Predicting the strategic identity management of gender and race

Identity

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 269-306

  Roberts, Laura Morgan ^a   Settles, Isis H ^b   Jellison, William A ^c  

^a HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c QUINNIPIAC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 54249115380     PISSN: 15283488     EISSN: 1532706X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15283480802365270     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Alderfer, C., Alderfer, C., Tucker, R., & Tucker, L. (1980). Diagnosing race relations in management. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 16, 135-166.
2. Ashmore, R., Deaux, K., & McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 80-114.
3. Association of American Medical Colleges. (2005). Minorities in medical education. Facts and figures 2005, Washington, DC: Author.
4. Barbercheck, M. (2001). Mixed messages: Men and women in advertisements in science. In M. Wyer, M. Barbercheck, D. Geisman, H. O. Ozturk, & M. Wayne (Eds.), Women, science, and technology: A reader in feminist science studies (pp. 117-131). New York: Routledge.
5. Barnwell, S., & LaMendola, W. (1985). A survey and analysis of techniques used in attracting the Black middle-class patient. Journal of the National Medical Association, 77, 379-384.
6. Bartel, C., & Dutton, J. (2001). Ambiguous organizational memberships: Constructing organizational identities in interactions with others. In M. Hogg and D. Terry (Eds.), Social identity processes in organizational contexts (pp. 115-130). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
7. Baumeister, R. F. (1989). Motives and costs of self-presentation in organizations. In R. A. Giacalone & P. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Impression management in the organization. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Bell, E. L. (1990). The bicultural life experience of career-oriented Black women. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 459-477.
9. Bell, E. L., & Nkomo, S. (2001). Our separate ways: Black and White women and the struggle for professional identity. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
10. Bem, D. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology: Vol. 6, pp. 1-62. New York: Academic Press.
11. Bem, S. (1981). Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
12. Branscombe, N., & Ellemers, N. (1998). Coping with group-based discrimination: Individualistic versus group-level strategies. In J. Swim and C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 243-266). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
13. Brewer, M. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475-482.
14. Bullock, S. C., & Houston, E. (1987). Perceptions of racism by Black medical students attending White medical schools. Journal of the National Medical Association, 79, 601-608.
15. Byrd, W. M., & Clayton, L. A. (2000). An American health dilemma: Vol. 1. A medical history of African Americans and the problem of race: Beginnings to 1900. New York: Routledge.
16. Byrd, W. M., Clayton, L. A., Kinchen, K., Richardson, D., Lawrence, L., Butcher, R., & Davidson, E. (1994). African-American physicians' views on health reform: Results of a survey. Journal of the National Medical Association, 86, 191-199.
17. Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validity by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.
19. Carr, P. L., Szalacha, L., Barnett, R., Caswell, C., & Inui, T. (2003). A "ton of feathers": Gender discrimination in academic medical careers and how to manage it. Journal of Women's Health, 12, 1009-1018.
20. Carter, P. (2003). Black cultural capital, status positioning and schooling conflicts for low-income African American youth. Social Problems, 50, 136-155.
21. Cassell, C., & Walsh, S. (1997). Organizational cultures, gender management strategies and women's experience of work. Feminism and Psychology, 7, 224-230.
22. Chrobot-Mason, D., Button, S. B., & DiClementi, J. D. (2001). Sexual identity management strategies: An exploration of antecedents and consequences. Sex Roles, 45, 321-336.
23. Chuah, S. C., Drasgow, F., & Roberts, B. W. (2006). Personality assessment: Does the medium matter? No. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 359-376.
24. Clair, J., Beatty, J., & Maclean, T. (2005). Out of sight but not out of mind: Managing invisible social identities in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 30, 78-95.
25. Corbie-Smith, G., Frank, E., & Nickens, H. (2000). Intersection of race, gender, and primary care: Results from the Women Physicians' Health Study. Journal of the National Medical Association, 92, 724-480.
26. Côté, J. (2006). Identity studies: How close are we to developing a social science of identity? An appraisal of the field. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 6, 3-25.
27. Creed, D., & Scully, M. (2000). Songs of ourselves: Employees' deployment of social identity in workplace encounters. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9, 391-412.
