Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in cereals

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 377-412

  Araus, José Luis ^a,b,f   Slafer, Gustavo A ^c   Royo, Conxita ^d   Serret, M Dolores ^e  

^a INTERNATIONAL MAIZE AND WHEAT IMPROVEMENT CENTER CIMMYT   (Mexico)

^b Universitat de Lleida ^*  (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LLEIDA   (Spain)

^d IRTA   (Spain)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^f Intl Maize Wheat Improvement Ctr   (United States)

Author keywords

Breeding; Cereals; Drought; Yield potential

Indexed keywords

EID: 56849108613     PISSN: 07352689     EISSN: 15497836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07352680802467736     Document Type: Review

References (371)

1. Abbate, P. E., Andrade, F. H., and Culot, J. P. 1995. The effects of radiation and nitrogen on number of grains in wheat. J. Agr. Sci. (Cambridge) 124: 351-360.
2. Abebe, T., Guenzi, A. C., Martin, B., and Cushman, J. C. 2003. Tolerance of mannitol-accumulating transgenic wheat to water stress and salinity. Plant Physiol. 131: 1748-1755.
3. Abeledo, L. G., Calderini, D. F., and Slafer, G. A., 2003. Genetic improvement of yield responsiveness to nitrogen fertilization and its physiological determinants in barley. Euphytica 133: 291-298.
4. Acevedo, E., Silva, P., Silva, H., and Solar, B. 1999. Wheat production in Mediterranean environments. In: Wheat: Ecology and Physiology of Yield Determination. pp. 295-331. Satorre, E. H., and Slafer, G. A. Eds., Food Product Press, New York.
5. Acreche; M., Briceño-Felix, G., Martín Sánchez, J. A., and Slafer, G. A. 2007. Radiation use efficiency and photosynthesis rate as affected by sink-strenght in Mediterranean wheat. Proceedings of the XVII Conference of the Spanish Society of Plant Physiology. Alcalá de Henares.
6. Acreche, M., Bricẽno-Félix, G., Martín Sánchez, J. A., and Slafer, G. A. 2008. Physiological bases of genetic gains in Mediterranean bread wheat yield in Spain. Eur. J. Agron.28: 162-170.
7. Acreche, M., and Slafer, G. A. 2006. Grain weight response to increases in number of grains in wheat in a Mediterranean area. Field Crop Res. 98: 52-59.
8. Agarwal P, Agarwal, P. K., Nair, S., Sopory, S. K, and Reddy, M. K. 2007. Stress-inducible DREB2A transcription factor from Pennisetum glaucum is a phosphoprotein and its phosphorylation negatively regulates its DNA-binding activity. Mol. Gen. Genom. 277: 189-198.
9. Al-Abed, D., Madasamy, P., Talla, R., Goldman, S., and Rudrabhatla, S. 2007. Genetic engineering of maize with the Arabidopsis DREB1A/CBF3 gene using split-seed explants. Crop Sci. 47: 2390-2402.
10. Alvaro, F., García del Moral, L. F., and Royo, C. 2007. Usefulness of remote sensing for the assessment of growth traits in individual cereal plants grown in the field. Int. J Remot. Sens. 28: 2497-2512.
11. Álvaro, F., Isidro, J., Villegas, D., García del Moral, L. F., and Royo, C. 2008a. Old and modern durum wheat varieties from Italy and Spain differ in spike components. Field Crop Res. 106: 86-93.
12. Álvaro, F., Isidro, J., Villegas, D., García del Moral, L. F., and Royo, C. 2008b. Breeding effects on grain filling, biomass partitioning and remobilization in Mediterranean durum wheat. Agron J. 100: 361-370.
13. 2. PNAS 99: 4742-4747.
14. Aparicio, N., Villegas, D., Araus, J. L. Blanco, R., and Royo, C. 2002. Seedling development and biomass as affected by seed size and morphology in durum wheat. J. Agr. Sci. (Cambridge) 139: 143-150.
15. Aparicio, N., Villegas, D., Casadesús, J., Araus, J. L., and Royo, C. 2000. Spectral reflectance indices for assessing durum wheat biomass, green area, and yield under Mediterranean conditions. Agron. J. 92: 83-91.
16. Araus, J. L. 2004. The problem of sustainable water use in the Mediterranean and research requirements for agriculture. Ann. Appl. Biol. 144: 229-272.
17. Araus, J. L., Amaro, T., Casadesús, J., Asbati, A., and Nachit, M. M. 1998a. Relationships between ash content, carbon isotope discrimination and yield in durum wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 25: 835-842.
18. Araus, J. L., Amaro, T., Voltas, J., Nakkoul, H., and Nachit, M. M. 1998b. Chlorophyll fluorescence as a selection criterion for grain yield in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crop Res. 55: 209-224.
19. Araus, J. L., Amaro, T, Zuhair, Y., and Nachit, M. M. 1997. Effect of leaf structure and water status on carbon isotope discrimination in field-grown durum wheat. Plant Cell Environ. 20: 1484-1494.
20. Araus, J. L., Blum, A., Nguyen, H. T., Parry, M. A. J., Tuberosa, R. 2007a. Preface. Special Issue: Integrated approaches to sustain and improve plant production under drought stress. J. Exp. Bot. 58: iv.
21. Araus, J. L., Bort, J., Steduto, P., Villegas, D., and Royo, C. 2003a. Breeding cereals for Mediterranean conditions: ecophysiological clues for biotechnology application. Ann. Appl. Biol. 142: 129-141.
22. 1 hybrid. Planta 183: 497-504.
23. Araus, J. L., Casadesús, J., and Bort, J. 2001. Recent tools for the screening of physiological traits determining yield. In: Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. pp. 59-77. Reynolds, M. P., Ortiz-Monasterio, J. I., and McNab, A. Eds., CIMMYT , Mexico, D.F.
24. Araus J. L., Ferrio J. P., Buxó R., Voltas J. 2007a. The historical perspective of dryland agriculture: Lessons learned from 10,000 years of wheat cultivation. J. Exp. Bot. 58:131-145.
25. Araus, J. L., Sanchez, C., and Edmeades, G. O. 2008. Tropical maize and water stress: what to breed for? GCP special publication on phenotyping. The Global Challenge Program, Mexico (in press).
26. 3 cereals: what should we breed for? Ann. Bot-London 89: 925-940.
27. Araus, J. L., Slafer, G. A., Reynolds, M. P., and Royo, C. 2003b. Physiology of yield and adaptation in wheat and barley breeding. In:Physiology and Biotechnology Integration for Plant Breeding. Part I. Physiological basis of yield and environmental adaptation. pp 1-49. Nguyen, H. T., Blum, A. Eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, Basel.
28. Araus, J. L., Villegas, D., Aparicio, N., García Del Moral, L. F., El Hani, S., Rharrabti, Y., Ferrio, J. P., and Royo, C. 2003c. Environmental factors determining carbon isotope discrimination and yield in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Crop Sci. 43: 170-180.
29. Austin, R. B. 1980. Physiological limitations to cereals yields and ways of reducing them by breeding. In: Opportunities for increasing crop yields: pp. 3-19. Hurd, R. G. et al. Eds. Association of Applied Biology, Pitman, Boston.
30. Austin, R. B. 1989. Genetic variation in photosynthesis. J. Agr. Sci. 112: 287-294.
31. Austin, R. B., Bingham, J., Blackwell, R. D., Evans, L. T., Ford, M. A., Morgan, C. L., and Taylor, M. 1980. Genetic improvement in winter wheat yield since 1900 and associated physiological changes. J. Agr. Sci. 94: 675-689.
32. Austin, R. B., Ford, M. A., and Morgan, C. L. 1989. Genetic improvement in the yield of winter wheat: a further evaluation. J. Agr. Sci. 112: 295-301.
33. Babar, M. A., van Ginkel, M., Klatt, A. R., Prasad, B., and Reynolds, M. P. 2006. The potential of using spectral reflectance indices to estimate yield in wheat grown under reduced irrigation. Euphytica 150: 155-172.
34. Baenziger, P. S., Russell, W. K., Graef, G. L., and Campbell, B. T. 2006. Improving lives: 50 years of crop breeding, genetics, and cytology (C-1) . Crop Sci. 46: 2230-2244.
35. Baker, N. R., and Rosenqvist, E. 2004. Review article. Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence can improve crop production strategies: an examination of future possibilities. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 1607-1621.
36. Bänziger, M., and Araus, J. L. 2007. Recent advances in breeding maize for drought and salinity stress tolerance. In: Molecular Breeding Towards Salinity and Drought Tolerance. pp. 587-601. Jenks, M.A., Hasegawa, P.M., and Jain, S.M. Eds., Springer, Dordretch.
37. Bänziger, M., Edmeades, G. O., Beck, D., and Bellon, M. 2000. Breeding for Drought and Nitrogen Stress Tolerance in Maize: From Theory to Practice. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
38. Bänziger, M., Edmeades, G. O., and Lafitte, H. R. 1999. Selection for drought tolerance increases maize yields over a range of N levels. Crop Sci. 39: 1035-1040.
39. Bänziger, M., Setimela, P., Hodson, D., and Vivek, B. 2006. Breeding for improved abiotic stress tolerance in maize adapted to southern Africa. Agric. Water Manag. 80: 212-224.
40. Barbour, M. M. 2007. Stable oxygen isotope composition of plant tissue: a review. Funct. Plant Biol. 34: 83-94.
41. Barbour, M. M., Fischer, R. A., Sayre, K. D., and Farquhar, G. D. 2000. Oxygen isotope ratio of leaf and grain material correlates with stomatal conductance and grain yield in irrigated wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 27: 625-637.
42. Barker, T. , Campos, H., Cooper, M., Dolan, D., Edmeades, G. O., Habben, J., Schussler, J., Wright, D., and Zinselmeier, C. 2005. Improving drought tolerance in maize. Plant Breed. Reviews 25: 173-253.
43. Baum, M., Grando, S., Backes, G., Jahoor, A., Sabbagh, A., and Ceccarelli, S. 2003. QTLs for agronomic traits in the Mediterranean environment identified in recombinant inbred lines of the cross 'Arta' x H-spontaneum 41-1. Theor. Appl. Genet. 107: 1215-1225.
