메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 122, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2008, Pages

Pharmacologic Approaches for Reducing Venous Access Pain in Children

Author keywords

Analgesics; Lidocaine; Local anesthetics; Medical device; Pain; Pediatrics; Peripheral cannulation; Transdermal administrations; Venipuncture

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; LIDOCAINE; PRILOCAINE; TETRACAINE; ANALGESIC AGENT; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT;

EID: 56149088037     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1055g     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (71)

References (113)
  • 1
    • 0025017445 scopus 로고
    • A prospective survey of reactions to blood tests by children and adolescents
    • Fradet C, McGrath PJ, Kay J, Adams S, Luke B. A prospective survey of reactions to blood tests by children and adolescents. Pain. 1990;40(1):53-60
    • (1990) Pain , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-60
    • Fradet, C.1    McGrath, P.J.2    Kay, J.3    Adams, S.4    Luke, B.5
  • 2
    • 0026724142 scopus 로고
    • The occurrence of high levels of acute behavioral distress in children and adolescents undergoing routine venipunctures
    • Humphrey GB, Boon CM, van Linden van den Heuvell GF, van de Wiel HB. The occurrence of high levels of acute behavioral distress in children and adolescents undergoing routine venipunctures. Pediatrics. 1992;90(1 pt 1):87-91
    • (1992) Pediatrics , vol.90 , Issue.1 PART 1 , pp. 87-91
    • Humphrey, G.B.1    Boon, C.M.2    van Linden van den Heuvell, G.F.3    van de Wiel, H.B.4
  • 3
    • 0034861612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Pain Society, Task Force on Pain in Infants Children and Adolescents. The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents
    • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health;
    • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; American Pain Society, Task Force on Pain in Infants Children and Adolescents. The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):793-797
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.108 , Issue.3 , pp. 793-797
  • 4
    • 63749132454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Finley GA, Franck LS, Grunau RE, von Baeyer CL. Why children's pain matters. Pain Clin Updates. 2005;XIII(4):1-6
    • Finley GA, Franck LS, Grunau RE, von Baeyer CL. Why children's pain matters. Pain Clin Updates. 2005;XIII(4):1-6
  • 5
    • 16644396338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. Relief of pain and anxiety in pediatric patients in emergency medical systems
    • Zempsky WT, Cravero JP; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. Relief of pain and anxiety in pediatric patients in emergency medical systems. Pediatrics. 2004;114(5):1348-1356
    • (2004) Pediatrics , vol.114 , Issue.5 , pp. 1348-1356
    • Zempsky, W.T.1    Cravero, J.P.2
  • 6
    • 34247148823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procedural pain management patterns in academic pediatric emergency departments
    • Bhargava R, Young KD. Procedural pain management patterns in academic pediatric emergency departments. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(5):479-482
    • (2007) Acad Emerg Med , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 479-482
    • Bhargava, R.1    Young, K.D.2
  • 7
    • 33947157197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gap between pediatric emergency department procedural pain management treatments available and actual practice
    • MacLean S, Obispo J, Young KD. The gap between pediatric emergency department procedural pain management treatments available and actual practice. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007; 23(2):87-93
    • (2007) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-93
    • MacLean, S.1    Obispo, J.2    Young, K.D.3
  • 8
    • 0034718141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JCAHO pain management standards are unveiled. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
    • Phillips DM. JCAHO pain management standards are unveiled. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. JAMA. 2000;284(4):428-429
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.284 , Issue.4 , pp. 428-429
    • Phillips, D.M.1
  • 9
    • 0023773861 scopus 로고
    • Pain in children: Comparison of assessment scales
    • Wong DL, Baker CM. Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales. Pediatr Nurs. 1988;14(1):9-17
    • (1988) Pediatr Nurs , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-17
    • Wong, D.L.1    Baker, C.M.2
  • 11
    • 0141535040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What's new in the management of pain in children
    • Zempsky WT, Schechter NL. What's new in the management of pain in children. Pediatr Rev. 2003;24(10):337-348
    • (2003) Pediatr Rev , vol.24 , Issue.10 , pp. 337-348
    • Zempsky, W.T.1    Schechter, N.L.2
  • 12
    • 26444433250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transdermal analgesia with local anesthetics in children: Review, update and future directions
    • Houck CS, Sethna NF. Transdermal analgesia with local anesthetics in children: review, update and future directions. Expert Rev Neurother. 2005;5(5):625-634
    • (2005) Expert Rev Neurother , vol.5 , Issue.5 , pp. 625-634
    • Houck, C.S.1    Sethna, N.F.2
  • 14
    • 33847217610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of sensory transduc- tion in the skin
    • Lumpkin EA, Caterina MJ. Mechanisms of sensory transduc- tion in the skin. Nature. 2007;445(7130):858-865
    • (2007) Nature , vol.445 , Issue.7130 , pp. 858-865
    • Lumpkin, E.A.1    Caterina, M.J.2
  • 15
    • 0032854430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of faces scales for the measurement of pediatric pain: Children's and parents' ratings
    • Chambers CT, Giesbrecht K, Craig KD, Bennett SM, Huntsman E. A comparison of faces scales for the measurement of pediatric pain: children's and parents' ratings. Pain. 1999; 83(1):25-35
    • (1999) Pain , vol.83 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-35
    • Chambers, C.T.1    Giesbrecht, K.2    Craig, K.D.3    Bennett, S.M.4    Huntsman, E.5
  • 17
    • 0036790084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical anesthetics for intravenous insertion in children: A randomized equivalency study
    • Kleiber C, Sorenson M, Whiteside K, GronstalBA, Tannous R. Topical anesthetics for intravenous insertion in children: a randomized equivalency study. Pediatrics. 2002;110(4):758 -761
    • (2002) Pediatrics , vol.110 , Issue.4 , pp. 758-761
    • Kleiber, C.1    Sorenson, M.2    Whiteside, K.3    Gronstal, B.A.4    Tannous, R.5
  • 18
    • 0023888749 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the analgesic effects of EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) to intradermal lidocaine infiltration prior to venous cannulation in unpremedicated children
    • Soliman IE, Broadman LM, Hannallah RS, McGill WA. Comparison of the analgesic effects of EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) to intradermal lidocaine infiltration prior to venous cannulation in unpremedicated children. Anesthesiology. 1988;68(5):804-806
    • (1988) Anesthesiology , vol.68 , Issue.5 , pp. 804-806
    • Soliman, I.E.1    Broadman, L.M.2    Hannallah, R.S.3    McGill, W.A.4
  • 20
    • 0031738482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcutaneous buffered lidocaine for intravenous cannulation: Is there a role in emergency medicine?
