Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 425-438

  Selleng, Kathleen ^a   Selleng, Sixten ^a   Greinacher, Andreas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD   (Germany)

Author keywords

Critical care; Heparin induced thrombocytopenia; Intensive care

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX; ANTIBODY; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ARGATROBAN; DANAPAROID; DESMOPRESSIN; DESULFATOHIRUDIN; FONDAPARINUX; HEPARIN; HEPARIN ANTIBODY; HIRULOG; LEPIRUDIN; MELAGATRAN; PHENPROCOUMON; RECOMBINANT BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULATION; BLEEDING; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIFE; LIMB; LIVER FAILURE; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS;

ANTICOAGULANTS; CRITICAL ILLNESS; HEMORRHAGE; HEPARIN; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; PLATELET COUNT; RISK FACTORS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 55049099272     PISSN: 00946176     EISSN: 10989064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1092872     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Visentin GP, Liu CY, Aster RH. Molecular immunopathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007:149-166
2. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126:311S-337S
3. Warkentin TE. Clinical picture of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007:21-66
4. Akca S, Haji-Michael P, de Mendonca A, Suter P, Levi M, Vincent JL. Time course of platelet counts in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2002;30:753-756
5. Crowther MA, Cook DJ, Meade MO, et al. Thrombocytopenia in medical-surgical critically ill patients: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. J Crit Care 2005;20:348-353
6. Strauss R, Wehler M, Mehler K, Kreutzer D, Koebnick C, Hahn EG. Thrombocytopenia in patients in the medical intensive care unit: bleeding prevalence, transfusion requirements, and outcome. Crit Care Med 2002;30:1765-1771
7. Warkentin TE, Roberts RS, Hirsh J, Kelton JG. An improved definition of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in postoperative orthopedic patients. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2518-2524
8. Pouplard C, May MA, Regina S, Marchand M, Fusciardi J, Gruel Y. Changes in platelet count after cardiac surgery can effectively predict the development of pathogenic heparin-dependent antibodies. Br J Haematol 2005;128:837-841
9. Selleng S, Selleng K, Wollert HG, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients requiring prolonged intensive care unit treatment after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thromb Haemost 2008;6:428-435
10. Girolami B, Girolami A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a review. Semin Thromb Hemost 2006;32:803-809
11. Greinacher A, Eichler P, Lubenow N, Kwasny H, Luz M. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thromboembolic complications: meta-analysis of 2 prospective trials to assess the value of parenteral treatment with lepirudin and its therapeutic aPTT range. Blood 2000;96:846-851
12. Warkentin TE, Chong BH, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: towards consensus. Thromb Haemost 1998;79:1-7
13. Lubenow N, Eichler P, Lietz T, Greinacher A. Lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia - results of the third prospective study (HAT-3) and a combined analysis of HAT-1, HAT-2, and HAT-3. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:2428-2436
14. Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med 1996;101:502-507
15. Greinacher A, Farner B, Kroll H, Kohlmann T, Warkentin TE, Eichler P. Clinical features of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia including risk factors for thrombosis. A retrospective analysis of 408 patients. Thromb Haemost 2005;94:132-135
16. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. N Engl J Med 2005;353:314-315
17. Wester JP, Haas FJ, Biesma DH, Leusink JA, Veth G. Thrombosis and hemorrhage in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in seriously ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:1927-1934
18. Amiral J, Bridey F, Dreyfus M, et al. Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 1992;68:95-96
19. Greinacher A, Pötzsch B, Amiral J, Dummel V, Eichner A, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: isolation of the antibody and characterization of a multimolecular PF4-heparin complex as the major antigen. Thromb Haemost 1994;71:247-251
20. Greinacher A, Gopinadhan M, Gunther JU, et al. Close approximation of two platelet factor 4 tetramers by charge neutralization forms the antigens recognized by HIT antibodies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:2386-2393
21. Rauova L, Poncz M, McKenzie SE, et al. Ultralarge complexes of PF4 and heparin are central to the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2005;105:131-138
22. Rauova L, Zhai L, Kowalska MA, Arepally GM, Cines DB, Poncz M. Role of platelet surface PF4 antigenic complexes in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia pathogenesis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Blood 2006;107:2346-2353
23. Warkentin TE, Cook RJ, Marder VJ, et al. Anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies in orthopedic surgery patients receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis with fondaparinux or enoxaparin. Blood 2005;106:3791-3796
24. Denomme GA. Platelet and leukocyte Fcg receptors in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007:187-208
25. Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: IgG-mediated platelet activation, platelet microparticle generation, and altered procoagulant/ anticoagulant balance in the pathogenesis of thrombosis and venous limb gangrene complicating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Transfus Med Rev 1996;10:249-258
26. Arepally GM, Poncz M, Cines DB. Immune vascular injury in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007:209-225
27. Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a clinicopathologic syndrome. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:439-447
28. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Moore JC, Moore KM, Sigouin CS, Kelton JG. Laboratory testing for the antibodies that cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: how much class do we need? J Lab Clin Med 2005;146:341-346
29. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA. Testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies. Transfus Med Rev 2006;20:259-272
30. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Laboratory testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007:227-260
31. Prechel M, Walenga JM. The laboratory diagnosis and clinical management of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an update. Semin Thromb Hemost 2008;34:86-96
32. Greinacher A, Juhl D, Strobel U, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study on the incidence, platelet-activating capacity and clinical significance of antiplatelet factor 4/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA classes. J Thromb Haemost 2007;5:1666-1673
33. Lo GK, Sigouin CS, Warkentin TE. What is the potential for overdiagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia? Am J Hematol 2007;82:1037-1043
34. Lo GK, Juhl D, Warkentin TE, Sigouin CS, Eichler P, Greinacher A. Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T's) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:759-765
35. Greinacher A, Warkentin TE. Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an overview. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007:283-317
36. Lee DH, Warkentin TE. Frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007:67-116
37. Martel N, Lee J, Wells PS. Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Blood 2005;106:2710-2715
38. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Sigouin CS, Kohlmann T, Eichler P, Greinacher A. Gender imbalance and risk factor interactions in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2006;108:2937-2941
39. Pohl C, Kredteck A, Bastians B, Hanfland P, Klockgether T, Harbrecht U. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in neurologic patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin. Neurology 2005;64:1285-1287
40. Lindhoff-Last E, Nakov R, Misselwitz F, Breddin HK, Bauersachs R. Incidence and clinical relevance of heparin-induced antibodies in patients with deep vein thrombosis treated with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin. Br J Haematol 2002;118:1137-1142
41. Morris TA, Castrejon S, Devendra G, Gamst AC. No difference in risk for thrombocytopenia during treatment of pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis with either low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin: a metaanalysis. Chest 2007;132:1131-1139
42. Schenk S, El Banayosy A, Prohaska W, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients receiving mechanical circulatory support. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:1373-1381
43. Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1330-1335
44. Greinacher A, Eichler P, Lietz T, Warkentin TE. Replacement of unfractionated heparin by low-molecular-weight heparin for postorthopedic surgery antithrombotic prophylaxis lowers the overall risk of symptomatic thrombosis because of a lower frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2005;106:2921-2922
45. Verma AK, Levine M, Shalansky SJ, Carter CJ, Kelton JG. Frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in critical care patients. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:745-753
46. Cook D, Crowther M, Meade M, et al. Deep venous thrombosis in medical-surgical critically ill patients: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. Crit Care Med 2005;33:1565-1571
47. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2003;76:2121-2131
48. Rota E, Bazzan M, Fantino G. Fondaparinux-related thrombocytopenia in a previous low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)-induced heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Thromb Haemost 2008;99:779-781
49. Warkentin TE, Maurer BT, Aster RH. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia associated with fondaparinux. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2653-2655
50. Bartholomew JR. Bivalirudin for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007:379-408
51. Greinacher A. Lepirudin: a bivalent direct thrombin inhibitor for anticoagulation therapy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2004;2:339-357
52. Lindhoff-Last E, Piechottka GP, Rabe F, Bauersachs R. Hirudin determination in plasma can be strongly influenced by the prothrombin level. Thromb Res 2000;100:55-60
53. Lange U, Nowak G, Bucha E. Ecarin chromogenic assay - a new method for quantitative determination of direct thrombin inhibitors like hirudin. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2003;33:184-191
54. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Craven S, Dewar L, Sheppard JA, Ofosu FA. Differences in the clinically effective molar concentrations of four direct thrombin inhibitors explain their variable prothrombin time prolongation. Thromb Haemost 2005;94:958-964
55. Lubenow N, Eichler P, Lietz T, Farner B, Greinacher A. Lepirudin for prophylaxis of thrombosis in patients with acute isolated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an analysis of 3 prospective studies. Blood 2004;104:3072-3077
56. Tardy B, Lecompte T, Boelhen F, et al. Predictive factors for thrombosis and major bleeding in an observational study in 181 patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated with lepirudin. Blood 2006;108:1492-1496
57. Greinacher A, Lubenow N, Eichler P. Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions associated with lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Circulation 2003;108:2062-2065
58. Greinacher A, Warkentin TE. The direct thrombin inhibitor hirudin. Thromb Haemost 2008;99:819-829
59. Lewis BE, Wallis DE, Berkowitz SD, et al. Argatroban anticoagulant therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Circulation 2001;103:1838-1843