44. Beaudoin, N., Serizet, C., Gosti, F., and Giraudat, J. 2000. Interactions between abscisic acid and ethylene signaling cascades. Plant Cell 12: 1103-1115.
45. Bennetzen, J. L. 2000. Comparative sequence analysis of plant nuclear genomes: Microcolinearity and its many exceptions. Plant Cell 12: 1021-1029.
46. Bennetzen, J. L., and Freeling, M. 1998. The unified grass genomie: Synergy in syntheny. Genome Res. 7: 301- 306.
47. Bernard, S. M., Blom Møller A. L., Dionisio, G., Kichey, T., Jahn, T. P., Dubois, F., Baudo, M., Lopes, M. S., Tercé-Laforgue, T., Foyer, C. H., Parry, M., Forde, B. G., Araus, J. L., Hirel, B., Schjoerring, J. K., Habash, D. Z. 2008. Gene expression, cellular localisation and function of glutamine synthetase isozymes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Mol. Biol., 67: 89-105.
48. Bernier, J., Kumar, A., Venuprasad, R., Spaner, D., and Atlin, G. 2007. A large-effect QTL for grain yield under reproductive-stage drought stress in upland rice. Crop Sci. 47: 507-516.
49. Bhalla, P. L. 2006. Genetic engineering of wheat - current challenges and opportunities. Trends Biotechnol. 24: 305-311.
50. Bingham, T. 1983. Molecular engineering vs plant breeding. Plant Mol. Biol. 2: 222-224.
51. Blum, A. 1998. Improving wheat grain filling under stress by stem reserve mobilization. Euphytica 100: 77-83.
52. Blum, A. 2005. Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential - are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive? Aust. J. Agr. Res. 56: 1159-1168.
53. Blum, A. 2006. Drought adaptation in cereal crops: a prologue. In: Drought Adaptation in Cereals. pp. 3-15. Ribaut, J. M., Ed., The Harworth Press, Inc., New York.
54. Blum, A., Mayer, J., and Gozlan, G. 1982. Infrared thermal sensing of plant canopies as a screening technique for dehydration avoidance in wheat. Field Crop Res. 5: 137-146.
55. Bonnett, D. G., Rebetzke, G. J., and Spielmeyer, W. 2005. Strategies for efficient implementation of molecular markers in wheat breeding. Mol. Breeding 15: 75-85.
56. Borras, L., Slafer, G. A., and Otegui, M. E. 2004. Seed dry weight response to source-sink manipulations in wheat, maize and soybean: a quantitative reappraisal. Field Crop Res. 86: 131-146.
57. Bouman, B. A. M. 2007. A conceptual framework for the improvement of crop water productivity at different spatial scales. Agr. Sys. 93: 43-60.
58. Boyd, W. J. R., Li, C. D., Grime, C. R., Cakir, M., Potipibool, S., Kaveeta, L., Men, S., Jalal Kamali, M. R., Barr, A. R., Moody, D. B., Lance, R. C. M., Logue, S. J., Raman, H., and Read, B. J. 2003. Conventional and molecular genetic analysis of factors contributing to variation in the timing of heading among spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes grown over a mild winter growing season. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 54: 1277-1301.
59. Boyer, J. S., and McLaughlin, J. E. 2007. Functional reversion to identify controlling genes in multigenic responses: analysis of floral abortion. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 267-277.
60. Brancourt-Hulmel, M., Doussinault, G., Lecomte, C., Bérard, P., Le Buanec, B., and Trottet, M. 2003. Genetic improvement of agronomic traits of winter wheat cultivars released in France from 1946 to 1992. Crop Sci. 43: 37-45.
61. Brennan, J. P., and Martin, P. J. 2007. Returns to investment in new breeding technologies. Euphytica 157: 337-349.
62. Brooking, I. R., and Kirby, E. J. M. 1981. Interrelationship between stem and ear development in winter wheat: The effects of a Norin 10 dwarfing gene, Gai/Rht2. J. Agr. Sci. (Cambridge) 97: 373-381.
63. Buckler, E. S., and Thornsberry, J. M. 2002. Plant molecular diversity and applications to genomics. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 107-111.
64. Calderini, D. F., Dreccer, M. F., and Slafer, G. A. 1995. Genetic improvement in wheat yield and associated traits. A re-examination of previous results and the latest trends. Plant Breeding 114: 108-112.
65. Calderini, D. F., Dreccer, M. F., and Slafer, G. A. 1997. Consequences of breeding on biomass, radiation interception and radiation use efficiency in wheat. Field Crop Res. 52: 271-281.
66. th century. In: Wheat: Ecology and Physiology of Yield Determination. pp. 351-377. Satorre, E.H., and Slafer, G.A. Eds., Food Product Press, New York.
67. th century. Field Crop Res. 57: 335-347.
68. Calderini, D. F., and Slafer, G. A. 1999. Has yield stability changed with genetic improvement of wheat yield? Euphytica 107: 51-59.
69. Campos, H., Cooper, M., Edmeades, G. O., Löffler, C., Schussler, J. R., and Ibáñez, M. 2006. Changes in drought tolerance in maize associated with fifty years of breeding for yield in the U.S. Corn Belt. Maydica 51:369-381.
70. Campos, H., Cooper, M., Habben, J. E., Edmeades, G. O., and Schussler, J. R. 2004. Improving drought tolerance in maize: a view from industry. Field Crop Res. 90: 19-34.
71. Capell, T., Bassie, L., Christou, P. 2004. Modulation of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in transgenic rice confers tolerance to drought stress. PNAS 101: 9909-9914.
72. Cartelle, J., Pedró, A., Savin R., and Slafer, G. A. 2006. Grain weight responses to post-anthesis spikelet-trimming in an old and a modern wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Eur. J. Agron. 25: 365-371.
73. Casadesús, J., Biel, C., and Savé, R. 2005. Turf color measurement with conventional digital cameras. In: EFITA/WCCA JOINT CONGRESS ON IT IN AGRICULTURE, July 25-28, 2005. pp. 804-811. Boaventura Cunha J., and Morais, R. Eds., Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real.
74. Casadesús, J., Kaya, Y., Bort, J., Nachit, M. M., Araus, J. L., Amor, S., Ferrazzano, G., Maalouf, F., Maccaferri, M., Martos, V., Ouabbou, H., and Villegas, D. 2007. Using vegetation indices derived from conventional digital cameras as selection criteria for wheat breeding in water-limited environments. Ann. Appl. Biol. 150: 1-10.
75. Cassman, K. G., Dobermann, A., Walters, D. T., and Yang, H. 2003. Meeting cereal demand while protecting natural resources and improving environmental quality. Annu. Rev. Env. Resourc. 28: 315-58.
76. Castiglioni, P., Warner, D., Bensen, R. J., Anstrom, D. C., Harrison, J., Stoecker, M., Abad, M., Kumar, G., Salvador, S., D'Ordine, R., Navarro, S., Back, S., Fernandes, M., Targolli, J., Dasgupta, S., Bonin, C., Luethy, M. H., and Heard, J. E. 2008. Bacterial RNA Chaperones Confer Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants and Improved Grain Yield in Maize under Water-Limited Conditions. Plant Physiol. 147: 446-455,
77. Cattivelli, L., Rizza, F., Badeck, F.-W., Mazzucotelli, E., Mastrangelo, A. M., Francia, E., Marè, C., Tondelli, A., and Stanca, A. M. 2008. Drought tolerance improvement in crop plants: An integrated view from breeding to genomics. Field Crop Res. 115: 1-14.
78. Cavalieri, A. J., and Smith, O. S. 1985. Grain filling and field drying of a set of maize hybrids released from 1930 to 1982. Crop Sci. 25: 856-860.
79. Ceccarelli, S., and Grando, S. 1996. Drought as a challenge for the plant breeder. Plant Growth Regul. 20: 149-155.
80. Cerón-Rojas, J. J., Crossa, J., Sahagún-Castellanos, J., Castillo-González, F., and Santacruz-Varela, A. 2006. A selection index method based on Eigenanalysis. Crop Sci. 46: 1711-1721
81. Chaerle, L., Leinonen, I., Jones, H. G., and Van Der Straeten, D. 2007. Monitoring and screening plant populations with 19 combined thermal and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 773-784.
82. Chen, M., Wang, Q.-Y., Cheng, X.-G., Xu, Z.-S., Li, L.-C., Ye, X.-G., Xia, L.-Q and Ma, Y.-Z. 2007. GmDREB2, a soybean DRE-binding transcription factor, conferred drought and high-salt tolerance in transgenic plants. Bioch. Bioph. Res. Comm. 353: 299-305.
83. Chen, W. J., and Zhu, T. 2004. Networks of transcription factors with roles in environmental stress response. Trends Plant Sci. 9: 591-596.
84. 13C discrimination in forages. J. Range Manage. 48: 132-136.
85. Cockram, J., Chiapparino, E., Taylor, S. A., Stamati, K., Donini, P., Laurie, D. A., and O'Sullivan, D. M. 2007. Haplotype analysis of vernalization loci in European barley germplasm reveals novel VRN-H1 alleles and a predominant winter VRN-H1/VRN-H2 multi-locus haplotype. Theor. Appl. Genet. 115: 993-1001.
86. Collins, N. C., Tardieu, F., and Tuberosa, R., 2008. QTL approaches for improving crop performance under abiotic stress conditions:where do we stand? Plant Physiology 147: 469-486.
87. Condon, A. G., Richards, R. A., Rebetzke, G. J., and Farquhar, G. D. 2004. Breeding for high water-use efficiency. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 2447-2460.
88. Conway, G. 1997. The doubly green revolution: food for all in the Twenty-First Century. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
89. Conway, G., and Toenniessen, G. 1999. Feeding the world in the twenty-first century. Nature 402: C55-C58.
90. Cooper, M., Smith, O. S., Graham, G., Arthur, L., Feng, L., and Podlich, D. W. 2004. Genomics, genetics, and plant breeding: A private sector perspective. Crop Sci. 44: 1907-1913.
91. Cooper, M., Stucker, R. E., DeLacy, I. H., and Harch, B. D. 1997. Wheat breeding nurseries, target environments, and indirect selection for grain yield. Crop Sci. 37: 1168-1176.