    • Burgher SW, McGuirk TD. Subcutaneous buffered lidocaine for intravenous cannulation: is there a role in emergency medicine? Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5(11):1057-1063
    • (1998) Acad Emerg Med , vol.5 , Issue.11 , pp. 1057-1063
    • Burgher, S.W.1    McGuirk, T.D.2
  • 21
    • 0031226557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of lidocaine hydrochloride on venipuncture sites
    • Hussey VM, Poulin MV, Fain JA. Effectiveness of lidocaine hydrochloride on venipuncture sites. AORN J. 1997;66(3):472-480
    • (1997) AORN J , vol.66 , Issue.3 , pp. 472-480
    • Hussey, V.M.1    Poulin, M.V.2    Fain, J.A.3
  • 22
    • 0029011554 scopus 로고
    • Buffered lidocaine for skin infiltration prior to hemodialysis
    • Richtsmeier AJ, Hatcher JW. Buffered lidocaine for skin infiltration prior to hemodialysis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995;10(3):198 -203
    • (1995) J Pain Symptom Manage , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 198-203
    • Richtsmeier, A.J.1    Hatcher, J.W.2
  • 24
    • 0036696562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of effects of lidocaine hydrochloride, buffered lido- caine, diphenhydramine, and normal saline after intradermal injection
    • Xia Y, Chen E, Tibbits DL, Reilley TE, McSweeney TD. Comparison of effects of lidocaine hydrochloride, buffered lido- caine, diphenhydramine, and normal saline after intradermal injection. J Clin Anesth. 2002;14(5):339-343
    • (2002) J Clin Anesth , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 339-343
    • Xia, Y.1    Chen, E.2    Tibbits, D.L.3    Reilley, T.E.4    McSweeney, T.D.5
  • 25
    • 1642387854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of buffered lidocaine versus ELA-Max before peripheral intravenous catheter insertions in children
    • Available at
    • Luhmann J, Hurt S, Shootman M, Kennedy R. A comparison of buffered lidocaine versus ELA-Max before peripheral intravenous catheter insertions in children. Pediatrics. 2004; 113(3 pt 1). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/ content/full/113/3/e217
    • (2004) Pediatrics , vol.113 , Issue.3 PART 1
    • Luhmann, J.1    Hurt, S.2    Shootman, M.3    Kennedy, R.4
  • 26
    • 0034927167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1% lidocaine injection, EMLA cream, or "Numby Stuff" for topical analgesia associated with peripheral intravenous cannulation
    • Miller KA, Balakrishnan G, Eichbauer G, Betley K. 1% lidocaine injection, EMLA cream, or "Numby Stuff" for topical analgesia associated with peripheral intravenous cannulation. AANA J. 2001;69(3):185-187
    • (2001) AANA J , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 185-187
    • Miller, K.A.1    Balakrishnan, G.2    Eichbauer, G.3    Betley, K.4
  • 27
    • 0032426547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intradermal bacteriostatic 0.9% sodium chloride containing the preservative benzyl alcohol compared with intradermal lidocaine hydrochloride 1% for attenuation of intravenous cannulation pain
    • McNelis KA. Intradermal bacteriostatic 0.9% sodium chloride containing the preservative benzyl alcohol compared with intradermal lidocaine hydrochloride 1% for attenuation of intravenous cannulation pain. AANA J. 1998;66(6):583-585
    • (1998) AANA J , vol.66 , Issue.6 , pp. 583-585
    • McNelis, K.A.1
  • 29
    • 0026536308 scopus 로고
    • Appropriate use of local anaesthetic for venous cannulation
    • Harrison N, Langham BT, Bogod DG. Appropriate use of local anaesthetic for venous cannulation. Anaesthesia. 1992;47(3):210 -212
    • (1992) Anaesthesia , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 210-212
    • Harrison, N.1    Langham, B.T.2    Bogod, D.G.3
  • 30
    • 0031952534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of needle gauge and lidocaine pH on pain during intradermal injection
    • Palmon SC, Lloyd AT, Kirsch JR. The effect of needle gauge and lidocaine pH on pain during intradermal injection. Anesth Analg. 1998;86(2):379-381
    • (1998) Anesth Analg , vol.86 , Issue.2 , pp. 379-381
    • Palmon, S.C.1    Lloyd, A.T.2    Kirsch, J.R.3
  • 31
    • 0029835884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcutaneous lidocaine does not affect the success rate of intravenous access in children less than 24 months of age
    • Sacchetti AD, Carraccio C. Subcutaneous lidocaine does not affect the success rate of intravenous access in children less than 24 months of age. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;3(11):1016 -1019
    • (1996) Acad Emerg Med , vol.3 , Issue.11 , pp. 1016-1019
    • Sacchetti, A.D.1    Carraccio, C.2
  • 32
    • 31444456453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of a needle-free injection system for local anesthesia versus EMLA for intravenous catheter insertion in the pediatric patient
    • Jimenez N, Bradford H, Seidel KD, Sousa M, Lynn AM. A comparison of a needle-free injection system for local anesthesia versus EMLA for intravenous catheter insertion in the pediatric patient. Anesth Analg. 2006;102(2):411-414
    • (2006) Anesth Analg , vol.102 , Issue.2 , pp. 411-414
    • Jimenez, N.1    Bradford, H.2    Seidel, K.D.3    Sousa, M.4    Lynn, A.M.5
  • 33
    • 0037223594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A needle- free jet-injection system with lidocaine for peripheral intravenous cannula insertion: A randomized controlled trial with cost-effectiveness analysis