60. Lewis BE, Wallis DE, Leya F, Hursting MJ, Kelton JG. Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1849-1856
61. Lewis BE, Wallis DE, Hursting MJ, Levine RL, Leya F. Effects of argatroban therapy, demographic variables, and platelet count on thrombotic risks in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Chest 2006;129:1407-1416
62. Lewis BE, Hursting MJ. Argatroban therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007:379-408
63. Kiser TH, Jung R, MacLaren R, Fish DN. Evaluation of diagnostic tests and argatroban or lepirudin therapy in patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:1736-1745
64. Beiderlinden M, Treschan TA, Gorlinger K, Peters J. Argatroban anticoagulation in critically ill patients. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:749-754
65. Kodityal S, Nguyen PH, Kodityal A, Sherer J, Hursting MJ, Rice L. Argatroban for suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: contemporary experience at a large teaching hospital. J Intensive Care Med 2006;21:86-92
66. Hoffman WD, Czyz Y, McCollum DA, Hursting MJ. Reduced argatroban doses after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:309-316
67. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A. Bivalirudin. Thromb Haemost 2008;99:830-839
68. Mann MJ, Tseng E, Ratcliffe M, et al. Use of bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, and its reversal with modified ultrafiltration during heart transplantation in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:222-225
69. Kiser TH, Fish DN. Evaluation of bivalirudin treatment for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients with hepatic and/or renal dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:452-460
70. Chong BH, Gallus AS, Cade JF, et al. Prospective randomised open-label comparison of danaparoid with dextran 70 in the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia with thrombosis: a clinical outcome study. Thromb Haemost 2001;86:1170-1175
71. Chong BH, Magnani HN. Danaparoid for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007:295-318
72. Farner B, Eichler P, Kroll H, Greinacher A. A comparison of danaparoid and lepirudin in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 2001;85:950-957
73. Lubenow N, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, et al. Results of a systematic evaluation of treatment outcomes for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients receiving danaparoid, ancrod, and/or coumarin explain the rapid shift in clinical practice during the 1990s. Thromb Res 2006;117:507-515
74. Tardy-Poncet B, Tardy B, Reynaud J, et al. Efficacy and safety of danaparoid sodium (ORG 10172) in critically ill patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Chest 1999;115:1616-1620
75. Efird LE, Kockler DR. Fondaparinux for thromboembolic treatment and prophylaxis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:1383-1387
76. Lobo BL. Use of newer anticoagulants in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007;64:2017-2026
77. Robson R, White H, Aylward P, Frampton C. Bivalirudin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: effect of renal function, dose, and gender. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;71:433-439
78. Fischer KG. Hirudin in renal insufficiency. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002;28:467-482
79. Frank RD, Farber H, Stefanidis I, Lanzmich R, Kierdorf HP. Hirudin elimination by hemofiltration: a comparative in vitro study of different membranes. Kidney Int Suppl 1999;72:S41-S45
80. Elg M, Carlsson S, Gustafsson D. Effect of activated prothrombin complex concentrate or recombinant factor VIIa on the bleeding time and thrombus formation during anticoagulation with a direct thrombin inhibitor. Thromb Res 2001;101:145-157
81. Ibbotson SH, Grant PJ, Kerry R, Findlay VS, Prentice CR. The influence of infusions of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in vivo on the anticoagulant effect of recombinant hirudin (CGP39393) in vitro. Thromb Haemost 1991;65:64-66
82. Yee AJ, Kuter DJ. Successful recovery after an overdose of argatroban. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:336-339
83. Warkentin TE, Cook DJ. Heparin, low molecular weight heparin, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the ICU. Crit Care Clin 2005;21:513-529
84. Napolitano LM, Warkentin TE, Almahameed A, Nasraway SA. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the critical care setting: diagnosis and management. Crit Care Med 2006;34:2898-2911
85. Huhle G, Geberth M, Hoffmann U, Heene DL, Harenberg J. Management of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia in pregnancy with subcutaneous r-hirudin. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000;49:67-69
86. Eriksson BI, Wille-Jorgensen P, Kalebo P, et al. A comparison of recombinant hirudin with a low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent thromboembolic complications after total hip replacement. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1329-1335
87. Eriksson BI. New therapeutic options in deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. Semin Hematol 2000;37:7-9
88. Fischer K-G. Hemodialysis in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007:463-485
89. Murray PT, Reddy BV, Grossman EJ, et al. A prospective comparison of three argatroban treatment regimens during hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2004;66:2446-2453
90. de Pont AC, Hofstra JJ, Pik DR, Meijers JC, Schultz MJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of danaparoid during continuous venovenous hemofiltration: a pilot study. Crit Care 2007;11:R102
91. Tang IY, Cox DS, Patel K, et al. Argatroban and renal replacement therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Pharmacother 2005;39:231-236
92. Horne MK, McCloskey DJ, Calis K, Wesley R, Childs R, Kasten-Sportes C. Use of heparin versus lepirudin flushes to prevent withdrawal occlusion of central venous access devices. Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:1262-1267