Hemostatic complications of angiogenesis inhibitors in cancer patients

American Journal of Hematology

Volumn 83, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 862-870

  Elice, Francesca ^a   Jacoub, Jack ^b   Rickles, Frederick R ^b   Falanga, Anna ^c   Rodeghiero, Francesco ^a  

^a SAN BORTOLO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^c OSPEDALI RIUNITI   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; BEVACIZUMAB; CAPECITABINE; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; CYTARABINE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; ENOXAPARIN; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GEMCITABINE; IRINOTECAN; LENALIDOMIDE; MELPHALAN; MITOXANTRONE; NADROPARIN; OXALIPLATIN; PACLITAXEL; PREDNISONE; PRINOMASTAT; SEMAXANIB; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; THALIDOMIDE; WARFARIN;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ADD ON THERAPY; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTERY EMBOLISM; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EPISTAXIS; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS CARCINOMA; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; GLIOMA; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; KIDNEY CANCER; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG CANCER; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MELANOMA; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; MYELODYSPLASIA; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA; SOLID TUMOR; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; STOMACH CANCER; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ANGIOGENESIS MODULATING AGENTS; ANTICOAGULANTS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 55549105814     PISSN: 03618609     EISSN: 10968652     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21277     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. D'Amato RJ, Loughnan MS, Flynn E, Folkman J. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Nat Med 1994;91:4082-4085.
2. O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Shing Y, et al. Angiostatin: A novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 1994;79:315-328.
3. O'Reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Y, et al. Endostatin: An endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 1997;88:277-285.
4. Desai AA, Vogelzang NJ, Rini BI. A high rate of venous thromboembolism in a multi-institutional phase II trial of weekly intravenous gemcitabine with continuous infusion fluorouracil and daily thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:1629-1636.
5. Kuenen BC, Rosen L, Smit EF, et al. Dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of cisplatin, gemcitabine, and SU5416 in patients with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1657-1667.
6. Kabbinavar FF, Hambleton J, Mass RD. Combined analysis of efficacy: The addition of bevacizumab to fluorouracil/leucovorin improves survival for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:3706-3712.
7. Falanga A, Rickles FR. The pathogenesis of thrombosis in cancer. New Oncology. Thrombosis 2005;1:9-16.
8. Winn R, Harlan J. The role of endothelial cell apoptosis in inflammatory and immune diseases. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:1815-1824.
9. Nijziel MR, van Oerle R, Hillen HFP, Hamulyak K. From trousseau to angiogenesis: The link between the haemostatic system and cancer. Neth J Med 2006;64:403-410.
10. Rickles FR, Falanga A. Molecular basis for the relationship between thrombosis and cancer. Thromb Res 2001;102:V215-V224.
11. Akashi T, Furuya Y, Ohta S, Fuse H. Tissue factor expression and prognosis in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Urology 2003;62:1078-1082.
12. Han LY, Landen CN Jr, Kamat AA, et al. Preoperative serum tissue factor levels are an independent prognostic factor in patients with ovarian carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:755-761.
13. Yamashita H, Kitayama J, Ishikawa M, Nagawa H. Tissue factor expression is a clinical indicator of lymphatic metastasis and poor prognosis in gastric cancer with intestinal phenotype. J Surg Oncol 2007;95:324-331.
14. Khorana AA, Ahrendt SA, Ryan CK, et al. Tissue factor expression, angiogenesis, and thrombosis in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:2870-2875.
15. Carmeliet P, Mackman N, Moons L, et al. Role of tissue factor in embryonic blood vessel development. Nature 1996;383:73-75.
16. Contrino J, Hair GA, Kreutzer DL, et al. In situ expression of antigenic and functional tissue factor in vascular endothelial cells: Correlation with the malignant phenotype of human breast disease. Nat Med 1996;2:209-215.
17. Shoji M, Hancock WW, Abe K, et al. Activation of coagulation and angiogenesis in cancer: Immunohistochemical localization in situ of clotting proteins and vascular endothelial growth factor in human cancer. Am J Pathol 1998;52:399-411.