    • table of contents
    • Lysakowski C, Dumont L, Tramer MR, Tassonyi E. A needle- free jet-injection system with lidocaine for peripheral intravenous cannula insertion: a randomized controlled trial with cost-effectiveness analysis. Anesth Analg. 2003;96(1):215-219, table of contents
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , Issue.1 , pp. 215-219
    • Lysakowski, C.1    Dumont, L.2    Tramer, M.R.3    Tassonyi, E.4
  • 34
    • 0034116164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a needle-free injection system for local anaesthesia prior to venous cannulation
    • Cooper JA, Bromley LM, Baranowski AP, Barker SG. Evaluation of a needle-free injection system for local anaesthesia prior to venous cannulation. Anaesthesia. 2000;55(3):247-250
    • (2000) Anaesthesia , vol.55 , Issue.3 , pp. 247-250
    • Cooper, J.A.1    Bromley, L.M.2    Baranowski, A.P.3    Barker, S.G.4
  • 35
    • 0021844358 scopus 로고
    • Clinical study of a ligno- caine-prilocaine cream to relieve the pain of venepuncture
    • Hallén B, Carlsson P, Uppfeldt A. Clinical study of a ligno- caine-prilocaine cream to relieve the pain of venepuncture. Br J Anaesth. 1985;57(3):326-328
    • (1985) Br J Anaesth , vol.57 , Issue.3 , pp. 326-328
    • Hallén, B.1    Carlsson, P.2    Uppfeldt, A.3
  • 37
    • 0022367416 scopus 로고
    • A lignocaine-prilocaine cream reduces venipuncture pain
    • Möller C. A lignocaine-prilocaine cream reduces venipuncture pain. Ups J Med Sci. 1985;90(3):293-298
    • (1985) Ups J Med Sci , vol.90 , Issue.3 , pp. 293-298
    • Möller, C.1
  • 38
    • 0024397652 scopus 로고
    • Topical skin anesthesia for venous, subcutaneous drug reservoir and lumbar punctures in children
    • Halperin DL, Koren G, Attias D, Pellegrini E, Greenberg ML, Wyss M. Topical skin anesthesia for venous, subcutaneous drug reservoir and lumbar punctures in children. Pediatrics. 1989;84(2):281-284
    • (1989) Pediatrics , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 281-284
    • Halperin, D.L.1    Koren, G.2    Attias, D.3    Pellegrini, E.4    Greenberg, M.L.5    Wyss, M.6
  • 39
    • 0000893867 scopus 로고
    • Dermal anesthesia using a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) for venipuncture in children
    • Joyce TH, Skjonshi BS, Taylor BD, Morrow DH, Hess KR. Dermal anesthesia using a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) for venipuncture in children. Pain Dig. 1992;2:137-141
    • (1992) Pain Dig , vol.2 , pp. 137-141
    • Joyce, T.H.1    Skjonshi, B.S.2    Taylor, B.D.3    Morrow, D.H.4    Hess, K.R.5
  • 40
    • 0029865716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) always useful for venous puncture in preoperative autologous blood donation?
    • Vivien B, Mazoit X, Peynet J, Kim S, Lambert T, Samii K. Is lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) always useful for venous puncture in preoperative autologous blood donation? Can J Anaesth. 1996;43(3):232-237
    • (1996) Can J Anaesth , vol.43 , Issue.3 , pp. 232-237
    • Vivien, B.1    Mazoit, X.2    Peynet, J.3    Kim, S.4    Lambert, T.5    Samii, K.6
  • 41
    • 0032935777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of EMLA cream in volunteers with differing skin pigmentation undergoing venipunc- ture
    • Riendeau LA, Bennett D, Black-Noller G, Fan L, Scavone JM. Evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of EMLA cream in volunteers with differing skin pigmentation undergoing venipunc- ture. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999;24(2):165-169
    • (1999) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 165-169
    • Riendeau, L.A.1    Bennett, D.2    Black-Noller, G.3    Fan, L.4    Scavone, J.M.5
  • 43
    • 0028075235 scopus 로고
    • Placebo effect of eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) cream in reducing venepuncture pain in children
    • Lurngnateetape A, Tritrakarn T. Placebo effect of eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) cream in reducing venepuncture pain in children. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1994;23(4):465-469
    • (1994) Ann Acad Med Singapore , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 465-469
    • Lurngnateetape, A.1    Tritrakarn, T.2
  • 44
    • 0025122964 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a new cutaneous topical anesthesia preparation
    • Maddi R, Horrow JC, Mark JB, Concepcion M, Murray E. Evaluation of a new cutaneous topical anesthesia preparation. Reg Anesth. 1990;15(3):109-112
    • (1990) Reg Anesth , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 109-112
    • Maddi, R.1    Horrow, J.C.2    Mark, J.B.3    Concepcion, M.4    Murray, E.5
  • 45
    • 0023019359 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind evaluation of a lignocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) in children: Effect on the pain associated with venous cannulation
    • Maunuksela EL, Korpela R. Double-blind evaluation of a lignocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) in children: effect on the pain associated with venous cannulation. Br J Anaesth. 1986;58(11):1242-1245
    • (1986) Br J Anaesth , vol.58 , Issue.11 , pp. 1242-1245
    • Maunuksela, E.L.1    Korpela, R.2
  • 46
    • 0020321387 scopus 로고
    • Does lidocaine-prilocaine cream permit painfree insertion of IV catheters in children?
