Insect conservation in tropical Forests

Insect Conservation Biology: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society's 23rd Symposium

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 34-56

  Lewis, Owen T ^a   Basset, Yves ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Panama)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 54349104769     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (123)

1. Andresen, E. (2002) Dung beetles in a Central Amazonian rainforest and their ecological role as secondary seed dispersers. Ecological Entomology 27, 257-270.
2. Andresen, E. (2003) Effect of forest fragmentation on dung beetle communities and functional consequences for plant regeneration. Ecography 26, 87-97.
3. Anon. (1998) The Darwin Declaration. Available at: http://www.deh.gov.au/ biodiversity/abrs/ publications/other/darwin/
4. Balmford, A. (1996) Extinction filters and current resilience: the significance of past selection pressures for conservation biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11, 193-196.
5. Barone, J.A. (1998) Host-specificity of folivorous insects in a moist tropical forest. Journal of Animal Ecology 67, 400-409.
6. Basset, Y. (1992) Host specificity of arboreal and free-living insect herbivores in rainforests. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 47, 115-133.
7. Basset, Y. (1999) Diversity and abundance of insect herbivores foraging on seedlings in a rainforest in Guyana. Ecological Entomology 24, 245-259.
8. Basset, Y. (2001) Communities of insect herbivores foraging on saplings versus mature trees of Pourouma bicolor (Cecropiaceae) in Panama. Oecologia 129, 253-260.
9. Basset, Y., Samuelson, G.A., Allison, A. and Miller, S.E. (1996) How many species of host-specific insect feed on a species of tropical tree. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 59, 201-216.
10. Basset, Y., Novotny, V., Miller, S.E. and Springate, N.D. (1998) Assessing the impact of forest disturbance on tropical invertebrates: some comments. Journal of Applied Ecology 35, 461-466.
11. Basset, Y., Novotny, V., Miller, S.E. and Pyle, R. (2000) Quantifying biodiversity: experience with parataxonomists and digital photography in Papua New Guinea and Guyana. Bioscience 50, 899-908.
12. Basset, Y., Charles, E., Hammond, D.S. and Brown, V.K. (2001a) Short-term effects of canopy openness on insect herbivores in a rain forest in Guyana. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 1045-1058.
13. Basset, Y., Charles, E., Hammond, D.S. and Brown, V.K. (2001b) Short-term effects of canopy openness on insect herbivores in a rain forest in Guyana. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 1045-1058.
14. Basset, Y., Horlyck, V. and Wright, S.J. (eds) (2003a) Studying Forest Canopies from Above: The International Canopy Crane Network. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and UNEP, Panama City.
15. Basset, Y., Novotny, V., Miller, S. and Kitching, R. (2003b) Arthropods of Tropical Forests -Spatio-temporal Dynamics and Resource Use in the Canopy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. Basset, Y., Novotny, V., Miller, S.E., Weiblen, G.D., Missa, O. and Stewart, A.J.A. (2004) Conservation and biological monitoring of tropical forests: the role of parataxonomists. Journal of Applied Ecology 41, 163-174.
17. Belshaw, R. and Bolton, B. (1993) The effect of forest disturbance on the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana. Biodiversity and Conservation 2, 656-666.
18. Bibby, C.J., Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J., Heath, M.F., Imboden, C., Johnson, T.H., Long, A.J., Stattersfield, A.J. and Thirgood, S.J. (1992) Putting Biodiversity on the Map: Priority Areas for Global Conservation. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge.
19. Bird, N.M. (1998) Sustaining the Yield. Improving Timber Harvesting Practices in Belize 1991-1998. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK.
20. Brown, K.S.J. (1991) Conservation of neotropical environments: insects as indicators. In: Collins, N.M. and Thomas, J.A. (eds) The Conservation of Insects and Their Habitats. Academic Press, London.
21. Brown, K.S.J. and Hutchings, R. (1997) Disturbance, fragmentation, and the dynamics of diversity in Amazonian forest butterflies. In: Laurence, W.F. and Bierregaard, R.O. Jr (eds) Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented Communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 91-110.
