Abdominal obesity and diabetes;Obesità addominale e diabete

Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia

Volumn 9, Issue 4 SUPPL.1, 2008, Pages

  Bonora, Enzo ^a   Brangani, Corinna ^a   Pichiri, Isabella ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Abdominal obesity; Adipokines; Diabetes mellitus; Free fatty acids; Insulin resistance; Insulin secretion

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; FATTY ACID; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADIPOCYTE; ADULT; AGE; AGED; BODY MASS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; GENETICS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MALE; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PANCREAS ISLET; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SECRETION; SEX DIFFERENCE; TIME;

ADIPOCYTES; ADIPOKINES; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; BODY MASS INDEX; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FATTY ACIDS, NONESTERIFIED; FEMALE; GLUCOSE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; INSULIN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; ISLETS OF LANGERHANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 54049150368     PISSN: 18276806     EISSN: 19726481     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Vague J. The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1956; 4: 20-34.
2. Kissebah AH, Krakower GR. Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 761-811.
3. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J, for the IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome -a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005; 366: 1059-62.
4. Enzi G, Gasparo M, Biondetti PR, Fiore D, Semisa M, Zurlo F. Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44: 739-46.
5. Bouchard C. Genetic aspects of human obesity. In: Bjorntorp P, Brodoff BN, eds. Obesity. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott, 1992: 343-51.
6. Muggeo M, Verlato G, Bonora E, et al. The Verona Diabetes Study: a population-based survey on known diabetes mellitus prevalence and 5-year all-cause mortality. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 318-25.
7. Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2548-56.
8. Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 1785-8.
9. Badman MK, Flier JS. The adipocyte as an active participant in energy balance and metabolism. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 2103-15.
10. Margetic S, Gazzola C, Pegg GG, Hill RA. Leptin: a review of its peripheral actions and interactions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1407-33.
11. Fasshauer M, Paschke R. Regulation of adipocytokines and insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2003; 46: 1594-603.
12. Steppan MC, Bailey ST, Bhat S, et al. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 2001; 409: 307-12.
13. De Alvaro C, Teruel T, Hernandez R, Lorenzo M. Tumor necrosis factor α produces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by activation of inhibitor κB kinase in a p38 MAPKdependent manner. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 17070-8.
14. Senn J, Klover P, Nowak AI, Mooney RA. Interleukin-6 induces cellular insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Diabetes 2002; 51: 3391-9.
15. Bjorntorp P. Regional obesity. In: Bjorntorp P, Brodoff BN, eds. Obesity. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott, 1992: 579-86.
16. McLaughlin T, Sherman A, Tsao P, et al. Enhanced proportion of small adipose cells in insulin-resistant vs insulinsensitive obese individuals implicates impaired adipogenesis. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 1707-15.
17. Richelsen B, Pedersen SB, Moller-Pedersen T, Bak JF. Regional differences in triglyceride breakdown in human adipose tissue: effects of catecholamines, insulin, and prostaglandin E2. Metabolism 1991; 40: 990-6.
18. Grohmann M, Stewart C, Welsh G, et al. Site-specific differences of insulin action in adipose tissue derived from normal prepubertal children. Exp Cell Res 2005; 308: 469-78.
19. Virtanen KA, Lonnroth P, Parkkola R, et al. Glucose uptake and perfusion in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue during insulin stimulation in nonobese and obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3902-10.
20. Bolinder N, Engfeldt P, Ostman J, Arner P. Site differences in insulin receptor binding and insulin action in subcutaneous fat of obese females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57: 455-61.
21. Hellmer J, Marcus C, Sonnenfeld T, Arner P. Mechanisms for differences in lipolysis between human subcutaneous and omental fat cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 15-20.
22. 3-adrenoreceptor in obesity. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1109-16.
23. Zierath JR, Livingston JN, Thorne A, et al. Regional difference in insulin inhibition of non-esterified fatty acid release from human adipocytes: relation to insulin receptor phosphorylation and intracellular signalling through the insulin receptor substrate-1 pathway. Diabetologia 1998; 41: 1343-54.