    • Hallén B, Uppfeldt A. Does lidocaine-prilocaine cream permit painfree insertion of IV catheters in children? Anesthesiology. 1982;57(4):340 -342
    • (1982) Anesthesiology , vol.57 , Issue.4 , pp. 340-342
    • Hallén, B.1    Uppfeldt, A.2
  • 47
    • 0021040825 scopus 로고
    • Topical anaesthesia with EMLA, a new lidocaine-prilocaine cream and the Cusum technique for detection of minimal application time
    • Ehrenstrom-Reiz G, Reiz S, Stockman O. Topical anaesthesia with EMLA, a new lidocaine-prilocaine cream and the Cusum technique for detection of minimal application time. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1983;27(6):510-512
    • (1983) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.27 , Issue.6 , pp. 510-512
    • Ehrenstrom-Reiz, G.1    Reiz, S.2    Stockman, O.3
  • 48
    • 0030611080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMLA patch for intravenous cannulation in adult surgical outpatients
    • Vaghadia H, al-Ahdal OA, Nevin K. EMLA patch for intravenous cannulation in adult surgical outpatients. Can J Anaesth. 1997;44(8):798-802
    • (1997) Can J Anaesth , vol.44 , Issue.8 , pp. 798-802
    • Vaghadia, H.1    al-Ahdal, O.A.2    Nevin, K.3
  • 49
    • 0036516461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing venipuncture and intravenous insertion pain with eutectic mixture of local anesthetic: A meta- analysis
    • Fetzer SJ. Reducing venipuncture and intravenous insertion pain with eutectic mixture of local anesthetic: a meta- analysis. Nurs Res. 2002;51(2):119-124
    • (2002) Nurs Res , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 119-124
    • Fetzer, S.J.1
  • 50
    • 0025870435 scopus 로고
    • Thickly and thinly applied lignocaine-prilocaine cream prior to venepuncture in children
    • Sims C. Thickly and thinly applied lignocaine-prilocaine cream prior to venepuncture in children. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1991;19(3):343-345
    • (1991) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 343-345
    • Sims, C.1
  • 51
    • 33748579615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of parental application of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics for intravenous insertion
    • Available at
    • Koh JL, Fanurik D, Stoner PD, Schmitz ML, VonLanthen M. Efficacy of parental application of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics for intravenous insertion. Pediatrics. 1999;103(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/ content/full/103/6/e79
    • (1999) Pediatrics , vol.103 , Issue.6
    • Koh, J.L.1    Fanurik, D.2    Stoner, P.D.3    Schmitz, M.L.4    VonLanthen, M.5
  • 52
    • 0037899204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of topical local anesthetic at triage reduces treatment time for children with lacerations: A randomized controlled trial
    • Priestley S, Kelly AM, Chow L, Powell C, Williams A. Application of topical local anesthetic at triage reduces treatment time for children with lacerations: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42(1):34-40
    • (2003) Ann Emerg Med , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 34-40
    • Priestley, S.1    Kelly, A.M.2    Chow, L.3    Powell, C.4    Williams, A.5
  • 53
    • 63749131328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMLA (lidocaine and prilocaine) cream [package insert, Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca LP; 2006
    • EMLA (lidocaine and prilocaine) cream [package insert]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca LP; 2006
  • 54
    • 0024818244 scopus 로고
    • Vascular response of human skin after analgesia with EMLA cream
    • Bjerring P, Andersen PH, Arendt-Nielsen L. Vascular response of human skin after analgesia with EMLA cream. Br J Anaesth. 1989;63(6):655-660
    • (1989) Br J Anaesth , vol.63 , Issue.6 , pp. 655-660
    • Bjerring, P.1    Andersen, P.H.2    Arendt-Nielsen, L.3
  • 55
    • 15944378534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical review of the topical local anesthetic amethocaine (Ametop) for pediatric pain
    • O'Brien L, Taddio A, Lyszkiewicz DA, Koren G. A critical review of the topical local anesthetic amethocaine (Ametop) for pediatric pain. Paediatr Drugs. 2005;7(1):41-54
    • (2005) Paediatr Drugs , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-54
    • O'Brien, L.1    Taddio, A.2    Lyszkiewicz, D.A.3    Koren, G.4
  • 56
    • 0033192734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative efficacy of amethocaine gel and lidocaine-prilocaine cream for Port-a-Cath puncture in children
    • Available at
    • Bishai R, Taddio A, Bar-Oz B, Freedman MH, Koren G. Relative efficacy of amethocaine gel and lidocaine-prilocaine cream for Port-a-Cath puncture in children. Pediatrics. 1999; 104(3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/ content/full/ 104/3/e31
    • (1999) Pediatrics , vol.104 , Issue.3
    • Bishai, R.1    Taddio, A.2    Bar-Oz, B.3    Freedman, M.H.4    Koren, G.5
  • 57
    • 0033032368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tetracaine gel vs EMLA cream for percutaneous anaesthesia in children
    • Rømsing J, Henneberg SW, Walther-Larsen S, Kjeldsen C. Tetracaine gel vs EMLA cream for percutaneous anaesthesia in children. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82(4):637-638
    • (1999) Br J Anaesth , vol.82 , Issue.4 , pp. 637-638
    • Rømsing, J.1    Henneberg, S.W.2    Walther-Larsen, S.3    Kjeldsen, C.4
  • 58
    • 0029045722 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of an amethocaine gel preparation for percutaneous analgesia before venous cannulation in children
    • Lawson RA, Smart NG, Gudgeon AC, Morton NS. Evaluation of an amethocaine gel preparation for percutaneous analgesia before venous cannulation in children. Br J Anaesth. 1995;75(3):282-285
    • (1995) Br J Anaesth , vol.75 , Issue.3 , pp. 282-285
    • Lawson, R.A.1    Smart, N.G.2    Gudgeon, A.C.3    Morton, N.S.4
  • 59
    • 0027220423 scopus 로고
    • New patch delivery system for percutaneous local anaesthesia
    • McCafferty DF, Woolfson AD. New patch delivery system for percutaneous local anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1993;71(3):370 -374
    • (1993) Br J Anaesth , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 370-374
    • McCafferty, D.F.1    Woolfson, A.D.2
  • 60
    • 0032735214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localized adverse skin reactions to topical anaesthetics