92. Coque, M., and Gallais, A. 2006. Genomic regions involved in response to grain yield selection at high and low nitrogen fertilization in maize. Theor. Appl. Gen. 112: 1205-1220.
93. Cox, T. S., Shroyer, R. J., BenHui, L., Sears, R. G., and Martin, T. J. 1988. Genetic improvement in agronomic traits of hard red winter wheat cultivars from 1919 to 1987. Crop Sci. 28: 756-760.
94. Crosbie, T. M., Eathington, S. R., Johnson, G. R., Edwards, M., Reiter, R., Stark, S., Mohanty, R. G., Oyervides, M., Buehler, R. E., Walker, A. K., Dobert, R., Delannay, X., Pershing, J. C., Hall, M. A., and Lamkey, K. R. 2006. Plant breeding: past, present, and future. In: Plant Breeding: The Arnel R. Hallauer International Symposium. pp.3-50. Lamkey, K. R. and Lee, M., Eds., Blackwell Publishing, Ames.
95. Cuthbert, J. L., Somers, D. J., Brule-Babel, A. L., Brown, P. D., and Crow, G. H. 2008. Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci for yield and yield components in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 117: 595-608.
96. Davies, W. J., Wilkinson, S., and Loveys, B. 2002. Stomatal control by chemical signalling and the exploitation of this mechanism to increase water use efficiency in agriculture. New Phytol. 153: 449-460.
97. Dekkers, J. C. M., and Hospital F. 2002. The use of molecular genetics in the improvement of agricultural populations. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3: 22-32.
98. Demotes-Mainard, S., and Jeuffroy, M. H. 2001. Partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen to spike throughout the spike growth period in wheat crops subjected to nitrogen deficiency. Field Crop Res. 70: 153-165.
99. Devos, K. M., and Gale, M. D. 2000. Genome relationships: the grass model in current research. Plant Cell 12: 637-646.
100. Diab, A. A., Ozturk, N. Z., Benscher, D., Nachit, M. M. and Sorrells, M. E. 2008. Drought- inducible genes and differentially expressed sequence tags associated with components of drought tolerance in durum wheat. Sci. Res. Essay. 3: 9-26.
101. Diab, A. A., Teulat-Merah, B., This, D., Ozturk, N. Z., Benscher, D., and Sorrells, M. E. 2004. Identification, characterization and chromosomal location of drought-inducible genes and differentially expressed sequence tags in barley recombinant inbred lines. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109: 1417-1425.
102. Donald, C. M. 1968. The breeding of crop ideotypes. Euphytica 17: 385-403.
103. Donmez, E., Sears, R. G., Shroyer, J. P., and Paulsen, G. M. 2001. Genetic gain in yield attributes of winter wheat in the Great Plains. Crop Sci. 41: 1412-1419.
104. Dreher, K., Khairallah, M., Ribaut, J. M., and Morris, M. 2003. Money matters (I): Cost of field and laboratory procedures associated with conventional and marker-assisted maize breeding at CIMMYT. Mol. Breeding 11: 221-234.
105. Dubcovsky, J. 2004. Marker-assisted selection in public breeding programs: the wheat experience. Crop Sci. 44: 1895-1898.
106. Dubouzet, J. G., Sakuma, Y., Ito, Y., Kasuga, M., Dubouzet, E. G., Miura, S., Seki, M., Shinozaki, K., and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. 2003. OsDREB genes in rice, Oryza sativa L., encode transcription activators that function in drought-, high-salt- and cold-responsive gene expression. Plant J. 33: 751-763.
107. Duvick, D. N. 1997. Genetic rates of gain in hybrid maize yields during the past 40 years. Maydica 22: 187-197.
108. Duvick, D. N. 1999. Heterosis: feeding people and protecting resources. In: The Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops. pp. 19-29. Coors, J.G. and Pandey, S. Eds., ASSA/CSSA/ SSA, Madison.
109. Duvick, D. N. 2005. The contribution of breeding to yield advances in maize (Zea mays L.). Adv. Agron. 86: 83-145.
110. Duvick, D. N., and Cassman, K. G. 1999. Post-green revolution trend in yield potential of temperate maize in the North-Central United States. Crop Sci. 39: 1622-1630.
111. Duvick, D. N., Smith, J. C. S., and Cooper, M. 2004a. Long-term selection in a commercial hybrid maize breeding program. Plant Breed. Rev. 24: 109-151.
112. Duvick, D. N., Smith, J. S. C., and Cooper, M. 2004b. Changes in performance, parentage, and genetic diversity of successful corn hybrids, 1930 to 2000. In: Corn: Origin, History, Technology and Production. pp. 65-97. Smith, C.W., Betrán, J. and Runge, E. C. A. Eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.
113. Dwivedi, S., Perotti, E., and Ortiz, R. 2008. Towards molecular breeding of reproductive traits in cereal crops. Plant Biotechnol J. 6: 529-559.
114. Eagles, H. A., Bariana, H. S., Ogbonnaya, F. C., Rebetzke, G. J., Hollamby, G. J., Henry, R. J., Henschke, P. H., and Carter, M. 2001. Implementation of markers in Australian wheat breeding. Aust. J Agric. Res. 52: 1349-1356.
115. Eathington, S. R. 2005. Practical applications of molecular technology in the development of commercial maize hybrids. In: Proceedings of the 60th Annual Corn and Sorghum Seed Research Conferences. American Seed Trade Association, Washington, D.C.
116. Ellis, M. H., Bonnett, D. G., and Rebetzke, G. J. 2007. A 192bp allele at the Xgwm261 locus is not always associated with the Rht8 dwarfing gene in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Euphytica 157: 209-214.
117. 4 species Flaveria trinervia: the role of the proximal promoter region. BMC Plant Biol. 8: 4.
118. Falkenmark, M., and Rockström, J. 2004. Balancing Water for Humans and Nature: The New Approach in Ecohydrology. Earthscan, London.
119. Farquhar, G. D., Cernusak, L. A., and Barnes, B. 2007. Update on Transpiration and Isotopes. Heavy Water Fractionation during Transpiration. Plant Physiol. 143: 11-18.
120. Febrero, A., Bort, J., Voltas, J., and Araus, J. L. 1994. Grain yield, carbon isotope discrimination and mineral content in mature kernels of barley, under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Agronomie 2: 127-132.
121. 13C in mature kernels of durum wheat. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 52: 809-816.
122. 18O with wheat phenology and yield under water-limited conditions. Ann. Appl. Biol. 150: 207-215.
123. Ferrio, J. P., Villegas, D., Zarco, J., Aparicio, N., Araus, J. L., and Royo, C. 2005. Assessment of durum wheat yield using visible and near-infrared relectance spectra of canopies. Field Crop Res. 94: 126-148.
124. Fischer, K. S., Lafitte, R., Fukai, S., Atlin, G., and Hardy, B. (Eds.) 2003. Breeding Rice for Drought-Prone Environments. Los Baños (Philippines) The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). 98 pp.
125. Fischer, R. A. 1985. Number of kernels in wheat crops and the influence of solar radiation and temperature. J. Agr. Sci. (Cambridge) 105: 447-461.
126. Fischer, R. A. 1993. Irrigated spring wheat and timing and amount of nitrogen fertilizer. II. Physiology of grain yield response. Field Crop Res. 33: 57-80.
127. Fischer, R. A., Rees, D., Sayre, K. D., Lu, Z.-M., Condon, A. G., and Larqué-Saavedra, A. 1998. Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies. Crop Sci. 38: 1467-1475.
128. Fischer, R. A., and Stockman, Y. M. 1986. Increased kernel number in Norin 10 derived dwarf wheat: Evaluation of a cause. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13: 767-784.
129. Flintham, J. E., Borner, A., Worland, A. J., and Gale, M. D. 1997. Optimising wheat grain yield: effects of Rht (gibberellin-insensitive) dwarfing genes. J. Agr. Sci. (Cambridge) 128: 11-25.
130. Flowers, T. J. 2004. Improving crop salt tolerance. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 307-319.
131. Fraley, R. 2006. Presentation at Monsanto European Investor Day, 10 November 2006. www.monsanto.com
132. Fujino, K., Sekiguchi, H., Matsuda, Y., Sugimoto, K., Ono, K., and Yano, M. 2008. Molecular identification of a major quantitative trait locus, qLTG3-1, controlling low-temperature germinability in rice. PNAS 105: 12623-12628.
133. Gale, M., and Devos, K. 1998. Plant comparative genetics after 10 years. Science 282: 656-659.
134. Gallais, A., and Coque, M. 2005. Genetic variation and selection for nitrogen use efficiency in maize: a synthesis. Maydica 50: 531-537.
135. Galmes, J., Flexas, J., Keys, A. J., Cifre, J., Mitchell, R. A. C., Madgwick, P. J., Haslam, R. P., Medrano, H., and Parry, M. A. J. 2005. Rubisco specificity factor tends to be larger in plant species from drier habitats and with persistent leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 28: 571-579.
136. García del Moral, L. F., Roca, L. F., Ramdani, A., Rharrabti, Y., Villegas, D., and Royo, C. 2002. Genetic improvement effects on durum wheat yield and yield components in the Mediterranean region. In: Proceedings VII Congress of the European Society for Agronomy. pp. 91-92. Villalobos F. J., and Testi, L. Eds., Córdoba, Spain.
137. Giuliano, G., Tavazza, R., Diretto, G., Beyer, P., and Taylor M. A. 2008. Metabolic engineering of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Trends Biotech. 26: 139-145.
138. Glazier, A. M., Nadeau, J. H., and Aitman, T. J. 2002. Finding genes that underline complex traits. Science 298: 2345-2349.
139. Goetz, M., Godt, D. E., Guivarc'h, A., Kahmann, U., Chirqui, D., and Roitsch, T. 2001. Induction of male sterility in plants by metabolic engineering of the carbohydrate supply. PNAS 98: 6522-6527.
140. Goff, S. A., Ricke, D., Lan, T., Presting, G., Wang, R., Dunn, M., et al. 2002. A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). Science 296: 92-100.
141. Goncharov, N. P., and Watanabe, N. 2005. Physical mapping and chromosomal location of the photoperiod response gene Ppd2 in common wheat. Breeding Sci. 55: 81-86.