22. Caughley, G. (1994) Directions in conservation biology. Journal of Animal Ecology 63, 215-244.
23. Chung, A.Y.C., Eggleton, P., Speight, M.R., Hammond, P.M. and Chey, V.K. (2000) The diversity of beetle assemblages in different habitat types in Sabah, Malaysia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, 475-496.
24. Cleary, D.F.R. (2003) An examination of scale of assessment, logging and ENSO-induced fires on butterfly diversity in Borneo. Oecologia 135, 313-321.
25. Cleary, D.F.R. and Genner, M.J. (2004) Changes in rain forest butterfly diversity following major ENSO-induced fires in Borneo. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13, 129-140.
26. Collins, N. and Thomas, J.A. (eds) (1991) The Conservation of Insects and Their Habitats. Academic Press, London.
27. Connell, J.H. (1971) On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In: Boer, P.J.D. and Gradwell, G.R. (eds) Dynamics of Populations. PUDOC, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 298-312.
28. Cottenie, K. and De Meester, L. (2003) Comment to Oksanen (2001): Reconciling Oksanen (2001) and Hurlbert (1984). Oikos 100, 394-396.
29. Davis, A.J. (2000) Does reduced-impact logging help preserve biodiversity in tropical rainforests? A case study from Borneo using dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) as indicators. Environmental Entomology 29, 467-475.
30. Davis, A.J. and Sutton, S.L. (1998) The effects of rainforest canopy loss on arboreal dung beetles in Borneo: implications for the measurement of biodiversity in derived tropical ecosystems. Diversity and Distributions 4, 167-173.
31. Davis, A.J., Holloway, J.D., Huijbregts, H., Krikken, J., Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. and Sutton, S.L. (2001) Dung beetles as indicators of change in the forests of northern Borneo. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 593-616.
32. DeVries, P.J., Murray, D. and Lande, R. (1997) Species diversity in vertical, horizontal, and temporal dimensions of a fruit-feeding butterfly community in an Ecuadorian rainforest. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 62, 343-364.
33. Didham, R.K. (1997a) The influence of edge effects and forest fragmentation on leaf litter invertebrates in central Amazonia. In: Laurece, W.F. and Bierregaard, R.O. Jr (eds) Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented Communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 55-70.
34. Didham, R.K. (1997b) An overview of invertebrate responses to forest fragmentation. In: Watt, A.D., Stork, N.E. and Hunter, M.D. (eds) Forest and Insects. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 303-320.
35. Didham, R.K. and Fagan, L.L. (2003) Editorial: IBISCA -Investigating the biodiversity of soil and canopy arthropods. The Weta 26, 1-6.
36. Didham, R.K., Ghazoul, J., Stork, N.E. and Davis, A.J. (1996) Insects in fragmented forests: a functional approach. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11, 255-260.
37. Didham, R.K., Hammond, P.M., Lawton, J.H., Eggleton, P. and Stork, N.E. (1998a) Beetle species richness responses to tropical forest fragmentation. Ecological Monographs 68, 295-323.
38. Didham, R.K., Lawton, J.H., Hammond, P.M. and Eggleton, P. (1998b) Trophic structure stability and extinction dynamics of beetles (Coleoptera) in tropical forest fragments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B -Biological Sciences 353, 437-451.
39. Dyer, L.A. and Letourneau, D.K. (1999) Trophic cascades in a complex, terrestrial community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, 5072-5076.
40. Eggleton, P., Bignell, D.E., Sands, W.A., Mawdsley, N.A., Lawton, J.H., Wood, T.G. and Bignell, N.C. (1996) The diversity, abundance and biomass of termites under differing levels of disturbance in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve, southern Cameroon. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B -Biological Sciences 351, 51-68.
41. Erwin, T.L. (1982a) Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species. The Coleopterists Bulletin 36, 74-75.