    • Clarkson A, Choonara I, O'Donnell K. Localized adverse skin reactions to topical anaesthetics. Paediatr Anaesth. 1999;9(6):553-555
    • (1999) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp. 553-555
    • Clarkson, A.1    Choonara, I.2    O'Donnell, K.3
  • 61
    • 0032013787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged contact with topical anaesthetic cream: A case report
    • Hewitt T, Scales K. Prolonged contact with topical anaesthetic cream: a case report. Paediatr Nurs. 1998;10(2):22-23
    • (1998) Paediatr Nurs , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 22-23
    • Hewitt, T.1    Scales, K.2
  • 62
    • 0030933699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ametop: My view is coloured
    • Huddy NC. Ametop: my view is coloured. Anaesthesia. 1997;52(9):921
    • (1997) Anaesthesia , vol.52 , Issue.9 , pp. 921
    • Huddy, N.C.1
  • 64
    • 63749099345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LMX4 topical anesthetic cream [package insert, Ferndale, MI: Ferndale Laboratories, Inc; 2005
    • LMX4 topical anesthetic cream [package insert]. Ferndale, MI: Ferndale Laboratories, Inc; 2005
  • 65
    • 0036267263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of ELA-Max (4% liposomal lidocaine) as compared with eutectic mixture of local anesthetics cream for pain reduction of venipuncture in children
    • Eichenfield LF, Funk A, Fallon-Friedlander S, Cunningham BB. A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of ELA-Max (4% liposomal lidocaine) as compared with eutectic mixture of local anesthetics cream for pain reduction of venipuncture in children. Pediatrics. 2002;109(6):1093-1099
    • (2002) Pediatrics , vol.109 , Issue.6 , pp. 1093-1099
    • Eichenfield, L.F.1    Funk, A.2    Fallon-Friedlander, S.3    Cunningham, B.B.4
  • 66
    • 11144252714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind comparison study of EMLA and ELA-Max for topical anesthesia in children undergoing intravenous insertion
    • Koh JL, Harrison D, Myers R, Dembinski R, Turner H, McGraw T. A randomized, double-blind comparison study of EMLA and ELA-Max for topical anesthesia in children undergoing intravenous insertion. Paediatr Anaesth. 2004;14(12):977-982
    • (2004) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.14 , Issue.12 , pp. 977-982
    • Koh, J.L.1    Harrison, D.2    Myers, R.3    Dembinski, R.4    Turner, H.5    McGraw, T.6
  • 67
    • 21244475599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liposomal lidocaine to improve procedural success rates and reduce procedural pain among children: A randomized controlled trial
    • Taddio A, Soin HK, Schuh S, Koren G, Scolnik D. Liposomal lidocaine to improve procedural success rates and reduce procedural pain among children: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2005;172(13):1691-1695
    • (2005) CMAJ , vol.172 , Issue.13 , pp. 1691-1695
    • Taddio, A.1    Soin, H.K.2    Schuh, S.3    Koren, G.4    Scolnik, D.5
  • 68
    • 33645319876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heat-enhanced transdermal drug delivery: A survey paper
    • Hull W. Heat-enhanced transdermal drug delivery: a survey paper. J App Res. 2002;2(1):69-75
    • (2002) J App Res , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-75
    • Hull, W.1
  • 69
    • 0038693322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does using heat with eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream shorten analgesic onset time? A randomized, placebo-controlled trial
    • Liu DR, Kirchner HL, Petrack EM. Does using heat with eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream shorten analgesic onset time? A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42(1):27-33
    • (2003) Ann Emerg Med , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-33
    • Liu, D.R.1    Kirchner, H.L.2    Petrack, E.M.3
  • 70
    • 1642543379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warm steaming enhances the topical anesthetic effect of lidocaine
    • Arai YC, Ueda W. Warm steaming enhances the topical anesthetic effect of lidocaine. Anesth Analg. 2004;98(4):982-985
    • (2004) Anesth Analg , vol.98 , Issue.4 , pp. 982-985
    • Arai, Y.C.1    Ueda, W.2
  • 71
    • 63749091070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synera lidocaine 70 mg/tetracaine 70 mg, topical patch, package insert, Chadds Ford, PA: Endo Pharmaceuticals; 2006
    • Synera (lidocaine 70 mg/tetracaine 70 mg, topical patch) [package insert]. Chadds Ford, PA: Endo Pharmaceuticals; 2006
  • 72
    • 13244272350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial to evaluate S-Caine patch for reducing pain associated with vascular access in children
    • Sethna NF, Verghese ST, Hannallah RS, Solodiuk JC, Zura- kowski D, Berde CB. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate S-Caine patch for reducing pain associated with vascular access in children. Anesthesiology. 2005;102(2):403-408
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.102 , Issue.2 , pp. 403-408
    • Sethna, N.F.1    Verghese, S.T.2    Hannallah, R.S.3    Solodiuk, J.C.4    Zura- kowski, D.5    Berde, C.B.6
  • 73
    • 63749092819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lidocaine/tetracaine patch versus EMLA for topical local anesthesia before a vascular access procedure: A randomized controlled trial
    • abstract
    • Sawyer J. The lidocaine/tetracaine patch versus EMLA for topical local anesthesia before a vascular access procedure: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2004;101(abstract): A1123
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , Issue.101
    • Sawyer, J.1
  • 74
    • 0032109891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iontophoresis: Noninvasive drug delivery
    • Zempsky WT, Ashburn MA. Iontophoresis: noninvasive drug delivery. Am J Anesthesiol. 1998;25(4):158 -162
    • (1998) Am J Anesthesiol , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 158-162
    • Zempsky, W.T.1    Ashburn, M.A.2
  • 75
    • 0032944989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized clinical trial of dermal anesthesia by iontophoresis for peripheral intravenous catheter placement in children
    • Kim MK, Kini NM, Troshynski TJ, Hennes HM. A randomized clinical trial of dermal anesthesia by iontophoresis for peripheral intravenous catheter placement in children. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33(4):395-399
    • (1999) Ann Emerg Med , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 395-399
    • Kim, M.K.1    Kini, N.M.2    Troshynski, T.J.3    Hennes, H.M.4