24. Laviola L, Perrini S, Cignarelli A, et al. Insulin signaling in human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Diabetes 2006; 55: 952-61.
25. Bujalska IJ, Quinkler M, Tomlinson JW, Montague CT, Smith DM, Stewart PM. Expression profiling of 11α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 and glucocorticoid-target genes in subcutaneous and omental human preadipocytes. J Mol Endocrinol 2006; 37: 327-40.
26. Perrini S, Laviola L, Cignarelli A, et al. Fat depot-related differences in gene expression, adiponectin secretion, and insulin action and signalling in human adipocytes differentiated in vitro from precursor stromal cells. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 155-64.
27. Jensen MD, Haymond MW, Rizza RA, Cryer PE, Miles JM. Influence of body fat distribution on free fatty acid metabolism in obesity. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1168-73.
28. Nielsen S, Guo Z, Johnson CM, Hensrud DD, Jensen MD. Splanchnic lipolysis in human obesity. J Clin Invest 2004; 113: 1582-8.
29. Newby FD, Sykes MN, DiGirolamo M. Regional differences in adipocyte lactate production from glucose. Am J Physiol 1988; 255 (5 Pt 1): E716-E722.
30. Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, Vinicor F, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA 2001; 286: 1195-200.
31. Gallus S, Colombo P, Scarpino V, et al. Overweight and obesity in Italian adults 2004, and an overview of trends since 1983. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 1174-9.
32. Pagano R, La Vecchia C. Overweight and obesity in Italy, 1990-91. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994; 18: 665-9.
33. Giampaoli S, Palmieri L, Dima F, Pilotto L, Vescio MF, Vanuzzo D, a nome del Gruppo di Ricerca dell'Osservatorio Epidemiologico Cardiovascolare. Aspetti socio-economici e fattori di rischio cardiovascolare: l'esperienza dell'Osservatorio Epidemiologico Cardiovascolare. Ital Heart J Suppl 2001; 2: 294-302.
34. Bonora E. Obesità e distribuzione regionale del tessuto adiposo nel diabete tipo 2. In: Vaccaro O, Bonora E, Bruno G, Garancini MP, Muntoni S, eds. Il diabete in Italia. Milano: Kurtis Editrice, 1996: 31-40.
35. Hartz AJ, Rupley DC Jr, Kalkhoff RD, Rimm AA. Relationship of obesity to diabetes: Influence of obesity level and body fat distribution. Prev Med 1983; 12: 351-7.
36. Janssen I, PhD, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2074-9.
37. Ohlson LO, Larsson B, Svardsudd K, et al. The influence of body fat distribution on the incidence of diabetes mellitus: 13.5 years of follow-up of the participants in the study of men born in 1913. Diabetes 1985; 34: 1055-8.
38. Wang Y, Rimm EB, Stampfer JM, Willett WC, Hu FB. Comparison of abdominal adiposity and overall obesity in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes among men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 555-63.
39. Carey VJ, Walters EE, Colditz GA, et al. Body fat distribution and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. The Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145: 614-9.
40. Snijder MB, Dekker JM, Visser M, et al. Association of hip and thigh circumferences independent of waist circumference with the incidence of type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1192-7.
41. Muggeo M, Bonora E. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. In: Ferrari E, Brambilla F, Solerte SB, eds. Primary and secondary eating disorders: a psychoneuroendocrine approach. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1993: 305-17.
42. Lancaster JL, Ghiatas AA, Alyassin A, Kilcoyne RF, Bonora E, DeFronzo RA. Measurement of abdominal fat with T1-weighted MR images. J Magn Reson Imaging 1991; 1: 363-9.
43. Bergstrom RW, Newell-Morris LL, Leonetti DL, Shuman WP, Wahl PW, Fujimoto WY. Association of elevated fasting C-peptide level and increased intra-abdominal fat distri-bution with development of NIDDM in Japanese-American men. Diabetes 1990; 39: 104-11.
44. Boyko EJ, Fujimoto WY, Leonetti DL, Newell-Morris L. Visceral adiposity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study among Japanese Americans. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 465-71.
45. Bonora E, Del Prato S, Bonadonna RC, et al. Total body fat content and fat topography are associated differently with in vivo glucose metabolism in nonobese and obese nondiabetic women. Diabetes 1992; 41: 1151-9.