42. Erwin, T.L. (1982b) Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropods. Coleopterists' Bulletin 36, 74-75.
43. Erwin, T.L. (1991) An evolutionary basis for conservation strategies. Science 253, 750-752.
44. Estrada, A., Anzuras, D.A. and Coastes-Estrada, R. (1999) Tropical forest fragmentation, howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) and dung beetles at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. American Journal of Primatology 48, 353-62.
45. Fagan, L.L., Didham, R.K., Winchester, N.N., Behan-Pelletier, V., Clayton, M., Lindquist, E. and Ring, R.A. (2005) An experimental assessment of biodiversity and species turnover in terrestrial vs canopy leaf litter. Oecologia October 15, 1-13 (Epub ahead of print).
46. Floren, A. and Linsenmair, K.E. (2003) How do beetle assemblages respond to anthropogenic disturbances? In: Basset, Y., Kitching, R., Miller, S. and Novotny, V. (eds) Arthropods of Tropical Forests: Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Resource Use in the Canopy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 190-197.
47. Folgarait, P.J., Marquis, R.J., Ingvarsson, P., Braker, H.E. and Arguedas, M. (1995) Patterns of attack by insect herbivores and a fungus on saplings in a tropical tree plantation. Environmental Entomology 24, 1487-1494.
48. Frost, C.J. and Hunter, M.D. (2004) Insect canopy herbivory and frass deposition affect soil nutrient dynamics and export in oak mesocosms. Ecology 85, 3335-3347.
49. Gaston, K.J. (1999) Implications of interspecific and intraspecific abundance-occupancy relationships. Oikos 86, 195-207.
50. Gaston, K.J., Blackburn, T.M. and Lawton, J.H. (1997) Interspecific abundance range size relationships: an appraisal of mechanisms. Journal of Animal Ecology 66, 579-601.
51. Ghazoul, J. (2002) Impact of logging on the richness and diversity of forest butterflies in a tropical dry forest in Thailand. Biodiversity and Conservation 11, 521-541.
52. Gilbert, L. (1980) Food web organization and the conservation of neotropical diversity. In: Soulé, M.E. and Wilcox, B.A. (eds) Conservation Biology. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 11-33.
53. Gilbert, L.E. and Smiley, J.T. (1978) Determinants of local diversity in phytophagous insects. In: Mound, L.A. and Waloff, N. (eds) Diversity of Insect Faunas. Blackwell Scientific, London.
54. Godfray, H.C.J., Lewis, O.T. and Memmott, J. (1999) Studying insect diversity in the tropics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B -Biological Sciences 354, 1811-1824.
55. Gotelli, N.J. and Colwell, R.K. (2001) Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters 4, 379-391.
56. Greiser Johns, A. (1997) Timber Production and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Forests. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
57. Hamer, K.C. and Hill, J.K. (2000) Scale-dependent effects of habitat disturbance on species richness in tropical forests. Conservation Biology 14, 1435-1440.
58. Hamer, K.C., Hill, J.K., Lace, L.A. and Langan, A.M. (1997) Ecological and biogeographical effects of forest disturbance on tropical butterflies of Sumba, Indonesia. Journal of Biogeography 24, 67-75.
59. Hammond, P.M. (1994) Practical approaches to the estimation of the extent of biodiversity in speciose groups. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B -Biological Sciences 345, 119-136.
60. Harrison, S. (1991) Local extinction in a metapopulation context: an empirical evaluation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 42, 73-88.
61. Hector, A., Schmid, B., Beierkuhnlein, C., Caldeira, M.C., Diemer, M., Dimitrakopoulos, P.G., Finn, J.A., Freitas, H., Giller, P.S., Good, J., Harris, R., Hogberg, P., Huss-Danell, K., Joshi, J., Jumpponen, A., Korner, C., Leadley, P.W., Loreau, M., Minns, A., Mulder, C.P.H., O'Donovan, G., Otway, S.J., Pereira, J.S., Prinz, A., Read, D.J., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schulze, E.D., Siamantziouras, A.S.D., Spehn, E.M., Terry, A.C., Troumbis, A.Y., Woodward, F.I., Yachi, S. and Lawton, J.H. (1999) Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286, 1123-1127.