  • 76
    • 0036210421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of lidocaine iontophoresis for pediatric venipuncture
    • Rose JB, Galinkin JL, Jantzen EC, Chiavacci RM. A study of lidocaine iontophoresis for pediatric venipuncture. Anesth Analg. 2002;94(4):867-871
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , Issue.4 , pp. 867-871
    • Rose, J.B.1    Galinkin, J.L.2    Jantzen, E.C.3    Chiavacci, R.M.4
  • 77
    • 0031842770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lidocaine iontophoresis for topical anesthesia before intravenous line placement in children
    • Zempsky WT, Anand KJ, Sullivan KM, Fraser D, Cucina K. Lidocaine iontophoresis for topical anesthesia before intravenous line placement in children. J Pediatr. 1998;132(6): 1061-1063
    • (1998) J Pediatr , vol.132 , Issue.6 , pp. 1061-1063
    • Zempsky, W.T.1    Anand, K.J.2    Sullivan, K.M.3    Fraser, D.4    Cucina, K.5
  • 78
    • 0036262065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lidocaine iontophoresis versus eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) for IV placement in children
    • Galinkin JL, Rose JB, Harris K, Watcha MF. Lidocaine iontophoresis versus eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) for IV placement in children. Anesth Analg. 2002;94(6):1484 -1488
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , Issue.6 , pp. 1484-1488
    • Galinkin, J.L.1    Rose, J.B.2    Harris, K.3    Watcha, M.F.4
  • 79
    • 1542348540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of EMLA and lidocaine iontophoresis for cannulation analgesia
    • Moppett IK, Szypula K, Yeoman PM. Comparison of EMLA and lidocaine iontophoresis for cannulation analgesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2004;21(3):210 -213
    • (2004) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 210-213
    • Moppett, I.K.1    Szypula, K.2    Yeoman, P.M.3
  • 80
    • 0034151364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing two methods of topical anesthesia used before intravenous cannulation in pediatric patients
    • Squire SJ, Kirchhoff KT, Hissong K. Comparing two methods of topical anesthesia used before intravenous cannulation in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Health Care. 2000;14(2):68-72
    • (2000) J Pediatr Health Care , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 68-72
    • Squire, S.J.1    Kirchhoff, K.T.2    Hissong, K.3
  • 81
    • 0042338753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Percutaneous lidocaine administration via a new iontophoresis system in children: Tolerability and absence of systemic bioavailability
    • Kearns GL, Heacook J, Daly SJ, Singh H, Alander SW, Qu S. Percutaneous lidocaine administration via a new iontophoresis system in children: tolerability and absence of systemic bioavailability. Pediatrics. 2003;112(3 pt 1):578-582
    • (2003) Pediatrics , vol.112 , Issue.3 PART 1 , pp. 578-582
    • Kearns, G.L.1    Heacook, J.2    Daly, S.J.3    Singh, H.4    Alander, S.W.5    Qu, S.6
  • 82
    • 0029831263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the sweat test safe? Some instances of burns received during pilocarpine iontophoresis
    • Rattenbury JM, Worthy E. Is the sweat test safe? Some instances of burns received during pilocarpine iontophoresis. Ann Clin Biochem. 1996;33(pt 5):456-458
    • (1996) Ann Clin Biochem , vol.33 , Issue.PART 5 , pp. 456-458
    • Rattenbury, J.M.1    Worthy, E.2
  • 83
    • 63749117292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lidosite topical system [package insert, Bethlehem, PA: B. Braun; 2004
    • Lidosite topical system [package insert]. Bethlehem, PA: B. Braun; 2004
  • 84
    • 4344666547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a low-dose lidocaine iontophoresis system for topical anesthesia in adults and children: A randomized, controlled trial
    • Zempsky WT, Sullivan J, Paulson DM, Hoath SB. Evaluation of a low-dose lidocaine iontophoresis system for topical anesthesia in adults and children: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2004;26(7):1110-1119
    • (2004) Clin Ther , vol.26 , Issue.7 , pp. 1110-1119
    • Zempsky, W.T.1    Sullivan, J.2    Paulson, D.M.3    Hoath, S.B.4
  • 85
    • 0141960948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laser-assisted penetration of topical anesthetic in adults
    • Baron ED, Harris L, Redpath WS, et al. Laser-assisted penetration of topical anesthetic in adults. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139(10):1288 -1290
    • (2003) Arch Dermatol , vol.139 , Issue.10 , pp. 1288-1290
    • Baron, E.D.1    Harris, L.2    Redpath, W.S.3
  • 86
    • 0036401739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laser assisted delivery of topical anesthesia for intramuscular needle insertion in adults
    • Shapiro H, Harris L, Hetzel FW, Bar-Or D. Laser assisted delivery of topical anesthesia for intramuscular needle insertion in adults. Lasers Surg Med. 2002;31(4):252-256
    • (2002) Lasers Surg Med , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 252-256
    • Shapiro, H.1    Harris, L.2    Hetzel, F.W.3    Bar-Or, D.4
  • 87
    • 0036787046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of erbium: Yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser-assisted delivery of topical anesthetic
    • Yun PL, Tachihara R, Anderson RR. Efficacy of erbium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser-assisted delivery of topical anesthetic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(4):542-547
    • (2002) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.47 , Issue.4 , pp. 542-547
    • Yun, P.L.1    Tachihara, R.2    Anderson, R.R.3
  • 88
    • 63749088980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norwood Abbey Ltd. Epiture EasyTouch System [user manual, Australia: Norwood Abbey Ltd;
    • Norwood Abbey Ltd. Epiture EasyTouch System [user manual]. Frankston, Australia: Norwood Abbey Ltd; 2003
    • (2003) Frankston
  • 89
    • 34047271615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of laser-assisted drug delivery at two output energies for enhancing the delivery of topically applied LMX-4 cream prior to venipuncture
    • Koh JL, Harrison D, Swanson V, Norvell DC, Coomber DC. A comparison of laser-assisted drug delivery at two output energies for enhancing the delivery of topically applied LMX-4 cream prior to venipuncture. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(4):847-849
    • (2007) Anesth Analg , vol.104 , Issue.4 , pp. 847-849