18. Bromberg ME, Konigsberg WH, Madison JF, et al. Tissue factor promotes melanoma metastasis by a pathway independent of blood coagulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:8205-8209.
19. Hembrough TA, Swartz GM, Papathanassiu A, et al. Tissue factor/factor VIIa inhibitors block angiogenesis and tumor growth through a nonhemostatic mechanism. Cancer Res 2003;63:2997-3000.
20. Rickles FR, Patierno S, Fernandez PM. Tissue factor, thrombin, and cancer. Chest 2003;124 (Suppl 3):58S-68S.
21. Ahamed J, Versteeg HH, Kerver M, et al. Disulfide isomerization switches tissue factor from coagulation to cell signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:13932-13937.
22. Versteeg HH, Schaffner F, Kerver M, et al. Inhibition of tissue factor signaling suppresses tumor growth. Blood 2008;111:190-199.
23. Ahamed J, Belting M, Ruf W. Regulation of tissue factor-induced signaling by endogenous and recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor 1. Blood 2005;105:2384-2391.
24. Coughlin SR. Thrombin signalling and protease-activated receptors. Nature 2000;407:258-264.
25. Smadja DM, Laurendeau I, Avignon C, et al. The angiopoietin pathway is modulated by PAR-1 activation on human endothelial progenitor cells. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:2051-2058.
26. Palumbo JS, Talmage KE, Massari JV, et al. Tumor cell-associated tissue factor and circulating hemostatic factors cooperate to increase metastatic potential through natural killer cell-dependent and-independent mechanisms. Blood 2007;110:133-141.
27. Morris DR, Ding Y, Ricks TK, et al. Protease-activated receptor-2 is essential for factor VIIa and Xa-induced signaling, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006;66:307-314.
28. Zoudilova M, Kumar P, Ge L, et al. Beta-arrestin-dependent regulation of the cofilin pathway downstream of protease-activated receptor-2. J Biolog Chem 2007;282:20634-20646.
29. Dorfleutner A, Hintermann E, Tarui T, et al. Cross-talk of integrin alpha3beta1 and tissue factor in cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2004;15:4416-4425.
30. Sorensen BB, Rao LV, Tornehave D, et al. Antiapoptotic effect of coagulation factor VIIa. Blood 2003;102:1708-1715.
31. Pendurthi UR, Allen KE, Ezban M, Rao LV. Factor VIIa and thrombin induce the expression of Cyr61 and connective tissue growth factor, extracellular matrix signaling proteins that could act as possible downstream mediators in factor VIIa x tissue factor-induced signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2000;275:14632-14641.
32. Zhang Y, Deng Y, Luther T, et al. Tissue factor controls the balance of angiogenic and antiangiogenic properties of tumor cells in mice. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1320-1327.
33. Abe K, Shoji M, Chen J, et al. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production and angiogenesis by the cytoplasmic tail of tissue factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:8663-8668.
34. Mueller BM, Ruf W. Requirement for binding of catalytically active factor VIIa in tissue factor-dependent experimental metastasis. J Clin Invest 1998;101:1372-1378.
35. Bromberg ME, Konigsberg WH, Madison JF, et al. Tissue factor promotes melanoma metastasis by a pathway independent of blood coagulation. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1995;92:8205-8209.
36. Wang H, Fu W, Im JH, et al. Tumor cell alpha3beta1 integrin and vascular laminin-5 mediate pulmonary arrest and metastasis. J Cell Biol 2004;164:935-941.
37. Hobbs JE, Zakarija A, Cundiff DL, et al. Alternatively spliced human tissue factor promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis in a pancreatic cancer tumor model. Thromb Res 2008;120(Suppl 2):513-521.
38. Wang WS, Lin JK, Lin TC, et al. Plasma von Willebrand factor level as a prognostic indicator of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:2166-2170.
39. Zietek Z, Iwan-Zietek I, Paczulski R, et al. von Willebrand factor antigen in blood plasma of patients with urinary bladder carcinoma. Thromb Res 1996;83:399-402.
40. Minnema MC, Fijnheer R, De Groot PG, Lokhorst HM. Extremely high levels of von Willebrand factor antigen and of procoagulant factor VIII found in multiple myeloma patients are associated with activity status but not with thalidomide treatment. J Thromb Haemost 2003;1:445-449.