46. Kelley DE, Williams KV, Price JC, McKolanis TM, Goodpaster BH, Thaete FL. Plasma fatty acids, adiposity, and variance of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 11: 5412-9.
47. DeFronzo RA. The triumvirate: B-cell, muscle, liver. A collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes 1988; 37: 667-87.
48. Gabriely I, Ma HX, Yang XM, et al. Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging: an adipokine-mediated process? Diabetes 2002; 51: 2951-8.
49. Thorne A, Lonnqvist F, Apelman J, Hellers G, Arner P. A pilot study of long-term effects of a novel obesity treatment: omentectomy in connection with adjustable gastric banding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 193-9.
50. Klein S, Fontana L, Young VL, et al. Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2549-57.
51. Fanelli C, Calderone S, Epifano L, et al. Demonstration of a critical role for free fatty acids in mediating counterregulatory stimulation of gluconeogenesis and suppression of glucose utilization in humans. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1617-22.
52. Groop LC, Ferrannini E. Insulin action and substrate competition. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 7: 1007-32.
53. Boden G, Jadali F, White J, et al. Effects of fat on insulinstimulated carbohydrate metabolism in normal men. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 960-6.
54. Roden M, Price TB, Perseghin G, et al. Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 2859-65.
55. Tippett PS, Neet KE. Specific inhibition of glucokinase by long chain acyl coenzymes A below the critical micelle concentration. J Biol Chem 1982; 257: 12839-45.
56. Bonadonna RC, Bonora E. Glucose and free fatty acid metabolism in human obesity. Relationship to insulin resistance. Diabetes Rev 1997; 5: 21-51.
57. Vaag A, Skott P, Damsbo P, Gall MA, Richter EA, Beck-Nielsen H. Effect of the antilipolytic nicotinic acid analogue acipimox on whole-body and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1282-90.
58. Bajaj M, Suraamornkul S, Romanelli A, et al. Effect of sustained reduction in plasma free fatty acid concentration on intramuscular long-chain fatty Acyl-CoAs and insulin action in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2005; 54: 3148-53.
59. Bonora E, Bonadonna R, Gulli G. Visceral abdominal fat and metabolic disturbances in obese subjects with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. (abstr) Diabetes 1993; 42 (Suppl 1): 140A.
60. Lillioja S, Mott DM, Spraul M, et al. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of Pima Indians. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1988-92.
61. Milburn JL Jr, Hirose H, Lee YH, et al. Pancreatic β-cells in obesity. Evidence for induction of functional, morphologic, and metabolic abnormalities by increased long chain fatty acids. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 1295-9.
62. Zhou YP, Grill VE. Long-term exposure of rat pancreatic islets to fatty acids inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion and biosynthesis through a glucose fatty acid cycle. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 870-6.
63. Lupi R, Dotta F, Marselli L, et al. Prolonged exposure to free fatty acids has cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects on human pancreatic islets: evidence that β-cell death is caspase mediated, partially dependent on ceramide pathway, and Bcl-2 regulated. Diabetes 2002; 51: 1437-42.
64. Lupi R, Del Guerra S, Marselli L, et al. Rosiglitazone prevents the impairment of human islet function induced by fatty acids: evidence for a role of PPARγ2 in the modulation of insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286: E560-E567.
65. Unger RH, Zhou YT. Lipotoxicity of β-cells in obesity and in other causes of fatty acid spillover. Diabetes 2001; 50 (Suppl 1): S118-S121.
66. Gastaldelli A, Cusi K, Pettiti M, et al. Relationship between hepatic/visceral fat and hepatic insulin resistance in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 496-506.
67. Colberg SR, Simoneau JA, Thaete FL, Kelley DE. Skeletal muscle utilization of free fatty acids in women with visceral obesity. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1846-53.
68. Pickersgill L, Litherland GJ, Greenberg AS, Walker M, Yeaman SJ. Key role for ceramides in mediating insulin resistance in human muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 12583-9.