    • Koh, J.L.1    Harrison, D.2    Swanson, V.3    Norvell, D.C.4    Coomber, D.C.5
  • 90
    • 1542328828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-frequency sonophoresis: A review
    • Mitragotri S, Kost J. Low-frequency sonophoresis: a review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56(5):589-601
    • (2004) Adv Drug Deliv Rev , vol.56 , Issue.5 , pp. 589-601
    • Mitragotri, S.1    Kost, J.2
  • 91
    • 33744826273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief focal ultrasound with topical anesthetic decreases the pain of intravenous placement in children
    • Skarbek-Borowska S, Becker BM, Lovgren K, Bates A, Minugh PA. Brief focal ultrasound with topical anesthetic decreases the pain of intravenous placement in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006;22(5):339-345
    • (2006) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.22 , Issue.5 , pp. 339-345
    • Skarbek-Borowska, S.1    Becker, B.M.2    Lovgren, K.3    Bates, A.4    Minugh, P.A.5
  • 92
    • 15944382287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound with topical anesthetic rapidly decreases pain of intravenous cannulation
    • Becker BM, Helfrich S, Baker E, Lovgren K, Minugh PA, Machan JT. Ultrasound with topical anesthetic rapidly decreases pain of intravenous cannulation. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12(4):289 -295
    • (2005) Acad Emerg Med , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 289-295
    • Becker, B.M.1    Helfrich, S.2    Baker, E.3    Lovgren, K.4    Minugh, P.A.5    Machan, J.T.6
  • 93
    • 52949090792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zempsky WT, Robbins B, McKay K. Reduction of topical anesthetic onset time using ultrasound: a randomized controlled trial prior to venipuncture in young children. Pain Med. 2008. Available at: www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/120126078/abstract. Accessed: August 27, 2008
    • Zempsky WT, Robbins B, McKay K. Reduction of topical anesthetic onset time using ultrasound: a randomized controlled trial prior to venipuncture in young children. Pain Med. 2008. Available at: www3.interscience.wiley.com/ journal/120126078/abstract. Accessed: August 27, 2008
  • 94
    • 63749086125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zingo [package insert, South San Francisco, CA: Anesiva, Inc; 2007
    • Zingo [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Anesiva, Inc; 2007
  • 95
    • 23244436031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid, needle-free delivery of lidocaine for reducing the pain of venipuncture among pediatric subjects
    • Available at
    • Migdal M, Chudzynska-Pomianowska E, Vause E, Henry E, Lazar J. Rapid, needle-free delivery of lidocaine for reducing the pain of venipuncture among pediatric subjects. Pediatrics. 2005;115(4). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/ cgi/content/full/115/4/e393
    • (2005) Pediatrics , vol.115 , Issue.4
    • Migdal, M.1    Chudzynska-Pomianowska, E.2    Vause, E.3    Henry, E.4    Lazar, J.5
  • 96
    • 38949190234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of the optimal configuration of ALGRX 3268 for the induction of local analgesia prior to venipuncture in the antecubital fossa
    • Apseloff G, Singh A, Vause E, Richards P. Determination of the optimal configuration of ALGRX 3268 for the induction of local analgesia prior to venipuncture in the antecubital fossa. J Pain. 2005;6(suppl 1):S50
    • (2005) J Pain , vol.6 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Apseloff, G.1    Singh, A.2    Vause, E.3    Richards, P.4
  • 97
    • 38949175739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel needle-free powder lidocaine delivery system for rapid local analgesia
    • Zempsky WT, Robbins B, Richards PT, Leong MS, Schechter NL. A novel needle-free powder lidocaine delivery system for rapid local analgesia. J Pediatr. 2008;152(3):405-411
    • (2008) J Pediatr , vol.152 , Issue.3 , pp. 405-411
    • Zempsky, W.T.1    Robbins, B.2    Richards, P.T.3    Leong, M.S.4    Schechter, N.L.5
  • 98
    • 63749115591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Krane E, Finkel B, Finkel J, et al. ALGRX 3268 produces local analgesia within 1 to 3 minutes for venipuncture and peripheral venous cannulation procedures in children. E-PAS. 2006;59:3130.3. Available at: www.abstracts2view.com/pasall. Accessed August 27, 2008
    • Krane E, Finkel B, Finkel J, et al. ALGRX 3268 produces local analgesia within 1 to 3 minutes for venipuncture and peripheral venous cannulation procedures in children. E-PAS. 2006;59:3130.3. Available at: www.abstracts2view.com/pasall. Accessed August 27, 2008
  • 99
    • 44449160529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Needle- free powder lidocaine delivery system provides rapid effective analgesia for venipuncture or cannulation pain in children: Randomized, double-blind Comparison of Venipuncture and Venous Cannulation Pain After Fast-Onset Needle-Free Powder Lidocaine or Placebo Treatment trial
    • Zempsky WT, Bean-Lijewski J, Kauffman RE, et al. Needle- free powder lidocaine delivery system provides rapid effective analgesia for venipuncture or cannulation pain in children: randomized, double-blind Comparison of Venipuncture and Venous Cannulation Pain After Fast-Onset Needle-Free Powder Lidocaine or Placebo Treatment trial. Pediatrics. 2008;121(5):979 -987
    • (2008) Pediatrics , vol.121 , Issue.5 , pp. 979-987
    • Zempsky, W.T.1    Bean-Lijewski, J.2    Kauffman, R.E.3
  • 100
    • 63749125820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolerability of needlefree powder lidocaine delivery system in pediatric patients undergoing venipuncture or peripheral venous cannulation: The COMFORT-003 and -004 trials
    • Krane E, Zempsky WT, Leong M. Tolerability of needlefree powder lidocaine delivery system in pediatric patients undergoing venipuncture or peripheral venous cannulation: the COMFORT-003 and -004 trials. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50(3):S37-S38
    • (2007) Ann Emerg Med , vol.50 , Issue.3
    • Krane, E.1    Zempsky, W.T.2    Leong, M.3
  • 101
    • 63749112355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with AL- GRX 3268 does not result in detectable lidocaine levels in healthy adults
    • Apseloff G, Vause E, Singh A, Sykes D. Treatment with AL- GRX 3268 does not result in detectable lidocaine levels in healthy adults. J Pain. 2005;6(3 suppl):S49
    • (2005) J Pain , vol.6 , Issue.3 SUPPL.