41. Trousseau A. Phlegmasia alba dolens. Clinique medicale de l'Hotel-Dieu de Paris. 2nd ed. Paris, France: J.B. Ballierre et Fils, 1865;654-712.
42. Elice F, Fink L, Tricot G, et al. Acquired resistance to activated protein C (aAPCR) in multiple myeloma is a transitory abnormality associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Br J Haematol 2006;134:399-405.
43. Zangari M, Saghafifar F, Anaissie E, et al. Activated protein C resistance in the absence of factor V Leiden mutation is a common finding in multiple myeloma and is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic complications. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2002;13:187-192.
44. Yaron G, Brill A, Dashevsky O, et al. C-reactive protein promotes platelet adhesion to endothelial cells: A potential pathway in atherothrombosis. Br J Haematol 2006;134:426-431.
45. Cermak J, Key NS, Bach RR, et al. C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monocytes to synthesize tissue factor. Blood 1993;82:513-520.
46. Ward CM, Yen T, Harvie R, Pavlakis N. Elevated levels of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor after thalidomide treatment for malignancy: Relationship to thromboembolic events. Hematol J 2003;4:abstract 365 (Suppl 1).
47. Kaushal V, Kaushal GP, Anaissie EJ, et al. Thalidomide-induced coagulopathy: Evidence for an indirect effect on endothelium. Blood 2002;100:abstract 3771.
48. Kuenen BC. Analysis of prothrombotic mechanisms and endothelial perturbation during treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2003;33:13-14 (Suppl 1).
49. Kubo H, Fujiwara T, Jussila L, et al. Involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 in maintenance of integrity of endothelial cell lining during tumor angiogenesis. Blood 2000;96:546-553.
50. Eremina V, Jefferson JA, Kowalewska J, et al. VEGF inhibition and renal thrombotic microangiopathy. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1129-1136.
51. Kuenen BC, Levi M, Meijers JC, et al. Analysis of coagulation cascade and endothelial cell activation during inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor pathway in cancer patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1500-1505.
52. Kuenen BC, Levi M, Meijers JC, et al. Potential role of platelets in endothelial damage observed during treatment with cisplatin, gemcitabine, and the angiogenesis inhibitor SU5416. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2192-2198.
53. Zangari M, Barlogie B, Anaissie E, et al. Deep vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide and chemotherapy: Effects of prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation. Br J Haematol 2004;126:715-721.
54. Desai AA, Vogelzang NJ, Rini BI. A high rate of venous thromboembolism in a multi-institutional phase II trial of weekly intravenous gemcitabine with continuous infusion fluorouracil and daily thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:1629-1636.
55. Dahut WL, Gulley JL, Arlen PM, et al. Randomized phase II trial of docetaxel plus thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2532-2539.
56. Zangari M, Barlogie B, Thertulien R, et al. Thalidomide and deep vein thrombosis in multiple myeloma: Risk factors and effect on survival. Clin Lymphoma 2003;4:32-35.
57. Raza A, Reeves JA, Feldman EJ, et al. Phase 2 study of lenalidomide in transfusion-dependent, low-risk, and intermediate-1 risk myelodysplastic syndromes with karyotypes other than deletion 5q. Blood 2008;111:86-93.
58. Dimopoulos MA, Spencer A, Attal M, et al. Study of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone versus dexamethasone alone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM): Results of a phase 3 study (MM-010) [abstract]. Blood 2005;106:6a. Abstract 6.
59. Zonder JA, Durie BGM, McCoy J, et al. High incidence of thrombotic events observed in patients receiving lenalidomide (L) + dexamethasone (D) (LD) as first-line therapy for multiple myeloma (MM) without aspirin (ASA) prophylaxis. Blood 2005;106:3455 (abstr: ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts).
60. Stopeck A, Sheldon M, Vahedian M, et al. Results of a Phase I dose-escalating study of the antiangiogenic agent, SU5416, in patients with advanced malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2002;8:2798-2805.