142. González, F. G., Slafer, G. A., and Miralles, D. F. 2002. Vernalization and photoperiod responses in wheat reproductive phases. Field Crop Res. 74: 183-195.
143. González, F. G., Slafer, G. A., and Miralles, D. J. 2003a. Floret development and spike growth as affected by photoperiod during stem elongation in wheat. Field Crop Res. 81: 29-38.
144. González, F. G., Slafer, G. A., and Miralles, D. J. 2003b. Grain and floret number in response to photoperiod during stem elongation in fully and slightly vernalised wheats. Field Crop Res. 81: 17-27.
145. González, F. G., Slafer, G. A., and Miralles, D. J. 2005a. Pre-anthesis development and number of fertile florets in wheat as affected by photoperiod sensitivity genes Ppd-D1 and Ppd-B1. Euphytica 146: 253-269.
146. González, F. G., Slafer, G. A., and Miralles, D. J. 2005b. Photoperiod during stem elongation in wheat: is its impact on fertile floret and grain number determination similar to that of radiation? Funct. Plant Biol. 32: 181-188.
147. González, F. G., Slafer, G. A., and Miralles, D. J. 2005c. Floret development and survival in wheat plants exposed to contrasting photoperiod and radiation environments during stem elongation. Funct. Plant Biol. 32: 189-197.
148. Goodman, M. M. 2004. Plant breeding requirements for applied molecular biology. Crop Sci. 44: 1913-1914.
149. Goodman, M. M., and Carson, M. L. 2000. Reality vs. myth: Corn breeding, exotics, and genetic engineering. Annual Corn Sorghum Research Conference Proceedings 55: 149-172.
150. Grant, O. M., Tronina, L., Jones, H. G., and Chaves, M. M. 2007. Exploring thermal imaging variables for the detection of stress responses in grapevine under different irrigation regimes. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 815-825.
151. Gupta, S. K., Charpe, A., Koul, S., Haque, Q. M. R., and Prabhu, K. V. 2006. Development and validation of SCAR markers co-segregating with an Agropyron elongatum derived leaf rust resistance geneLr24 in wheat. Euphytica 150: 233-240.
152. Hall, A. E. 2001. Crop Responses to Environment. CRC Press. Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, D.C.
153. Hanocq, E., Niarquin, M., Heumez, E., Rousset, M., and Le Gouis, J. 2004. Detection and mapping of QTL for earliness components in a bread wheat recombinant inbred lines population. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110: 106-115.
154. Harrigan, G. G., Martino-Catt, S., and Glenn, K. C. 2007. Metabolomics, metabolic diversity and genetic variation in crops. Metabolomics 3: 259-272.
155. Harris, K., Suybudhi, P. K., Borrell, A., Jordan, D., Rosenow, D., Nguyen, H., Klein, P., Klein, R., and Mollet J. 2007. Sorghum stay-green QTL individually reduce post-flowering drought-induced leaf senescence. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 327-338.
156. Havey, M. J. 2004. Application of genomic technologies to crop plants: opportunities and challenges. Crop Sci. 44: 1893-1895.
157. Hays, D. B., Do, J. H., Mason, R. E., Morgan, G., and Finlayson, S. A. 2007. Heat stress induced ethylene production in developing wheat grains induces kernel abortion and increased maturation in a susceptible cultivar. Plant Sci. 172: 1113-1123.
158. Hirel, B., LeGouis, J., Ney, B., and Gallais, A. 2007. The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants: towards a more central role for genetic variability and quantitative genetics within integrated approaches. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 2369-2387.
159. Hoogendoorn, J. 1985. A reciprocal F1 monosomic analysis of the genetic control of the time of ear emergence, number of leaves and number of spikelets in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Euphytica 34: 545-558.
160. Hu, H., Dai, M., Yao, J., Xiao, B., Li, X., Zhang, Q. and Xiong, L. 2006. Overexpressing a NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC) transcription factor enhances drought resistance and salt tolerance in rice. PNAS 103: 12987-12992.
161. IRRI. 1996. IRRI toward 2020. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños. 43 pp.
162. IRRI. 2005. Annual Report of the Director General, 2004-05. Vol 15. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños. 135 pp.
163. Ito, Y., Katsura, K., Maruyama, K., Taji, T., Kobayashi, M., Seki, M., Shinozaki, K. and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. 2006. Functional Analysis of Rice DREB1/CBF-type transcription factors involved in cold-responsive gene expression in transgenic rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 47: 141-153.
164. Jackson, P., Robertson, M., Cooper, M., and Hammer, G. 1996. The role of physiological understanding in plant breeding; from a breeding perspective. Field Crop Res. 49: 11-37.
165. Jiang, G. M., Sun, J. Z., Liu, H. Q., Qu, C. M., Wang, K. J., Guo, R. J., Bai, K. Z., Gao, L. M., and Kuang, T. Y. 2003. Changes in the rate of photosynthesis accompanying the yield increase in wheat cultivars released in the past 50 years. J. Plant Res. 116: 347-354.
166. Karaba, A., Dixit, S., Greco, R., Aharoni, A., Trijatmiko, K. R., Marsch-Martinez, N., Krishnan, A., Nataraja, K. N., Udayakumar, M., and Pereira, A. 2007. Improvement of water use efficiency in rice by expression of HARDY, an Arabidopsis drought and salt tolerance gene. PNAS 104: 15270-15275.
167. Kasuga, M., Liu, Q., Miura, S., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., and Shinozaki, K. 1999. Improving plant drought, salt, and freezing tolerance by gene transfer of a single stress-inducible transcription factor. Nat. Biotechnol. 17: 287-291.
168. Kebeish, R., Niessen, M., Thiruveedhi, K., Bari, R., Hirsch, H. J., Rosenkranz, R., Stabler, N., Schonfeld, B., Kreuzaler, F., and Peterhansel, C. 2007. Chloroplastic photorespiratory bypass increases photosynthesis and biomass production in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat. Biotechnol. 25: 593-599.
169. Kernich, G. C., Halloran, G. M., and Flood, R. G. 1997. Variation in duration of pre-anthesis phases of development in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Aust. J. Agr. Res. 48: 59-66.
170. Khush, G. S. 1999. Green revolution: preparing for the 21st century. Genome 42: 646-655.
171. 15N labelling and correlation with agronomic traits and nitrogen physiological markers. Field Crop Res. 102: 22-32.
172. Kichey, T., Heumez, E., Pocholle, P., Pageau, K., Vanacker, H., Dubois, F., Le Gouis, J., Hirel, B. 2006. Combined agronomic and physiological aspects of nitrogen management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Dynamic and integrated views highlighting the central role for the enzyme glutamine synthetase. New Phytol. 169: 265-278.
173. Kirby, E. J. M. 1988. Analysis of leaf, stem and ear growth in wheat from terminal spikelet stage to anthesis. Field Crop Res. 18: 127-140.
174. Kirigwi F. M., Van Ginkel M., Brown-Guedira G., Gill B. S., Paulsen G. M. and Fritz A. K. 2007. Markers associated with a QTL for grain yield in wheat under drought. Mol. Breeding 20: 401-413.
175. Knight, J. 2003. Crop improvement: A dying breed. Nature 421: 568-570.
176. Koebner R. M. D, Summers R. W. 2003. 21st century wheat breeding: plot selection or plate detection. Trends Biotech. 21: 59-63.
177. Kruk, B., Calderini, D. F., and Slafer, G. A. 1997. Source-sink ratios in modern and old wheat cultivars. J. Agr. Sci. (Cambridge) 128: 273-281.
178. Kuchel, H., Langridge, P., Mosionek, L., Williams, K., and Jeffries, S. P. 2006. The genetic control of milling yield, dough rheology and baking quality of wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 112: 1487-1495.
179. th International Wheat Genetics Symposium Paestrum Italy, Vol. 1. pp. 144-147. Pogna, N. E., Romano, M, Pognan E. A., and Galterio, G. Eds., Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Rome.
180. Kuchel, H., Ye, G. Y., Fox, R., and Jefferies, S. 2005. Genetic and economic analysis of a targeted marker-assisted wheat breeding strategy. Mol. Breeding 16: 67-78.
181. Kumar, A., Bernier, J., Verulkar, S., Lafitte, H. R., Atlin, G. N. 2008. Breeding for drought tolerance: Direct selection for yield, response to selection and use of drought-tolerant donors in upland and lowland-adapted populations. Field Crop Res. 107: 221-231.
182. Kumar, R., Venuprasad, R., and Atlin, G. N. 2007. Genetic analysis of rainfed lowland rice drought tolerance under naturally-occurring stress in eastern India: heritability and QTL effects. Field Crop Res. 103: 42-52.
183. Kuraparthy, V., Sood, S., Dhaliwal, H. S., Chhuneja, P., and Gill, B. S. 2007. Identification and mapping of a tiller inhibition gene (tin3) in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 114: 285-294.
184. Kuraparthy, V., Sood, S., and Gill, B. S. 2008. Genomic targeting and mapping of tiller inhibition gene (tin3) of wheat using ESTs and synteny with rice. 8: 33-42.
185. Lafitte, R., Blum, A., and Atlin, G. 2003. In: Breeding Rice for Drought-Prone Environments. pp. 14-22. Fischer K. S., Lafitte R., Fukai S., Atlin G., Hardy B. Eds., The International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños.
186. Landjeva, S., Korzun, V., and Borner, A. 2007. Molecular markers: actual and potential contributions to wheat genome characterization and breeding. Euphytica 156: 271-296.
187. Langridge, P., and Chalmers, K. 2004. The principle. Identification and application of molecular markers. In: Molecular Marker Systems in Plant Breeding and Crop Improvement. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol 55. pp: 3-22. Lörz, H., Wenze, G. Eds. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg
188. Laperche, A., Devienne-Baret, F., Maury, O., Le Gouis, J., and Ney, B. 2007. A simplified conceptual model of carbon and nitrogen functioning for QTL analysis of winter wheat adaptation to nitrogen deficiency. Theor. Appl. Gen. 113: 1131-1146.
189. Lapitan, N. L. V., Peng, J. H, and Sharma, V. 2007. A high-density map and PCR markers for Russian wheat aphid resistance gene Dn7 on chromosome 1RS/1BL. Crop Sci. 47: 811-820.
190. Latini, A., Rasi, C., Sperandei, M., Cantale, C., Iannetta, M., Dettori, M., Ammar, K., and Galeffi, P. 2007. Identification of a DREB-related gene in Triticum durum and its expression under water stress conditions. Ann. Appl. Biol. 150: 187-195.
191. 3 plants J. Exp. Bot. 53: 581-590.
192. Leon, P., and Sheen, J. 2003. Sugar and hormone connections. Trends Plant Sci. 8: 110-116.
193. Lightfoot D. A., Mungur R, Ameziane R, Nolte S, Long L, Bernhard K, Colter A, Jones K, Iqbal M. J., Varsa E and Young B. 2007. Improved drought tolerance of transgenic Zea mays plants that express the glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdhA) of E. coli. Euphytica 156: 103-116.
194. Lobell, D. B., Burke, M. B., Tebaldi, C., Mastrandrea, M. D., Falcon, W. P., and Naylor, R. L. 2008. Priorizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Nature 319: 607-610.
195. Long, S. P., Zhu, X., Naidu, S. L., and Ort, D. R. 2006. Can improvement in photosynthesis increase crop yields? Plant Cell Environ. 29: 315-330.
196. Lorens, G. F., Bennett, J. M., and Loggale, L. B. 1987. Differences in drought resistance between two corn hybrids. I. Water relations and root length density. Agron. J. 79: 802-807.
197. Loss, S. P., and Siddique, K. H. M. 1994. Morphological and physiological traits associated with wheat yield increases in Mediterranean environments. Adv. Agron. 52: 229-276.
198. Maccaferri, M., Sanguineti, M. C., Corneti, S., Araus, J. L., Ben Salem, M., Bort, J., De Ambrogio, E., Garcia del Moral, L., Demontis, A., El-Ahmed, A., Elouafi, I., Maalouf, F., Machlab, H., Martos, V., Nachit, M. N., Nserallah, N., Ouabbou, H., Royo, C., Slama, A., Villegas, D., and Tuberosa, R. 2008. Quantitative Trait Loci for Grain Yield and Adaptation of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) across a wide range of water availability. Genetics 178: 489-511.
199. Mackill, D. J., Fukai, S., and Blum, A. 2003. Indirect selection for physiological traits for drought tolerance. In: Breeding Rice for Drought-Prone Environments. pp. 49-54. Fischer K.S., Lafitte R., Fukai S., Atlin G., and Hardy B. Eds. The International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños.
200. Macllwain, C. 2004. Organic: Is it the future of farming? Nature 428: 792-793.
201. Maliga, P. 2004. Plastid transformation in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55: 289-313.
202. Marti, J., Bort, J., Slafer, G., and Araus, J. L. 2007. Can wheat yield be assessed by early measurements of NDVI? Ann. Appl. Biol. 150: 253-257.
203. Martienssen, R. A. 2004. Crop plant genome sequence: what is it good for. Crop Sci. 44: 1898-1899.
204. Martin, A., Lee, J., Kichey, T., Gerentes D., Zivy M., Tatout C., Dubois, F., Balliau, T., Valot, B., Davanture, M., Tercé-Laforgue, T., Quilleré, I., Coque, M., Gallais A., González-Moro, M. B., Bethencourt, L., Habash, D. Z., Lea, P. J., Charcosset A., Perez, P., Murigneux, A., Sakakibara, H., Edwards, K. J., and Hirel B. 2006. Two cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoforms of maize are specifically involved in the control of grain production. Plant Cell Funct. Integr. Genomics 18: 3252-3274.
205. Masle, J., Farquhar, G. D., and Wong, S. C. 1992. Transpiration ratio and plant mineral content are related among genotypes of a range of species. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 19: 709-721.
206. Masle J., Gilmore S. R., and Farquhar G. D. 2005. The ERECTA gene regulates plant transpiration efficiency in Arabidopsis. Nature 436: 866-870.
207. Mayland, H. F., Johnson, D. A., Asay, K. H., and Read, J. J. 1993. Ash, carbon isotope discrimination and silicon as estimators of transpiration efficiency in crested wheatgrass. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 20: 361-369.
208. McCallum, C. M., Comai, L., Greene, E. A., and Henikoff, S. 2000. Targeted screening for induced mutations. Nat. Biotechnol. 18: 455-457.
209. Miedaner, T., Wilde, F., Steiner, B., Buerstmayr, H., Korzun, V., and Ebmeyer, E. 2006. Stacking quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Fusarium head blight resistance from non-adapted sources in an European elite spring wheat background and assessing their effects on deoxynivalenol (DON) content and disease severity. Theor. Appl. Genet. 112: 562-569.
210. Miralles, D. J., Katz, S. D., Colloca, A., and Slafer, G. A. 1998. Floret development in near isogenic wheat lines differing in plant height. Field Crop Res. 59: 21-30.
211. Miralles, D. J., Rharrabti, Y., Royo, C., Villegas, D., and García del Moral, L. F. 2002. Grain setting strategies of Mediterranean durum wheat cultivars released in different periods (1900-2000). AAB (Association of Applied Biologists) Conference 'Genotype to Phenotype: Narrowing the Gaps.' Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, UK.
212. Miralles, D. J., and Richards, R. A. 2000. Response of leaf and tiller emergence and primordium initiation in wheat and barley to interchanged photoperiod . Annals Bot. 85: 655-663.
213. Miralles, D. J., and Slafer, G. A. 1995a. Yield, biomass and yield components in dwarf, semidwarf and tall isogenic liens of spring wheat under recommended and late sowing dates. Plant Breeding 114: 392-396.
214. Miralles, D. J., Slafer, G. A. 1995b. Individual grain weight responses to genetic reduction in culm length in wheat as affected by source-sink manipulations. Field Crop Res. 43: 55-66.
215. Miralles, D. J., and Slafer, G. A. 1997. Radiation interception and radiation use efficiency of near isogenic wheat lines with different height. Euphytica 97: 201-208.
216. Mohler, V., Lukman, R., Ortiz-Islas, S., William, M., Worland, A. J., van Beem J., and Wenzel, G. 2004. Genetic and physical mapping of photoperiod insensitive gene Ppd-B1 in common wheat. Euphtytica 138: 33-40.
217. Molden A. D. 2007. Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. London: Earthscan - Colombo: International Water Management Institute.
218. Möller, M., Alchanatis, V., Cohen, Y., Meron, M., Tsipris, J., Naor, A., Ostrovsky, V., Sprintsin, M., and Cohen, S. 2007. Use of thermal and visible imagery for estimating crop water status of irrigated grapevine. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 827-838.
219. Monneveux, P., Sanchez, C., Beck, D., and Edmeades G. O. 2006. Drought tolerance improvement in tropical maize source populations: evidence of progress. Crop Sci. 46: 180-191.
220. Monneveux P., Sheshshayee, M. S., Akhter, J., Ribaut, J. M. 2007. Using carbon isotope discrimination to select maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines and hybrids for drought tolerance. Plant Sci. 173: 390-396.
221. Morgan, J. M. 2000. Increases in grain yield of wheat by breeding for an osmoregulation gene: relationship to water supply and evaporative demand. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 51: 971-980.
222. Morris, M. L., Belaid, A., and Byerlee, D. 1991. Wheat and barley production in rainfed marginal environments of the developing world. Part 1 of 1990-91 CIMMYT World Wheat Factors and Trends: Wheat and Barley Production in Rainfed Marginal Environments of the Developing World. CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F.
223. Nakashima, K, Tran, L. P., Nguyen, D. V., Fujita, M, Maruyama, K., Todaka, D., Ito, Y., Hayashi, N., Shinozaki, K., and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. 2007. Functional analysis of a NAC-type transcription factor OsNAC6 involved in abiotic and biotic stress-responsive gene expression in rice. Plant J. 51: 617-630.
224. Naylor, R. L., Falcon W. P., Goodman R. M., Jahn M. M., Sengooba, T, Tefera H. and Nelson, R. J. 2004. Biotechnology in the developing world: A case for increased investments in orphan crops. Food Policy 29: 15-44.
225. Nelson, D. E., Repetti, P. P., Adams, T. R., Creelman, R. A., Wu, J., Warner, D. C., Anstrom, D. C., Bensen, R. J., Castiglioni, P. P., Donnarummo, M. G., Hinchey, B. S., Kumimoto, R. W., Maszle, D. R., Canales, R. D., Krolikowski, K. A., Dotson, S. B., Gutterson, N., Ratcliffe, O. J., and Heard, J. E. 2007. Plant nuclear factor Y(NF-Y) B subunits confer drought tolerance and lead to improved corn yields on water-limited acres. PNAS 104: 16450-16455.
226. Nelson R. J., Naylor R. L., and Jahn M. M. 2004. The role of genomics research in improvement of "orphan" crops. Crop Sci. 44: 1901-1904.
227. Nissanka, S. P., Dixon, M. A., and Tollenaar, M. 1997. Canopy gas exchange response tomoisture stress in old and new maize hybrid. Crop Sci. 37: 172-181.
228. Ortiz, R., Iwanaga, M., Reynolds, M. P., Wu, H., and Crouch, J. H. 2007. Overview on Crop Genetic Engineering for Drought-prone Environments. J. SAT Agric. Res. 4 (an e-journal published by ICRISAT).
229. Ortiz-Monasterio, R. J. I., Sayre, K. D., Rajaram, S., and McMahon, M. 1997. Genetic progress in wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency under four N rates. Crop Sci. 37: 898-904.
230. Osmont, K. S., Sibout, R., and Hardtke, C. S. 2007. Hidden Branches: Developments in Root System Architecture. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 58: 93-113.
231. Parry, M. A. J., Andralojc, P. J., Mitchell, R. A. C., Madgwick, P. J., and Keys A. J. 2003a. Manipulation of Rubisco: Its Amount, Activity, Function and Regulation. J. Exp. Bot. 54: 1321-1333.
232. Parry, M. A. J., Carvahlo, J. F. C., Madgwick, P. J., Keys, A. J., Beale, M., Ward, J., and Lea, P. J. 2003b. Short circuiting photorespiration. Plant Biol. 379.
233. Parry, M. A. J., Keys, A. J., Madgwick, P. J., Carmo-Silva, A. E., and Andralojc, P. J. 2008. Rubisco regulation: a role for inhibitors. J. Exp. Bot. 59:1569-1580.
234. Parry, M. A. J., Madgwick, P. J., Carvahlo, J. F. C., and Andralojc, P. J. 2007. Prospects for increasing photosynthesis by overcoming the limitations of Rubisco. J. Agric. Sci. 145: 31-43.
235. Passioura, J. B. 1996. Drought and drought tolerance. Plant Growth Regul. 20: 79-83.
236. Passioura, J. B. 2002. Environmental biology and crop improvement. Funct. Plant Biol. 29: 537-546.
237. Pastori, G. M., Wilkinson, M. D., Steele, S. H., Sparks, C. A., Jones, H. D., and Parry, M. A. J. 2001. Age-dependent transformation frequency in elite wheat varieties. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 857-863.
238. Pellegrineschi, A., Reynolds, M., Pacheco, M., Brito, R. M., Almeraya, R., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., and Hoisington, D. 2004. Stress-induced expression in wheat of the Arabidopsis thaliana DREB1A gene delays water stress symptoms under greenhouse conditions. Genome 47: 493-500.
239. Pelletier, G., and Budar, F. 2007. The molecular biology of cytoplasmically inherited male sterility and prospects for its engineering. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 18: 1-5.
240. Perry, M. W., and D'Antuono, M. F. 1989. Yield improvement and associated characteristics of some Australian spring wheat cultivars introduced between 1860 and 1982. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 40: 457-472.
241. Qin, F., Kakimoto, M., Skuma, Y., Maruyama, K., Osakabe, Y., Tran, L-SP., Shinozaki, K. and Yamagushi-Khinozaki, K. 2007a. Regulation and functional analysis of ZmDREB2A in response to drought and heat stresses in Zea mays L. Plant J. 50: 54-69.
242. Qin, Q., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Peng, R., Xiong, A., Yao, Q. and Chen, J. 2007b. Isolation, optimization and functional analysis of the cDNA enconding transcription factor OsDREB1B in Oriza sativa L. Mol. Breeding 19: 329-340.
243. Quarrie, S. A., Quarrie, S. P., Radosevic, R., Rancic, D., Kaminska, A., Barnes, J. D., Leverington, M., Ceoloni, C., and Dodig, D. 2006. Dissecting a wheat QTL for yield present in a range of environments: from the QTL to candidate genes. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 2627-2637.
244. Quarrie, S. A., Steed, A., Calestani, C., Semikhodskii, A., Lebreton, C., Chinoy, C., Steele, N., Pljevljakusic, D., Waterman, E., Weyen, J., Schondelmaier, J., Habash, D. Z., Farmer, P., Saker, L., Clarkson, D. T., Abugalieva, A., Yessimbekova, M., Turuspekov, Y., Abugalieva, S., Tuberosa, R., Sanguineti, M. C., Hollington, P. A., Aragues, R., Royo, A., and Dodig, D. 2005. A high-density genetic map of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from the cross Chinese Spring X SQ1 and its use to compare QTLs for grain yield across a range of environments. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110: 865-880.
245. Ragot, M., Gay, G., Muller, J-P., and Durovray, J. 2000. Efficient selection for the adaptation to the environment through QTL mapping and manipulation in maize. In: Molecular Approaches for the Genetic Improvement of Cereals for Stable Production in Water-Limited Environments. pp.128-130. Ribaut, J.M. and Poland, D. Eds,, CIMMYT, México, D.F.
246. th International Wheat Genetics Symposium . Vol 1. pp. 163-166. Pogna, N. E., Romanò, M., Pogna, E. A., and Galterio, G., Eds. Paestum, Italy.
247. Rebetzke, G. J., Bruce, S. E, and Kirkegaard, J. A. 2005. Longer coleoptiles improve emergence through crop residues to increase seedling number and biomass in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Soil 272: 87-100.
248. Rebetzke, G. J., Ellis, M. H., Bonnett, D. G., and Richards, R. A. 2007. Molecular mapping of genes for coleoptile growth in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 114: 1173-1183.
249. Reece, J. D., and Haribabu, E. 2007. Genes to feed the world: The weakest link? Food policy 32: 459-479.
250. Remington, D. L., Thornsberry, J. M., Matsuoka, Y., Wilson, L. M., Whitt, S. R., Doebley, J., Kresovich, S., Goodman, M. M., and Buckler IV, E. S. 2001. Structure of linkage disequilibrium and phenotypic associations in the maize genome. PNAS 98: 11479-11484.
251. Reynolds, M, Condon, A. G., Rebetzke, G. J., and Richards, R. A. 2004. Evidence for excess photosynthetic capacity and sink-limitation to yield and biomass in elite spring wheat. In: New directions for a diverse planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress. Fischer, T. et al., Eds.. Brisbane.
252. Reynolds, M., Dreccer, F., and Trethowan, R. 2007. Drought-adaptive traits derived from wheat wild relatives and landraces. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 177-186.
253. Reynolds, M. P., Ortiz-Monasterio, J. L., and McNab, A. (Eds) 2001. Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. Mexico, D.F. CIMMYT. 240 pp. (http://www.cimmyt.org/research/wheat/map/research results/wphysio/WPhysiology. pdf)
254. Reynolds, M. P., Pellegrineschi, A., and Skovmand, B. 2005. Sink-limitation to yield and biomass: a summary of some investigations in spring wheat. Ann. Appl. Biol. 146: 39-49.
255. Reynolds, M. P., Sayre, K. D., and Rajaram, S. 1999. Physiological and genetic changes in irrigated wheat in the post Green Revolution period and approaches for meeting projected global demand. Crop Sci. 39: 1611-1621.
256. Reynolds, M., and Tuberosa R. 2008. Translational research impacting on crop productivity in drought-prone environments. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11: 171-179.
257. Rharrabti, Y., Villegas, D., García del Moral, L. F., Aparicio, N., ElHani, S., and Royo, C. 2001. Environmental and genetic determination of protein content and grain yield in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Plant Breeding 120: 381-388.
258. Ribaut, J. M., and Argot, M. 2007. Marker-assisted selection to improve drought adaptation in maize: the backcross approach, perspectives, limitations and alternatives. J. Exp. Bot.: 58: 351-360.
259. Ribaut, J. M., Bänziger, M., Setter, T., Edmeades, G., and Hoisington, D. 2004. Genetic dissection of drought tolerance in maize: A case study. In: Physiology and Biotechnology Integration for Plant Breeding. pp. 571-611. Nguyen, H. and Blum, A. Eds., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
260. Ribaut, J. M., Hoisington, D. A., Deutsch, J. A., Jiang, C., and Gonzalez-de-Leon, D. 1996. Identification of quantitative trait loci under drought conditions in tropical maize. I. Flowering parameters and the anthesis-silking interval. Theor. Appl. Gen. 92: 905-914.
261. Richards, R. A. 1992. The effect of dwarfing genes in spring wheat in dry environments. I. Agronomic characteristics. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 43: 517-522.
262. Richards, R. A. 1996a. Defining selection criteria to improve yield under drought. Plant Growth Regul. 20: 157-166.
263. Richards, R. A. 1996b. Increasing yield potential in wheat - source and sink limitations. In: Increasing Yield Potential in Wheat: Breaking the Barriers. pp. 134-149. Reynolds, M. P., Rajaram, S., and McNab, A. Eds CIMMYT, Mexico DF.
264. Richards, R. A. 2006. Physiological traits used in the breeding of new cultivars for water-scarce environments. Agric. Water Manag. 80: 197-211.
265. Richards, R. A., Rebetzke, G. J., Condon, A. G., and van Herwaarden, A. F. 2002. Breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals. Crop Sci. 42: 111-121.
266. Rijsberman, F. R. 2006. Water scarcity: Fact or fiction? Agric. Water Manage. 80: 5-22.
267. Rivero, R. M., Kojima, M., Gepstein, A., Sakakibara, H., Mittler, R., Gepstein S., and Blumwald, E. 2007. Delayed leaf senescence induces extreme drought tolerance in a flowering plant. PNAS 104: 19631-19636.
268. Rosenzweig, C., and Parry M. L. 1994. Potential impact of climate change on world food supply. Nature 367: 133-138.
269. Royo, C., Álvaro, F., Martos, V., Ramdani, A., Isidro, J., Villegas, D., and García del Moral, L. F. 2007. Genetic changes in durum wheat yield components and associated traits in Italy and Spain during the 20th century. Euphytica 155: 259-270.
270. Royo, C., Aparicio, N., Blanco, R., and Villegas, D. 2004. Leaf and green area development of durum wheat genotypes grown under Mediterranean conditions. Eur. J. Agron. 20: 419-430.
271. Royo, C., Aparicio, N., Villegas, D., Casadesús, J., Monneveux, P., and Araus, J. L. 2003. Usefulness of spectral reflectance indices as durum wheat yield predictors under contrasting Mediterranean conditions. Int. J. Remote Sens. 24: 4403-4419.
272. Royo, C., García del Moral, L. F., Slafer, G., Nachit, M. N., and Araus, J. L. 2005. Selection tools for improving yield-associated physiological traits. In: Durum Wheat Breeding: Current Approaches and Future Strategies. pp. 563-598. Royo, C.; Nachit, M. N., Di Fonzo, N., Araus, J. L.. Pfeiffer, W. H. and Slafer, G. A. Eds., Haworth Press, New York.
273. Royo, C., Villegas, D., García del Moral, L. F., El Hani, S., Aparicio, N., Rharrabti, Y., and Araus, J. L. 2002. Comparative performance of carbon isotope discrimination and canopy temperature depression as predictors of genotype differences in durum wheat yield in Spain. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 53: 561-569.
274. Salekdeh, G. H., and Komatsu, S. 2007. Crop proteomics: Aim at sustainable agriculture of tomorrow. Proteomics 7: 2976-2996.
275. Salvi, S. and Tuberosa, R. 2005. To clone or not to clone plant QTLs: present and future challenges. Trends Plant Sci. 10: 297-304.
276. Salvucci, M. E., Osteryoung, K. W., Crafts-Brandner, S. J., and Vierling, E. 2001. Exceptional sensitivity of Rubisco activase to thermal denaturation in vitro and in vivo. Plant Physiol. 127: 1053-1064.
277. Sanguineti, M. C., Duvick, D. N., Smith, S. P., Landi, P., and Tuberosa, R. 2006. Effects of long-term selection on seedling traits and ABA accumulation in commercial maize hybrids. Maydica 51: 329-338.
278. Savin, R., and Slafer, G. A. 1991. Shading effects on the yield of an Argentinian wheat cultivar. J. Agr. Sci. (Cambridge) 116: 1-7.
279. Sawkins, M. C., DeMeyer, J., and Ribaut, J. M. 2006. Drought Adaptation in maize. In: Drought Adaptation in Cereals. pp. 259-299. Ribaut, J. M. Ed., The Haworth Press, Inc., New York.
280. Sayre, K. D., Rajaram, S., and Fischer, R. A. 1997. Yield potential progress in short bread wheats in northwest Mexico. Crop Sci. 37: 36-42.
281. Scarth, R., and Law, C. N. 1983. The location of the photoperiod gene Ppd2 and an additional genetic factor for ear-emergence time on chromosome 2B of wheat. Heredity 51: 607-619.
282. Schaal, B. A. 2002. Genomics and biotechnology in agriculture. In: The genomic revolution. pp. 109-123. Yudell, M. and DeSalle, R. Eds. Joseph Henry Press, Washington.
283. Seki, M., Kamei, A., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., and Shinozaki, K. 2003. Molecular responses to drought, salinity and frost: common and different paths for plant protection. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 14: 194-199.
284. Serraj, R., and Sinclair, T. R. 2002. Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions? Plant Cell Environ. 25: 333-341.
285. Setter, T. L. 2006. The role of abscisic acid under water-limited conditions. In: Drought adaptation in cereals. pp. 505-530. Ribaut, J. M. Ed., The Haworth Press, Inc., New York.
286. Sharp, P. J., Johnston, S., Brown, G, McIntosh, R. A., Pallotta, M., Carter, M., Bariana, H. S., Khatkar, S., Lagudah, E. S., Singh, R. P., Khairallah, M., Potter, R., and Jones, M. G. K. 2001. Validation of molecular markers from wheat breeding. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 52: 1357-1366.
287. Shearman, V. J., Sylvester-Bradley, R., Scott, R. K., and Foulkes, M. J. 2005. Physiological processes associated with wheat yield progress in the UK. Crop Sci. 45: 175-185.
288. Sherman, J. D., Yan, L., Talbert, L., and Dubcovsky, J. 2004. A PCR marker for growth habit in common wheat based on allelic variation at the Vrn-A1 gene. Crop Sci. 44: 1832-1838.
289. 18O) as a measure of time- averaged transpiration rate. J. Exp. Bot. 56: 3033-3039.
290. Shewry, P. R., Jones, H. D. 2005. Transgenic wheat: where do we stand after the first 12 years? Ann. Appl. Biol. 147: 1-14.
291. Shukla, A. K, Ladha, J. K., Singh, V. K., Dwivedi, B. S., Balasubramanian, V., Gupta, R. K., Sharma, S. K., Singh, Y., Pathak, H., Pandey, P. S., Padre, A. T., and Yadav R. L. 2004. Calibrating the leaf color chart for nitrogen management in different genotype of rice and wheat in a systems perspective. Agron. J. 96: 1606-1621.
292. Siddique, K. H. M., Kirby, E. J. M., and Perry, M. W. 1989. Ear to stem ratio in old and modern wheats; relationship with improvement in number of grains per ear and yield. Field Crop Res. 21: 59-78.
293. Sinclair, T. R., Purcell, L. C., and Sneller, C. H. 2004. Crop transformation and the challenge to increase yield potential. Trends Plant Sci. 9: 70-75.
294. Slafer, G. A. 1996. Differences in phasic development rate amongst wheat cultivars independent of responses to photoperiod and vernalization. A viewpoint of the intrinsic earliness hypothesis. J. Agr. Sci. (Cambridge) 126: 403-419.
295. Slafer, G. A. 2003. Genetic basis of yield as viewed from a crop physiologist's perspective. Ann. Appl. Biol. 142: 117-128.
296. Slafer, G. A., Abeledo, L. G., Miralles, D. J., Gonzalez, F. G., and Whitechurch, E. M. 2001. Photoperiod sensitivity during stem elongation as an avenue to raise potential yield in wheat. Euphytica 119: 191-197.
297. Slafer, G. A., and Andrade, F. H. 1993. Physiological attributes related to the generation of grain yield in bread wheat cultivars released at different eras. Field Crop Res. 31: 351-367.
298. th International Wheat Genetics Symposium. Vol. 1. pp. 201-213. Slinkard, A.E. Ed. University of Saskatchewan Extension Press, Saskatoon.
299. Slafer, G. A., Araus, J. L. 2007. Physiological traits for improving wheat yield under a wide range of conditions. In: Scale and Complexity in Plant Systems Research: Gene-Plant-Crop Relations. pp. 145-154. Spiertz, J. H. J., Struik, P. C., and van Laar, H. H. Springer, Dordrecht.
300. Slafer, G. A., Araus, J. L., and Richards, R. A. 1999. Physiological traits to increase the yield potential of wheat. In: Wheat: Ecology and Physiology of Yield Determination. pp. 379-415. Satorre E. H., and Slafer G. A. Eds, Food Product Press, New York.
301. Slafer, G. A., Araus, J. L., Royo, C., and García Del Moral L. F. 2005. Promising eco-physiological traits for genetic improvement of cereal yields in Mediterranean environments. Ann. Appl. Biol. 146: 61-70.
302. Slafer, G. A., Calderini, D. F., and Miralles, D. J. 1996. Generation of yield components and compensation in wheat: Opportunities for further increasing yield potential. In: Increasing Yield Potential in Wheat: Breaking the barriers. CIMMYT International Symposium. Pp 101-133. M. Reynolds Ed., CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F.
303. Slafer, G. A., Calderini, D. F., Miralles, D. J., and Dreccer, M. F. 1994. Preanthesis shading effects on the number of grains of three bread wheat cultivars of different potential number of grains. Field Crop Res. 36: 31-39.
304. Slafer, G. A., and Rawson, H. M. 1994. Sensitivity of wheat phasic development to major environmental factors: a re-examination of some assumptions made by physiologists and modellers. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 21: 393-426.
305. Slafer, G. A., and Rawson, H. M. 1996. Responses to photoperiod change with phenophase and temperature during wheat development. Field Crop Res. 46: 1-13.
306. Slafer, G. A., and Rawson, H. M. 1997. Phyllochron in wheat as affected by photoperiod under two temperature regimes. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 24: 151-158.
307. Slafer, G. A., and Savin, R. 1994. Source-sink relationship and grain mass at different positions within the spike in wheat. Field Crop Res. 37: 39-49.
308. Slafer, G. A., and Whitechurch, E. M. 2001. Manipulating wheat development to improve adaptation and to search for alternative opportunities to increase yield potential. In: Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. pp. 160-170. Reynolds M. P., Ortiz-Monasterio, J. I. and McNab, A., Eds., CIMMYT. México, DF:
309. Snape, J. W., Butterworth, K., Whitechurch, E., and Worland, A. J. 2001. Waiting for fine times: genetics of flowering time in wheat. Euphytica 119: 185-190.
310. Snape, J. W., Quarrie, S. A., and Laurie, D. A. 1996. Comparative mapping and its use for the genetic analysis of agronomic characters in wheat. Euphytica 89: 27-31.
311. Snape, J. W., Worland, A. J., and Sayers, E. J. 2006. Genetic analysis of orange blossom midge resistance in wheat using chromosome substitution lines and isogenic lines. In: EWAC Newsletter 2006. pp. 71-74. Börner, A., Pankova, K. and Snape, J. W., Eds. Proceedings of the 13th International EWAC Conference, Prague.
312. Sorrels, M. E. 2007. Application of new knowledge, technologies, and strategies to wheat improvement. Euphytica 157: 299-306.
313. Sourdille, P., Snape, J. W., Cadalen, T., Charmet, G., Nakata, N., Bernard, S., and Bernard, M. 2000. Detection of QTLs for heading time and photoperiod response in wheat using a doubled-haploid population. Genome 43: 487-494.
314. Stemple, D. L. 2004. TILLING: a high-throughput harvest for functional genomics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5: 145-150.
315. Su J., and Wu, R. 2004. Stress-inducible synthesis of proline in transgenic rice confers faster growth under stress conditions than that with constitutive synthesis. Plant Sci. 166: 941-948.
316. Symposium Discussion: Genomics and Plant Breeding: the Experience of the Initiative for Future Agricutural and Food Systems. 2004. Crop Sci. 44: 1914-1919.
317. Talamè, V., Bovina, R., Sanguineti, M. C., Tuberosa, R., Lundqvist, U., and Salvi, S., 2008. TILLMore, a resource for the discovery of chemically induced mutants in barley. Plant Biotech. J. 6: 477-485.
318. Talamè, V., Sanguineti, M. C., Chiapparino, E., Bahri, H., Ben Salem, M., Forster, B. P., Ellis, R. P., Rhouma, S., Zoumarou, W., Waugh, R., and Tuberosa, R., 2004. Identification of Hordeum spontaneum QTL alleles improving field performance of barley grown under rainfed conditions. Ann. Appl. Biol. 144: 309-319.
319. Tambussi, E. A., Bort, J., Nogués, S., Guiamet, J. J., Araus, J. L. 2007. The photosynthetic role of ears in C3 cereals: metabolism, water use efficiency and contribution to grain yield. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 26: 1-16.
320. Tambussi, E. A., Casadesus, J., Munné-Bosch, S., and Araus, J. L. 2002. Photoprotection in water stressed plants of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) : changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, spectral signature and photosynthetic pigments. Funct. Plant Biol. 29: 35-44.
321. Tambussi, E. A., Nogués S., and Araus, J. L. 2005a. Ear of durum wheat under water stress: water relations and photosynthetic metabolism. Planta 221: 446-458.
322. Tambussi, E. A., Nogués, S., Ferrio, J. P., Voltas, J., and Araus J. L. 2005b. Does a higher yield potential improve barley performance under Mediterranean conditions? A case study. Field Crop Res. 91: 149-160.
323. Tardieu, F. 2006. Leaf growth under water-limited conditions. In Drought adaptation in cereals. pp 145-169. Ribaut, J.M. Ed., The Harworth Press, Inc., New York.
324. Tester, M., and Bacic, A. 2005. Abiotic stress tolerance in grasses. From model plants to crop plants. Plant Physiol. 137: 791-793.
325. Theil, K. A. 2001. Kernels of Truth. Forbes ASAP. Feb. 19. pp. 113-115.
326. The World Bank 2007. World Development Report 2008. Agriculture for Development. Washington DC. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTWDR2008/Resources/WDR 00 book.pdf. 364 pp.
327. Thomas, B. 1993. Internal and external controls on flowering. In: The Molecular Biology of Flowering. Pp. 1-19. Jordan, B.R. Ed. CAB International: Wallingford.
328. Till, B. J, Comai, L., and Henikoff, S, 2007. TILLING and ecoTILLING for crop improvement. In: Genomics-Assisted Crop Improvement, Vol. 1: Genomics Approaches and Platforms. pp 333-350. Varshney, R.K., and Tuberosa, R., Eds. Springer, Dordrecht.
329. Till, B. J., Cooper, J., Tai, T. H., Colowit, P., Greene E. A., Henikoff, S., and Comai, L. 2007 Discovery of chemically induced mutations in rice by TILLING. BMC Plant Biol. 7: 19.
330. Till, B. J., S. H. Reynolds, C. Weil, N. Springer, C. Burtner, K. Young, E. Bowers, C. A. Codomo, L. C. Enns, et al. 2004. Discovery of induced point mutations in maize genes by TILLING. BMC Plant Biol. 4: 12
331. Tollenaar, M., Ahmadzadeh, A., and Lee, E. A. 2004. Physiological basis for grain yield improvement in maize. Crop Sci. 44: 2086- 2094.
332. Tollenaar, M., and Lee, E. A. 2002. Yield potential, yield stability and stress tolerance in maize. Field Crop Res. 75: 161-169.
333. Tollenaar, M., and Lee, E. A. 2006. Dissection of physiological processes underlying grain yield in maize by examining genetic improvement and heterosis. Maydica 51: 399-408.
334. Tollenaar, M., and Wu, J. 1999. Yield improvement in temperate maize is attributable to greater water stress tolerance. Crop Sci. 39: 1597-1604.
335. Tollenaar M., Ying, J., and Duvick, D. N. 2000. Genetic gain in corn hybrids from the Northern and Central Corn Belt. In: Proceedings of the 55th Corn Sorghum Research Conference Chicago, Il, 5-8 Dec. 2000. pp. 53-62. ASTA, Washington, D.C.
336. Tóth, B., Galiba, G., Fehér, E., Sutka, J., and Snape, J. W. 2003. Mapping genes affecting flowering time and frost resistance on chromosome 5B of wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 107: 509-514.
337. Tuberosa, R., Giuliani, S., Parry, M. A. J., and Araus, J. L ,2007a. Improving water use efficiency in Mediterranean agriculture: what limits the adoption of new technologies? Ann Appl Biol 150: 157-162.
338. Tuberosa, R., Salvi S., Giuliani S., Sanguineti, M. C., Bellotti, M., Conti S., and Landi, P. 2007b. Genome-wide approaches to investigate and improve maize response to drought. Crop Sci. 47(S3): S120-S141.
339. Tuberosa, R., and Salvi, S. 2006. Genomics-based approaches to improve drought tolerance of crops. Trends Plant Sci. 11: 405-412.
340. Tuberosa, R, Salvi, S., Sanguineti, M. C., Landi, P., Maccaferri, M.; and Conti, S. 2002. Mapping QTLs regulating morpho-physiological traits and yield: case studies, shortcomings and perspectives in drought-stressed maize. Annals Bot. - London 89: 941-963.
341. Tuberosa, R., Salvi, S., Sanguineti, M. C., Maccaferri, M., Giuliani S., and Landi, P. 2003. Searching for quantitative trait loci controlling root traits in maize: a critical appraisal. Plant and Soil 255: 35-54
342. Trethowan, R. M., van Ginkel, M., and Rajaram, S. 2002. Progress in breeding for yield and adaptation in global drought affected environments. Crop Sci. 42: 1441-1446.
343. Turner A., Beales J., Faure S., Dunford R. P., and Laurie D. A. 2005. The pseudo-response regulator Ppd-H1 provides adaptation to photoperiod in barley. Science 310: 1031-1034.
344. 2] and water supply. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 127: 215-222.
345. Van Beem, J., Mohler, V., Lukman, R., van Ginkel, M., William, M., Corssa, J., and Worland, A. J. 2005. Analysis of genetic factors influencing the developmental rate of globally important CIMMYT wheat cultivars. Crop Sci. 45: 2113-2119.
346. Van Buuren, M., Salvi, S., Morgante, M., Serhani, B., and Tuberosa, R., 2002. Comparative genomic mapping between a 754 kb region flanking DREB1A in Arabidopsis thaliana and maize. Plant Mol. Biol. 48: 741-750.
347. Varshney, R. K., Graner, A., and Sorrells, M. E., 2005. Genomics-assisted breeding for crop improvement. Trends Plant Sci. 10: 621-630.
348. Varshney, R. K., and Tuberosa, R. 2007. Genomics-Assisted Crop Improvement: an overview. In: Genomics-Assisted Crop Improvement, Vol. 1: Genomics Approaches and Platforms. pp. 1-12. Varshney, R.K., and Tuberosa, R., Eds., Springer, Dordrecht.
349. Vega, C. R. C., Andrade, F. H., and Sadras V. O. 2001. Reproductive partitioning and seed set efficiency in soybean, sunflower and maize. Field Crop Res. 72: 163-175.
350. Verma, V., Foulkes, M. J., Worland, A. J., Sylvester-Bradley, R., Caligari, P. D. S., and Snape, J. W. 2004. Mapping quantitative trait loci for flag leaf senescence as a yield determinant in winter wheat under optimal and drought-stressed environments. Euphytica 135: 255-263.
351. Villegas, D., Aparicio, N., Blanco, R., and Royo, C. 2001. Biomass accumulation and main stem elongation of durum wheat grown under Mediterranean conditions. Ann. Bot. 88: 617-627.
352. Voltas, J., Romagosa, I., Lafarga, A., Armesto, A. P., Sombrero, A., and Araus, J. L. 1999. Genotype by environment interaction for grain yield and carbon isotope discrimination of barley in Mediterranean Spain. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 50: 1263-1271.
353. Villegas, D., Aparicio, N., Nachit, M. M., Araus, J. L., and Royo, C. 2000. Photosynthetic and developmental traits associated with genotypic differences in durum wheat yield across the Mediterranean basin. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 51: 891-901.
354. Voltas, J., Romagosa, I., Muñoz, P., and Araus, J. L. 1998. Mineral accumulation, carbon isotope discrimination and indirect selection for grain yield in two-rowed barley grown under semiarid conditions. Eur. J. Agron. 9: 147-155.
355. 3 leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 26: 1191-1197.
356. Waddington, S. R., Ranson, J. K., Osmanzai, M., and Saunders, D. A. 1986. Improvement in the yield potential of bread wheat adapted to northwest Mexico. Crop Sci. 26: 698-703.
357. Wang, J. O., Raman, H., Zhou, Mx., Ryan, P. R., Delhaize, E., Hebb, D. M., Coombes, N., and Mendham, N. 2007. High- resolution mapping of the Alp locus and identification of a candidate gene HvMATE controlling aluminium tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 115: 265-276.
358. Wang, C.-R., Yang, A.-F., Yue, G.-D, Gao, Q., Yin, H.-Y, and Zhang, J.-R. 2008. Enhanced expression of phospholipase C1 (ZmPLC1) improves drought tolerance in transgenic maize. Planta 227: 1127-1140.
359. Whitechurch, E. M., and Slafer, G. A. 2001. Responses to photoperiod before and after jointing in wheat substitution lines. Euphytica 118: 47-51.
360. Whitechurch, E. M., and Slafer, G. A. 2002. Contrasting Ppd genes in wheat affect sensitivity to photoperiod in different phases. Field Crop Res. 73: 95-105.
361. Whitechurch, E. M., Slafer, G. A., and Miralles, D. J. 2007a. Variability in the duration of stem elongation in wheat and barley. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 193: 138-145.
362. Whitechurch, E. M., Slafer, G. A. & Miralles, D. J. 2007b. Variability in the duration of stem elongation in wheat genotypes and sensitivity to photoperiod and vernalization. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 193: 131-137.
363. Welcker, C., Boussuge, B., Bencivenni, C., Ribaut, J.-M., and Tardieu, F. 2007. Are source and sink strengths genetically linked in maize plants subjected to water deficit? A QTL study of the responses of leaf growth and of anthesis-silking interval to water deficit. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 339-349.
364. William, H. M., Trethowan, R., and Crosby-Galvan, E. M. 2007. Wheat breeding assisted by markers: CIMMYT's experience. Euphytica 157: 307-319.
365. Williams, K. J., Willsmore, K. L., Olson, S., Matic, M., and Kuchel, H. 2006. Mapping of a novel QTL for resistance to cereal cyst nematode in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 112: 1480-1486.
366. Wollenweber, B., Porter, J. R., and Lübberstedt, T. 2005. Need for multidisciplinary research towards a second green revolution. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 8: 337-341.
367. Worland, A. 1996. The influence of flowering time genes on environmental adaptability in European wheats. Euphytica 89: 49-57.
368. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K and Shinozaki K. 2006. Transcriptional regulatory networks in cellular responses and tolerance to dehydration and cold stresses. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 57: 781-803.
369. Yan, L., Loukoianov, A., Tranquilli, G., Helguera, M., Fahima, T., and Dubcovsky, J. 2003. Positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene VRN1.PNAS 100: 6263-6268.
370. 13C of genotypic differences in the response of durum wheat to salinity. Funct. Plant Biol. (revised version submitted).
371. Zaidi, P., Srinivasan, G., Cordova, H. S., and Sanchez, C. 2004. Gains from improvement for mid-season drought tolerance in tropical maize (Zea mays L.). Field Crop Res. 89: 135-152.