    • Apseloff, G.1    Vause, E.2    Singh, A.3    Sykes, D.4
  • 102
    • 0032888934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature dependence of excitability indices of human cutaneous afferents
    • Burke D, Mogyoros I, Vagg R, Kiernan MC. Temperature dependence of excitability indices of human cutaneous afferents. Muscle Nerve. 1999;22(1):51-60
    • (1999) Muscle Nerve , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-60
    • Burke, D.1    Mogyoros, I.2    Vagg, R.3    Kiernan, M.C.4
  • 103
    • 33747084747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethyl vinyl chloride vapocoolant spray fails to decrease pain associated with intravenous cannulation in children
    • Costello M, Ramundo M, Christopher NC, Powell KR. Ethyl vinyl chloride vapocoolant spray fails to decrease pain associated with intravenous cannulation in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2006;45(7):628 -632
    • (2006) Clin Pediatr (Phila) , vol.45 , Issue.7 , pp. 628-632
    • Costello, M.1    Ramundo, M.2    Christopher, N.C.3    Powell, K.R.4
  • 104
    • 0034767625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of ethyl chloride as a local anesthetic for venipuncture and intravenous cannula insertion in a pediatric emergency department
    • Ramsook C, Kozinetz CA, Moro-Sutherland D. Efficacy of ethyl chloride as a local anesthetic for venipuncture and intravenous cannula insertion in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2001;17(5):341-343
    • (2001) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.17 , Issue.5 , pp. 341-343
    • Ramsook, C.1    Kozinetz, C.A.2    Moro-Sutherland, D.3
  • 105
    • 33646838401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ethyl chloride spray with topical anaesthetic in children experiencing venepuncture
    • Davies EH, Molloy A. Comparison of ethyl chloride spray with topical anaesthetic in children experiencing venepuncture. Paediatr Nurs. 2006;18(3):39-43
    • (2006) Paediatr Nurs , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 39-43
    • Davies, E.H.1    Molloy, A.2
  • 106
    • 8344277952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical vapocoolant quickly and effectively reduces vaccine-associated pain: Results of a randomized, single- blinded, placebo-controlled study
    • Mawhorter S, Daugherty L, Ford A, Hughes R, Metzger D, Easley K. Topical vapocoolant quickly and effectively reduces vaccine-associated pain: results of a randomized, single- blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Travel Med. 2004;11(5): 267-272
    • (2004) J Travel Med , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 267-272
    • Mawhorter, S.1    Daugherty, L.2    Ford, A.3    Hughes, R.4    Metzger, D.5    Easley, K.6
  • 107
    • 17944392649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vapocoolant spray is equally effective as EMLA cream in reducing immunization pain in school-aged children
    • Available at
    • Cohen Reis E, Holubkov R. Vapocoolant spray is equally effective as EMLA cream in reducing immunization pain in school-aged children. Pediatrics. 1997;100(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/100/6/e5
    • (1997) Pediatrics , vol.100 , Issue.6
    • Cohen Reis, E.1    Holubkov, R.2
  • 108
    • 0028277266 scopus 로고
    • Allergic contact dermatitis from ethyl chloride and sensitization to dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 12)
    • Bircher AJ, Hampl K, Hirsbrunner P, Buechner SA, Schneider M. Allergic contact dermatitis from ethyl chloride and sensitization to dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 12). Contact Dermatitis. 1994;31(1):41-44
    • (1994) Contact Dermatitis , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-44
    • Bircher, A.J.1    Hampl, K.2    Hirsbrunner, P.3    Buechner, S.A.4    Schneider, M.5
  • 109
    • 63749103709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain Ease [technical sheet]. Cleveland, OH: Gebauer Company; 2005
    • Pain Ease [technical sheet]. Cleveland, OH: Gebauer Company; 2005
  • 110
    • 0036091136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amethocaine-lidocaine cream, a new topical formulation for preventing venopuncture-induced pain in children
    • Cárceles MD, Alonso JM, Garcia-Munoz M, Najera MD, Cas- tano I, Vila N. Amethocaine-lidocaine cream, a new topical formulation for preventing venopuncture-induced pain in children. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2002;27(3):289-295
    • (2002) Reg Anesth Pain Med , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 289-295
    • Cárceles, M.D.1    Alonso, J.M.2    Garcia-Munoz, M.3    Najera, M.D.4    Cas- tano, I.5    Vila, N.6
  • 111
    • 0032835298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of lignocaine- prilocaine cream and amethocaine gel for local analgesia before venepuncture in children
    • Choy L, Collier J, Watson AR. Comparison of lignocaine- prilocaine cream and amethocaine gel for local analgesia before venepuncture in children. Acta Paediatr. 1999;88(9):961-964
    • (1999) Acta Paediatr , vol.88 , Issue.9 , pp. 961-964
    • Choy, L.1    Collier, J.2    Watson, A.R.3
  • 113
    • 0034069194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of local anaesthetics for venepuncture
    • Arrowsmith J, Campbell C. A comparison of local anaesthetics for venepuncture. Arch Dis Child. 2000;82(4):309-310
    • (2000) Arch Dis Child , vol.82 , Issue.4 , pp. 309-310
    • Arrowsmith, J.1    Campbell, C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.