61. Kuenen BC, Tabernero J, Baselga J. Efficacy and toxicity of the angiogenesis inhibitor SU5416 as a single agent in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and soft tissue sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:1648-1655.
62. Fiedler W, Serve H, Dohner H, et al. A phase 1 study of SU11248 in the treatment of patients with refractory or resistant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or not amenable to conventional therapy for the disease. Blood 2005;105:986-993.
63. Giles FJ, Cooper MA, Silverman L, et al. Phase II study of SU5416 - a small-molecule, vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine-kinase receptor inhibitor-in patients with refractory myeloproliferative diseases. Cancer 2003;97:1920-1928.
64. Heymach JV, Desai J, Manola J, et al. Phase II study of the antiangiogenic agent SU5416 in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:5732-5740.
65. Stadler WM, Cao D, Vogelzang NJ, et al. A randomized phase II trial of the antiangiogenic agent SU5416 in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:3365-3370.
66. Peterson AC, Swiger S, Stadler WM, et al. Phase II study of the Flk-1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU5416 in advanced melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:4048-4054.
67. Lara PN Jr, Quinn DI, Margolin K, et al. SU5416 plus interferon alpha in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a phase II California Cancer Consortium Study with biological and imaging correlates of angiogenesis inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:4772-4781.
68. Cooney MM, Tserng KY, Makar V, et al. A phase IB clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the angiogenesis inhibitor SU5416 and paclitaxel in recurrent or metastatic carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005;55:295-300.
69. Faivre S, Delbaldo C, Vera K, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetic, and antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel oral multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:25-35.
70. Motzer RJ, Michaelson MD, Redman BG, et al. Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:16-24.
71. Demetri GD, van Oosterom AT, Garrett CR, et al. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368:1329-1338.
72. Socinski MA, Novello S, Brahmer JR, et al. Multicenter, phase II trial of sunitinib in previously treated, advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:650-656.
73. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:115-124.
74. Moore M, Hirte HW, Siu L, et al. Phase I study to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of the novel Raf kinase and VEGFR inhibitor BAY 43-9006, administered for 28 days on/7 days off in patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2005;16:1688-1694.
75. Strumberg D, Richly H, Hilger RA, et al. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the Novel Raf kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor BAY 43-9006 in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:965-972.
76. Ratain MJ, Eisen T, Stadler WM, et al. Phase II placebo-controlled randomized discontinuation trial of sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2505-2512.
77. Abou-Alfa GK, Schwartz L, Ricci S, et al. Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4293-4300.
78. Richly H, Henning BF, Kupsch P, et al. Results of a phase I trial of sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) in combination with doxorubicin in patients with refractory solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2006;17:866-873.
79. Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:125-134.
80. Siu LL, Awada A, Takimoto CH, et al. Phase I trial of sorafenib and gemcitabine in advanced solid tumors with an expanded cohort in advanced pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:144-151.
81. Hande KR, Collier M, Paradiso L, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of prinomastat, a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:909-915.
82. Behrendt CE, Ruiz RB. Venous thromboembolism among patients with advanced lung cancer randomized to prinomastat or placebo, plus chemotherapy. Thromb Haemost 2003;90:734-737.
83. Bissett D, O'Byrne KJ, von Pawel J, et al. Phase III study of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor prinomastat in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:842-849.
84. Heath EI, Burtness BA, Kleinberg L, et al. Phase II, parallel-design study of preoperative combined modality therapy and the matrix metalloprotease (mmp) inhibitor prinomastat in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2006;24:135-140.
85. Kabbinavar F, Hurwitz HI, Fehrenbacher L. Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:60-65.
86. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2335-2342.
87. Johnson DH, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny WF, et al. Randomized phase II trial comparing bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with carboplatin and paclitaxel alone in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2184-2191.
88. Karp JE, Gojo I, Pili R, et al. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor for relapsed and refractory adult acute myelogenous leukemias: Therapy with sequential 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, mitoxantrone, and bevacizumab. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:3577-3585.
89. Shah MA, Ilson D, Kelsen DP. Thromboembolic events in gastric cancer: High incidence in patients receiving irinotecan- and bevacizumab-based therapy. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:2574-2576.