69. Ghosh N, Patel N, Jiang K, et al. Ceramide-activated protein phosphatase involvement in insulin resistance via Akt, serine/ arginine-rich protein 40, and ribonucleic acid splicing in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 2007; 148: 1359-66.
70. Virkamaki A, Korsheninnikova E, Seppala-Lindroos A, et al. Intramyocellular lipid is associated with insulin resistance to in vivo insulin actions on glucose uptake, antilipolysis and early insulin signaling pathways in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2337-43.
71. Corcoran MP, Lamon-Fava S, Fielding RA. Skeletal muscle lipid deposition and insulin resistance: effect of dietary fatty acids and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 662-77.
72. Kelley DE, McKolanis TM, Hegazi RA, Kuller LH, Kalhan SC. Fatty liver in type 2 diabetes mellitus: relation to regional adiposity, fatty acids, and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285: E906-E916.
73. Choi S, Diehl AM. Role of inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2005; 21: 702-7.
74. Svegliati-Baroni G, Candelaresi C, Saccomanno S, et al. A model of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment on liver in injury. Am J Pathol 2006; 169: 846-60.
75. Cnop M, Hannaert JC, Hoorens A, Eizirik DL, Pipeleers DG. Inverse relationship between citotoxicity of free fatty acids in pancreatic islet cells and cellular triglyceride accumulation. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1771-7.
76. Maedler K, Spinas GA, Dyntar D, Moritz W, Kaiser N, Donath MY. Distinct effect of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids on β-cell turnover and function. Diabetes 2001; 50: 69-76.
77. Borradaile NM, Han X, Harp JD, Gale SE, Ory DS, Schaffer JE. Disruption of endoplasmic reticulum structure and integrity in lipotoxic cell death. J Lipid Res 2006; 47: 2726-37.
78. Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S. Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes 2007; 56: 1010-3.
79. Fain JN, Modan AK, Hilerr ML, Cheema P, Bahouth SW. Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue of obese humans. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 2273-82.
80. Lee MJ, Fried SK. Multilevel regulation of leptin storage, turnover, and secretion by feeding and insulin in rat adipose tissue. J Lipid Res 2006; 47: 1984-93.
81. Bjorbaek C, Kahan BB. Leptin signalling in the central nervous system and the periphery. Recent Prog Horm Res 2004; 59: 305-31.
82. Unger RH, Zhou YT, Orci L. Regulation of fatty acid homeostasis in cells: novel role of leptin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 2327-32.
83. Silha JV, Krsek M, Skrha JV, Sucharda P, Nyomba BL, Murphy LJ. Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: correlations with insulin resistance. Eur J Endocrinol 2003; 149: 331-5.
84. Steinberg GR, Parolin ML, Heigenhauser GJ, Dick DJ. Leptin increases FA oxidation in lean but not obese human skeletal muscle: evidence of peripheral leptin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283: E187-E192.
85. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1930-5.
86. Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T, Kubota N, Hara K, Ueki K, Tobe K. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 1784-92.
87. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Y, et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med 2002; 8: 1288-95.
88. Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocr Rev 2005; 26: 439-51.
89. Tsushida A, Yamauchi T, Ito Y, et al. Insulin/Foxo1 pathway regulates expression levels of adiponectin receptors and adiponectin sensitivity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 30817-22.
90. Rajala MW, Qi Y, Patel HR, et al. Regulation of resistin expression and circulating levels in obesity, diabetes, and fasting. Diabetes 2004; 53: 1671-9.
91. Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig A. Visfatin: the missing link between intra-abdominal obesity and diabetes? Trends Mol Med 2005; 11: 344-7.
92. Varma V, Yao-Borengasser A, Rasouli N, et al. Human visfatin expression: relationship to insulin sensitivity, intramyocellular lipids, and inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 666-72.
93. Dyck DJ, Heigenhauser GJ, Bruce CR. The role of adipokines as regulators of skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2006; 186: 5-16.
94. Wisse BE. The inflammatory syndrome: the role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 2792-800.
95. Rieusset J, Bouzakri K, Chevillotte E, et al. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of obese and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2232-41.
96. Yang Q, Graham TE, Mody N, et al. Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2005; 436: 356-62.
97. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al, for the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343-50.
98. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al, for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393-403.