28. Cross, W. E., Jr. (1991). Shades of black: Diversity in African-American identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
29. Cross, W. E., Jr., & Strauss, L. (1998). The everyday functions of African American identity. In J. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp.267-79). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
30. Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 631-648.
31. Deaux, K., & Ethier, K. (1998). Negotiating social identity. In J. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 301-323). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
32. Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 369-389.
33. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2000). Reducing contemporary prejudice: Combating explicit and implicit bias at the individual and intergroup level. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 137-163). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
34. Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (2002). Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 161-186.
35. Ellemers, N., Van Knippenberg, A., & de Vries, N. (1988). Social identification and permeability of group boundaries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 497-513.
36. Ely, R. (1995). The power of demography: Women's social constructions of gender identity at work. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 589-634.
37. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton.
38. Ethier, K. A., & Deaux, K. (1994). Negotiating social identity when contexts change: Maintaining identification and responding to threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 243-251.
39. Fallon, J. D., Avis, J. M., Kudisch, J. D., Gornet, T. P., & Frost, A. (2000). Conscientiousness as a predictor of productive and counterproductive behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 15, 339-349.
40. Fazio, R. H., & Williams, C. J. (1986). Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations: An investigation of the 1984 presidential election. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 505-514.
41. Feldman, D., & Weitz, B. (1991). From the invisible hand to the gladhand: Understanding a careerist orientation to work. Human Resource Management, 30, 237-257.
42. Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527.
43. Fordham, S., & Ogbu, J. U. (1986). Black students' school success: Coping with the "burden of acting White." Urban Review, 18, 176-206.
44. Gecas, V. (1982). The self-concept. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 1-33.
45. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday and Company.
46. Harrell, S. P. (1994). The Racism and Life Experience scales. Unpublished manuscript.
47. Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 42-57.
48. Hogg, M. A. (2003). Social identity. In M. R. Leary, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 462-479). New York: Guilford Press.
49. Ibarra, H. (1992). Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 422-447.
50. Jackson, L. A., Sullivan, L. A., & Harnish, H. (1996). Achieving positive social identity: Social mobility, social creativity, and permeability of group boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 241-254.
51. Jackson, P., Thoits, P., & Taylor, H. (1995). Composition of the workplace and psychological well-being: The effects of tokenism on America's Black elite. Social Forces, 74, 543-557.
52. Jones, E., Rhodewalt, F., Berglas, S., & Skelton, J. (1981). Effects of strategic self-presentation on subsequent self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 407-421.
53. Kaiser, C. R., & Miller, C. T. (2001). Reacting to impending discrimination: Compensation for prejudice and attributions to discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1357-1367.
54. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
55. Keller, E. F. (2001). The anomaly of a woman in physics. In M. Wyer, M. Barbercheck, D. Geisman, H. O. Ozturk, & M. Wayne (Eds.), Women, science, and technology: A reader in feminist science studies (pp. 9-16). New York: Routledge.
56. Kellerman, J., & Laird, J. (1982). The effect of appearance on self-perceptions. Journal of Personality, 50, 296-315.
57. Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 34-47.
58. Lennox, R. D., & Wolfe, R. N. (1984). Revision of the Self-Monitoring Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1349-1364.
59. Lenski, G. E. (1954). A non-vertical dimension of social status. American Sociological Review, 19, 405-413.
60. Link, J. C., & Phelan, B. G. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363-385.
61. Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989). The analysis of social science data with missing values. Sociological Methods and Research, 18, 292-326.
62. Major, B., Quinton, W., McCoy, S., & Schmader, T. (2000). Reducing prejudice: The target's perspective. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 211-237). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
63. McBroom, P. (1986). The third sex: The new professional woman. New York: Morrow.
64. Meyer, J. W., & Hammond, P. E. (1971). Forms of status inconsistency. Social Forces, 50, 91-101.
65. Miller, C. T., & Myers, A. M. (1998). Compensating for prejudice: How heavyweight people (and others) control outcomes despite prejudice. In J. K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target's perspective (pp. 191-218). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
66. Morgan, L. M. (2002). The nature, antecedents, and consequences of social identity-based impression management: Uncovering strategies for professional image construction in cases of negative stereotyping. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
67. Mummendey, A., Kessler, T., Klink, A., & Mielke, R. (1999). Strategies to cope with negative social identity: Predictions by social identity theory and relative deprivation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 229-245.