90. Miller KD, Chap LI, Holmes FA, et al. Randomized phase III trial of capecitabine compared with bevacizumab plus capecitabine in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:792-799.
91. Sandler A, Gray R, Perry MC, et al. Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2542-2550.
92. Cohen MH, Gootenberg J, Keegan P, Pazdur R. FDA drug approval summary: Bevacizumab (Avastin) plus Carboplatin and Paclitaxel as first-line treatment of advanced/metastatic recurrent nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 2007;12:713-718.
93. Vredenburgh JJ, Desjardins A, Herndon JE II, et al. Phase II trial of bevacizumab and irinotecan in recurrent malignant glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:1253-1259.
94. Giantonio BJ, Catalano PJ, Meropol NJ, et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX4) for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: Results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:1539-1544.
95. Rini B. Vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy in renal cell carcinoma: Current status and future directions. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:1098-1106.
96. Dvorak HF, Rickles FR. Malignancy and hemostasis. In Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Clowes AW, George JN, editors. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 2006. pp 851-873.
97. Gordon MS, Margolin K, Talpaz M, et al. Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of recombinant human anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:843-850.
98. Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM, et al. Randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:427-434.
99. Giantonio BJ, Catalano PJ, Meropol NJ, et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX4) for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: Results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:1539-1544.
100. Scappaticci FA, Skillings JR, Holden SN, et al. Arterial thromboembolic events in patients with metastatic carcinoma treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1232-1239.
101. Weber D, Ginsberg C, Walker P, et al. Correlation of thrombotic/embolic events (T/E) with features of hypercoagulability in previously untreated patients before and after treatment with thalidomide (T) or thalidomide- dexamethasone(TD). Blood 2002;100:abstract 787.
102. Minnema MC, Breitkreutz I, Auwerda JJ, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism with low molecular-weight heparin in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide and chemotherapy. Leukemia 2004;18:2044-2046.
103. Cavo M, Zamagni E, Tosi P, et al. First-line therapy with thalidomide and dexamethasone in preparation for autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2004;89:826-831.
104. Ikhlaque N, Seshadri V, Kathula S, Baumann MA. Efficacy of prophylactic warfarin for prevention of thalidomide-related deep venous thrombosis. Am J Hematol 2006;81:420-422.
105. Baz R, Li L, Kottke-Marchant K, et al. The role of aspirin in the prevention of thrombotic complications of thalidomide and anthracycline-based chemotherapy for multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:1568-1574.
106. Rajkumar SV, Hayman S, Lacy MQ, et al. Combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) for newly diagnosed myeloma. Blood 2005;106:781 (abstr: ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts).
107. Niesvizky R, Martinez-Banos DM, Gelbshtein UY, et al. Prophylactic low-dose aspirin is effective as antithrombotic therapy in patients receiving combination thalidomide or lenalidomide. Blood 2005;106:3454 (abstr: ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts).
108. Palumbo A, Rus C, Zeldis JB, et al. Italian multiple myeloma network, gimema. Enoxaparin or aspirin for the prevention of recurrent thromboembolism in newly diagnosed myeloma patients treated with melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide or lenalidomide. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:1842-1845.
109. Baz R, Walker E, Karam M, et al. Lenalidomide and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-based chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: Safety and efficacy. Ann Oncol 2006;17:1766-1771.
110. Palumbo A, Falco P, Corradini P, et al. Melphalan, prednisone, and lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed myeloma: A report from the GIMEMA-Italian Multiple Myeloma Network. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4459-4465.
111. Hambleton J, Skillings J, Kabbinavar F, et al. Safety of low-dose aspirin (ASA) in a pooled analysis of 3 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of bevacizumab (BV) with chemotherapy (CT) in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). J Clin Oncol 2005;23 [No. 16S, Part I of II (June 1 Supplement)]:3554. 2005 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings.
112. Hambleton J, Novotny WF, Hurwitz H, et al. Bevacizumab does not increase bleeding in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer receiving concurrent anticoagulation. J Clin Oncol 2004;22 [No 14S (July 15 Supplement)]:3528. 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition).
113. Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Falanga A, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline: Recommendations for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:5490-5505.