62. Hill, J.K. (1999) Butterfly spatial distribution and habitat requirements in a tropical forest: impacts of selective logging. Journal of Applied Ecology 36, 564-572.
63. Hill, J.K. and Hamer, K.C. (2004) Determining impacts of habitat modification on diversity of tropical forest fauna: the importance of spatial scale. Journal of Applied Ecology 41, 744-754.
64. Hooper, D.U., Chapin, F.S.I., Ewel, J.J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P., Lavorel, S., Lawton, J.H., Lodge, D.M., Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Schmid, B., Setaelae, H., Symstad, A.J., Vandermeer, J. and Wardle, D.A. (2005) Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75, 3-35.
65. Hurlbert, S.H. (1984) Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs 54, 187-211.
66. Intachat, J., Holloway, J.D. and Speight, M.R. (1999) The impact of logging on geometroid moth populations and their diversity in lowland forests of Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 11, 61-78.
67. Janzen, D.H. (1970) Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. American Naturalist 104, 501-28.
68. Janzen, D.H. (1973) Comments on host-specificity of tropical herbivores and its relevance to species richness. In: Heywood, V.H. (ed.) Taxonomy and Ecology. Academic Press, London, pp. 201-211.
69. Janzen, D.H. (1983) Food webs: who eats what, why, how, and with what effects in a tropical forest? In: Golley, F. (ed.) Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems. Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 167-182.
70. Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Jimenez, J. and Gamez, R. (1993) The role of the parataxonomists, inventory managers, and taxonomists in Costa Rica's national biodiversity inventory. In: Reid, W.V., Laird, S.A., Meyer, C.A., Gamez, R., Sittenfeld, A., Janzen, D.H., Gollin, M.A. and Juma, C. (eds) Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Generic Resources for Sustainable Development. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, pp. 223-254.
71. Kitching, I.J. (1996) Identifying complementary areas for conservation in Thailand: an example using owls, hawkmoths and tiger beetles. Biodiversity and Conservation 5, 841-858.
72. Kitching, R.L. (1993) Biodiversiy and taxonomy: impediment or opportunity. In: Moritz, C. and Kikkawa, J. (eds) Conservation Biology in Australia and Oceania. Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia, pp. 253-268.
73. Kitching, R.L., Vickerman, G., Laidlaw, M. and Hurley, K. (2000) The Comparative Assessment of Arthropod and Tree Diversity on Old-World Rainforests: The Rainforest CRC/Earthwatch Manual. Technical Report, Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
74. Kitching, R.L., Li, D.Q. and Stork, N.E. (2001) Assessing biodiversity 'sampling packages': how similar are arthropod assemblages in different tropical rainforests. Biodiversity and Conservation 10, 793-813.
75. Klein, B.C. (1989) Effects of forest fragmentation on dung and carrion beetle communities in central Amazonia. Ecology 70, 1715-1725.
76. Kotze, D.J. and Samways, M.J. (1999) Invertebrate conservation at the interface between the grassland matrix and natural Afromontane forest fragments. Biodiversity and Conservation 8, 1339-1363.
77. Kremen, C. (1992) Assessing the indicator properties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring. Ecological Applications 2, 203-217.
78. Kremen, C., Colwell, R.K., Erwin, T.L., Murphy, D.D., Noss, R.F. and Sanjayan, M.A. (1993) Terrestrial arthropod assemblages: their use in conservation planning. Conservation Biology 7, 796-808.
79. Landres, P.B., Verner, J. and Thomas, J. (1998) Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critique. Conservation Biology 2, 316-328.
80. Lawton, J.H. and May, R.M. (eds) (1995) Extinction Rates. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
81. Lawton, J.H., Bignell, D.E., Bolton, B., Bloemers, G.F., Eggleton, P., Hammond, P.M., Hodda, M., Holt, R.D., Larsen, T.B., Mawdsley, N.A. and Stork, N.E. (1998) Biodiversity inventories, indicator taxa and effects of habitat modification in tropical forest. Nature 391, 72-76.
82. Letourneau, D.K. and Dyer, L.A. (1998) Experimental test in lowland tropical forest shows top-down effects through four trophic levels. Ecology 79, 1678-1687.
83. Levins, R. (1969) Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 15, 237-240.
84. Lewis, O.T. (2001) Effect of experimental selective logging on tropical butterflies. Conservation Biology 15, 389-400.
85. Lewis, O.T. (2006) Climate change, species-area curves and the extinction crisis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B 273, 2909-2916.
86. Lewis, O.T., Wilson, R.J. and Harper, M.C. (1998) Endemic butterflies on Grande Comore: habitat preferences and conservation priorities. Biological Conservation 85, 113-121.
87. Longino, J.T. and Colwell, R.C. (1997) Biodiversity assessment using structured inventory: capturing the ant fauna of a tropical rain forest. Ecological Applications 7, 1263-1277.
88. Loreau, M., Naeem, S. and Inchausti, P. (eds) (2002) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Synthesis and Perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
89. Marquis, R.J. (2005) Impacts of herbivores on tropical plant diversity. In: Burslem, D.F.R.P., Pinard, M.A. and Hartley, S.E. (eds) Biotic Interactions in the Tropics: Their Role in the Maintenance of Species Diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 328-346.
90. Marquis, R.J. and Braker, H.E. (1993) Plantherbivore interactions: diversity, specificity, and impact. In: McDade, L.A., Bawa, K.S., Hespenheide, H.A. and Hartshorn, G.S. (eds) La Selva: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 261-281.
91. Mayaux, P., Holmgren, P., Achard, F., Eva, H., Stibig, H. and Branthomme, A. (2005) Tropical forest cover change in the 1990s and options for future monitoring. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B -Biological Sciences 360, 373-384.
92. McGeoch, M.A. (1998) The selection, testing and application of terrestrial insects as bioindicators. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 73, 181-201.
93. Moritz, C., Richardson, K.S., Ferrier, S., Monteith, G.B., Stanisic, J., Williams, S.E. and Whiffin, T. (2001) Biogeographical concordance and efficiency of taxon indicators for establishing conservation priority in a tropical rainforest biota. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B -Biological Sciences 268, 1875-1881.
94. Morris, R.J., Lewis, O.T. and Godfray, H.C.J. (2004) Experimental evidence for apparent competition in a tropical forest food web. Nature 428, 310-313.
95. Morris, R.J., Lewis, O.T. and Godfray, H.C.J. (2005) Apparent competition and insect community structure: towards a spatial perspective. Annales Zoologici Fennici 42, 449-462.
96. Netuzhilin, I., Chacon, P., Cerda, H., López-Hernández, D., Torres, F., Paoletti, M.G. and Reddy, M.V. (1999) Assessing agricultural impact using ant morphospecies as bioindicators in the Amazonian savannaforest ecotone (Puerto Ayacucho, Amazon State), Venezuela. In: Reddy, M.V. (ed.) Management of Tropical Agroecosystems and the Beneficial Soil Biota. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire, pp. 291-352.
97. New, T.R., Pyle, R.M., Thomas, J.A., Thomas, C.D. and Hammond, P.C. (1995) Butterfly conservation management. Annual Review of Entomology 40, 57-83.
98. Novotny, V. and Basset, Y. (2000) Rare species in communities of tropical insect herbivores: pondering the mystery of singletons. Oikos 89, 564-572.
99. Novotny, V., Basset, Y., Miller, S.E., Weiblen, G.D., Bremer, B., Cizek, L. and Drozd, P. (2002) Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest. Nature 416, 841-844.
100. Novotny, V., Miller, S.E., Leps, J., Basset, Y., Bito, D., Janda, M., Hulcr, J., Damas, K. and Weiblen, G.D. (2004) No tree an island: the plant-caterpillar food web of a secondary rain forest in New Guinea. Ecology Letters 7, 1090-1100.
101. Pimm, S. (2001) The World According to Pimm: A Scientist Audits the Earth. McGraw-Hill, New York.
102. Prendergast, J.R., Quinn, R.M., Lawton, J.H., Eversham, B.C. and Gibbons, D.W. (1993) Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature 365, 335-337.
103. Quintero, I. and Roslin, T. (2005) Rapid recovery of dung beetle communities following habitat fragmentation in Central Amazonia. Ecology 86, 3303-3311.
104. Rabinowitz, D. (1981) Seven forms of rarity. In: Synge, H. (ed.) The Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservation. Wiley, New York.
105. Sala, O.E., Chapin, F.S., Armesto, J.J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L.F., Jackson, R.B., Kinzig, A., Leemans, R., Lodge, D.M., Mooney, H.A., Oesterheld, M., Poff, N.L., Sykes, M.T., Walker, B.H., Walker, M. and Wall, D.H. (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287, 1770-1774.
106. Samways, M.J. (1994) Insect Conservation Biology. Chapman & Hall, London.
107. Speight, M.R., Intachat, J., Chey, V.K. and Chung, A.Y.C. (2003) Influences of forest management on insects. In: Basset, Y., Kitching, R., Miller, S. and Novotny, V. (eds) Arthropods of Tropical Forests: Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Resource use in the Canopy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
108. Spitzer, K., Novotny, V., Tonner, M. and Leps, J. (1993) Habitat preferences, distribution and seasonality of the butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) in a montane tropical rain forest, Vietnam. Journal of Biogeography 20, 109-121.
109. Spitzer, K., Jaros, J., Havelka, J. and Leps, J. (1997) Effect of small-scale disturbance on butterfly communities of an Indochinese montane rainforest. Biological Conservation 80, 9-15.
110. Stewart-Oaten, A. and Murdoch, W.W. (1986) Environmental impact assessment: pseudoreplication in time. Ecology 67, 929-940.
111. Stork, N.E. (1994) Inventories of biodiversity: more than a question of numbers. In: Forey, P.I., Humphries, C.J. and Vane-Wright, R.I. (eds) Systematics and Conservation Evaluation. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 81-100.
112. Thomas, C.D. (1991) Habitat use and geographic ranges of butterflies from the wet lowlands of Costa Rica. Biological Conservation 55, 269-281.
113. Thomas, C.D., Cameron, A., Green, R.E., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L.J., Collingham, Y.C., Erasmus, B.F.N., de Siqueira, M.F., Grainger, A., Hannah, L., Hughes, L., Huntley, B., van Jaarsveld, A.S., Midgley, G.F., Miles, L., Ortega-Huerta, M.A., Peterson, A.T., Phillips, O.L. and Williams, S.E. (2004) Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427, 145-148.
114. Tylianakis, J.M., Tscharntke, T. and Lewis, O.T. (2007) Habitat modification alters the structure of tropical host-parasitoid food webs. Nature 445, 202-205.
115. Vane-Wright, R.I., Humphries, C.J. and Williams, P.H. (1991) What to protect? Systematics and the agony of choice. Biological Conservation 55, 235-254.
116. Vasconcelos, H.L., Vilhena, J.M.S. and Caliri, G.J.A. (2000) Responses of ants to selective logging of a central Amazonian forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 37, 508-514.
117. Williams, P.H., Humphries, C.J. and Vane-Wright, R.I. (1991) Measuring biodiversity: taxonomic relatedness for conservation priorities. Australian Journal of Systematics and Botany, 665-679.
118. Willott, S.J. (1999) The effects of selective logging on the distribution of moths in a Bornean rainforest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B -Biological Sciences 354, 1783-1790.
119. Wilson, E.O. (1987) The little things that run the world: the importance of conservation of invertebrates. Conservation Biology 1, 344-346.
120. Wilson, E.O. (2000) On the future of conservation biology. Conservation Biology 14, 1-4.
121. Wilson, R.J., Thomas, C.D., Fox, R., Roy, D.B. and Kunin, W.E. (2004) Spatial patterns in species distributions reveal biodiversity change. Nature 432, 393-396.
122. Wolda, H. (1996) Between-site similarity in species composition of a number of Panamanian insect groups. Miscellánia Zoològica 19, 39-50.
123. Wright, S.J. (2005) Tropical forests in a changing environment. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20, 553-560.