The effort-outcome gap: Differences for African American and Hispanic community college students in student engagement and academic achievement

Journal of Higher Education

Volumn 79, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 513-539

  Greene, Thomas G ^a   Marti, C Nathan ^b   McClenney, Kay ^c  

^a Sacramento City College

^b Community College Survey of Student Engagement ^*

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 54049087004     PISSN: 00221546     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jhe.0.0018     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Adelman, C. (2005). Educational "Anticipations" of traditional age community college students: A prolegomena to any future accountability indicators. Journal of Applied Research in the Community College, 12(1): 93-107.
2. Allen, W. R. (1992). The color of success: African American college student outcomes at predominantly White and historically Black public colleges and universities. Harvard Educational Review, 62(1), 25-43.
3. Ancis, J. R., Sedlacek, W. E., & Mohr, J. J. (2000). Student perceptions of campus climate by race. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 180-185.
4. Astin, A. (1993a). How are students affected? Change, 25(2), 44-50.
5. Astin, A. (1993b). What matters in college. Liberal Education, 79(4), 4-17.
6. ATD (2005). Strategies at Achieving the Dream colleges, from http://www.achievingthedream.org/CAMPUSSTRATEGIES/ STRATEGIESATACHIEVINGTHEDREAMCOLLEGES/default.tp.
7. Bailey, T. R., Jenkins, D., & Leinbach, D. T. (2005). What we know about community college low-income and minority student outcomes. New York, N.Y.: Community College Research Center, Columbia University.
8. Boylan, H. R., Bliss, L. B., & Bonham, B. S. (1997). Program components and their relationship to student performance. Journal of Developmental Education, 20(3), 2-4.
9. Bradburn, E. M. (2002). Short-term enrollment in postsecondary education: Student background and institutional differences in reasons for early departure, 1996-98. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
10. Cabrera, A. F., Alberto, F., Nora, A., Terenzini, P. T., Pascarella, E. T., & Serra, H. L. (1999). Campus racial climate and the adjustment of students to college: A comparison between white students and African-American students. The Journal of Higher Education, 70(2), 134-160.
11. CCSSE (2005). Engaging students, challenging the odds: 2005 findings. Community College Survey of Student Engagement. Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin.
12. Chaney, B., Muraskin, L. D., Cahalan, M. W., & Goodwin, D. (1998). Helping the progress of disadvantaged students in higher education: The federal student support services program. Washington, DC: US Department of Education.
13. Chickering, A. W., & Gamson, Z. F. (1987). Seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education. AAHE Bulletin, 39(7), 3-7.
14. Cruce, T. M., Wolniak, G. C., Seifert, T. A., & Pascarella, E. T. (2006). Impacts of good practices on cognitive development, learning orientations, and graduate degree plans during the first year of college. Journal of College Student Development, 47, 365-382.
15. Cook, B. J. & Cordova, D. I. (2006). Minorities in Higher Education. Twenty-second annual status report. American Council on Education. Washington, D.C.
16. DeSousa, J. D., & King, P. M. (1992). Are White students really more involved in collegiate experiences than Black students? Journal of College Student Development, 33, 363-369.
17. DeSousa, J. D., & Kuh, G. D. (1996). Does institutional racial composition make a difference in what black students gain from college? Journal of College Student Development, 37, 257-267.
18. EDRFL (2005). Characteristics of students by place of birth & language spoken in the home: Florida public schools, grades PK-12, 2003-04 school year. Tallahasee, FL: Office of Economic & Demographic Research.
19. Elliot, K. & Healy, M. (2001). Key factors influencing student satisfaction related to recruitment and retention. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 10, 1-11.
20. Flyr, M. (2000). Assistance center helps students make the grade in Nebraska. Community College Week, 12(24), 1-3.
21. Harris, Z. M., & Kayes, P. (1996). New statewide regional initiative on creating inclusive educational communities for minority students. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Association of Community Colleges, Atlanta, Georgia.
22. Harvey, W. B. (2001). Minorities in Higher Education 2000-2001: Eighteenth Annual Status Report. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
23. Hoachlander, G., Sikora, A. C., & Horn, L. J. (2003). Community college students: Goals, academic preparation and outcomes (NCES Publication No. 2003-164). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
24. Horn, L. J., & Berger, R. (2004). College persistence on the rise? Changes in 5-Year degree completion and postsecondary persistence rates between 1994 and 2000. (NCES 2005-156). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
25. Horn, L. J., & Nevill, S. (2006). Profile of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary education institutions: 2003-04, with a special analysis of community college students (NCES Publication No. 2006-184). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
26. Horn, L. J., Peter, K., & Rooney, K. (2002). Profile of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary education institutions: 1999-00 (NCES Publication No. 2002-168). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
27. Horn, L. J., & Premo, M. D. (1995). Profile of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary education institutions: 1992-93 (NCES Publication No. 96-237). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
28. Hu, S., & Kuh, G. D. (2002). Being (dis) engaged in educationally purposeful activities: The influences of student and institutional characteristics. Research in Higher Education, 43, 555-575.
29. Hudson, L. (2003). Racial/ethnic differences in the path to a postsecondary credential. Education Statistics Quarterly, 5(2), 129-133.
30. Jacobson, J., Olsen, C., Rice, J. K., Sweetland, S., & Ralph, J. (2001). Educational Achievement and Black-White Inequality (NCES Publication No. 2001-061). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
31. Kolajo, E. F. (2004). From developmental education to graduation: A community college experience. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 28, 365-371.
32. Kuh, G. D. (2001). The National Survey of Student Engagement: Conceptual framework and overview of psychometric properties. Indiana University, Center for Postsecondary Research. Bloomington, IN.
33. Kuh, G. D., Kinzie, J., Cruce, T. M., Shoup, R. & Gonyea, R. M. (2007, