Du G, Liu L, Fang J: Experimental study of the enhancement of murine splenic lymphocyte proliferation by Lycium barbarum glycopeptide. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol 2004;24(5):518-520.
44. Gan L, Zhang SH, Liu Q, Xu HB: A polysaccharide-protein complex from Lycium barbarum upregulates cytokine expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;471:217-222.
45. Gan L, Zhang SH, Yang XL, Xu HB: Immunomodulation and antitumor activity by a polysaccharide-protein complex from Lycium barbarum. Int J Immunopharm 2004;4:563-569.
46. Zhang M, Chen H, Huang J, Li Z, Zhu C, Zhang S: Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on human hepatoma QGY7703 cells: Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Life Sci 2005;76(18):2115-2124.
47. Gong H, Shen P, Jin L, Xing C, Tang F:Therapeutic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on irradiation or chemotherapy-induced myelosuppressive mice. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2005;20(2):155-162.
48. Yu MS, Leung SKY, Lai SW, Che CM, Zee SY, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RCC: Neuroprotective effects of anti-aging oriental medicine Lycium barbarum against beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity. Exp Gerontol 2005;40(8-9):7 16-27.
49. Yu MS, Ho YS, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang CC: Cytoprotective effects of Lycium barbarum against reducing stress on endoplasmic reticulum. Int J Mol Med 2006;17:1157-1161.
50. Yu MS, Lai Cora SW, HO YS, Zee SY, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RCC: Characterization of the effects of anti-aging medicine Fructus Lycii on beta amyloid peptide neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Med 2007;20(2):261-268.
51. Chan HC, Chang RCC, Ip, AKC, Chiu, K, Yuen WH, Zee SY, So, KF: Neuroprotective effects of Lycium barbarum L. on protecting retinal ganglion cells in an ocular hypertension model of glaucoma. Exper Neurol 2007;203:269-273.
52. Lin CC, Chuang SC, Lin JM, Yang JJ: Evaluation of the antiinflammatory hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Lycium chinense from Taiwan. Phytomedicine 1997;4(3):213-220.
53. Li DY, Yuan XL, Xia HF, MaL, Guo ZY, Shen YY, Rong QZ: Preliminary clinical observations for effects of Ning Xia wolfberry extract on old peoples. Chin Trad Herb Drugs 1989;20:26-28.
54. Li W, Dai SZ, Ma W, Gao L: Effects of oral administration of wolfberry on blood superoxide dismutase (SOD), haemoglobin (Hb) and lipid peroxide (LPO) levels in old people. Chin Trad Herb Drugs 1991;22:251-268.
55. Amagase H, Nance DM: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study of the general effects of a standardized Lycium barbarum (Goji) juice, GoChi™. J Alternative Compl Med 2008;14(4):403-412.
56. Cao GW, Yang WG, Du P: Observation of the effects of LAK/IL-2 therapy combining with Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in the treatment of 75 cancer patients. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi (Chin J Oncol) 1994;16(6):428-431.
57. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Giovannucci EL, Chasan-Taber L, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hankinson SE: A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(4):517-524.
58. Seddon JM., Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Blair N, Burton TC, Farber MD, Gragoudas E S, Haller J, Miller DT, Yanmuzi LA, Willett W: Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. J Am Med Assoc 1994;272(18):1413-20.
59. Breithaupt DE, Weller P, Wolters M, Hahn A: Comparison of plasma responses in human subjects after the ingestion of 3R,3R′-zeaxanthin dipalmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) and non-esterified 3R,3R′-zeaxanthin using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. Brit J Nutr 2004;91:707-713.
60. Schönfelder I, Schönfelder P: Der neue Kosmos Heilpflanzenführer. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart 2001.
61. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen - Pflanzengifte, 3. Auflage, ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft, Landsberg, München 1988.
62. Chang HM, But PPH, Yao SC, Wang L, Yeung SCS: Pharmacology and applications of Chinese materia medica, Volume 2. World Scientific, New Jersey, London, Singapore, Hong Kong 2001.
63. Tierra M: Westliche Heilkräuter in TCM und Ayurveda. Urban & Fischer Verlag, München, Jena 2001.
64. Lam AY, Elmer GW, Mohutsky M A: Possible interaction between warfarin and Lycium barbarum L. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:1199-1201.
65. Mindell E, Handel R: Goji: The Himalayan Health Secret. Momentum Media, Lake Dallas, Texas, United States 2003.
66. Gross PM, Zhang X. Zhang R: Wolfberry: Nature's Bounty of Nutrition & Health. Booksurge Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina, United States 2006.
67. Food and Drug Administration, letter of notice Ref. No. CL-06-HFS-810-214. 8. May 2006. http://www.fda.gov/cder/warn/cyber/2006/CL214e. pdf
68. Food and Drug Administration, letter of notice Ref. No. CL-06-HFS-810-226. 7. August 2006. http://www.fda.gov/Cder/warn/cyber/2006/ CL226e.pdf
69. Food Standards Agency, Responses on Goji berries reviewed. 15 June 2007. http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/gojiberriesrep.pdf