68. National Science Foundation. (2000). Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering: 2000 (Publication No. NSF 00-327). Arlington, VA: Author.
69. National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics. (2004). Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering: 2004 (Publication No. NSF 04-317). Arlington, VA: Author.
70. Odom, K., Roberts, L. M., Johnson, R., & Cooper, L. (2007). Exploring obstacles to and opportunities for professional success among ethnic minority medical students. Academic Medicine, 82, 146-153.
71. Oyserman, D., Gant, L., & Ager, J. (1995). A socially contextualized model of African American identity: Possible selves and school persistence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1216-1232.
72. Park, D. (1997). Androgynous leadership style: An integration rather than a polarization. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 18, 166-171.
73. Pinel, E. C. (1999). Stigma consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 114-128.
74. Post, D., & Weddington, W. (2000). Stress and coping of the African-American physician. Journal of the National Medical Association, 92, 70-75.
75. Pronin, E., Steele, C., & Ross, L. (2004). Identity bifurcation in response to stereotype threat: Women and mathematics. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 152-168.
76. Reitzes, D. C., & Elkhanialy, H. (1976). Black students in medical schools. Journal of Medical Education, 51, 1001-1005.
77. Roberts, L. M. (2005). Changing faces: Professional image construction in diverse organizational settings. Academy of Management Review, 30, 685-711.
78. Schlenker, B. R. (2003). Self-presentation. In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 492-518). New York: Guilford Press.
79. Schlenker, B. R., & Pontari, B. A. (2000). The strategic control of information: Impression management and self-presentation in daily life. In A. Tesser, R. B. Felson, & J. M. Suls (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on self and identity (pp. 199-232). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
80. Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8, 350-353.
81. Schwartz, S. (2001). The evolution of Eriksonian and neo-Eriksonian identity theory and research: A review and integration. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 1, 7-58.
82. Sellers, R. M., Rowley, S. A. J., Chavous, T. M., Shelton, J. N., & Smith, M. A. (1997). Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1-11.
83. Sellers, R. M., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1079-1092.
84. Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A. J., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 18-39.
85. Settles, I. (2004). When multiple identities interfere: The role of identity centrality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 487-500.
86. Settles, I. H., Cortina, L. M., Malley, J., & Stewart, A. J. (2006). The climate for women in academic science: The good, the bad, and the changeable. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 47-58.
87. Settles, I. H., Sellers, R. M., & Damas, A. (2002). One role or two: The function of psychological separation in role conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 574-582.
88. Seymour, E. (1995). The loss of women from science, mathematics, and engineering undergraduate majors: An explanatory account. Science Education, 79, 437-473.
89. Steckler, N. A., & Rosenthal, R. (1985). Sex differences in nonverbal and verbal communication with bosses, peers, and subordinates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 157-163.
90. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
91. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
92. Stryker, S., & Serpe, R. (1994). Identity salience and psychological centrality: Equivalent, overlapping, or complementary concepts? Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, 16-35.
93. Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. New York: Academic Press.
94. von Baeyer, C., Sherk, D., & Zanna, M. (1981). Impression management in the job interview: When the female applicant meets the male (chauvinist) interviewer. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 45-51.
95. Vorauer, J. D., Main, K. J., & O'Connell, G. B. (1998). How do individuals expect to be viewed by members of lower status groups? Content and implications of meta-stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 917-937.
96. Wilson, J. Q. (2002). Slavery and the Black family. Public Interest, 147, 3-23.
97. Wyer, M., Barbercheck, M., Geisman, D., Öztürk, H. O., & Wayne, M. (2001). Women, science, and technology: A reader in feminist science studies. New York: Routledge.
98. Young, A. (1999). Navigating race: Getting ahead in the lives of "rags-to-riches" young Black men. In M. Lamont (Ed.), The cultural territories of race: Black and White boundaries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 30-82.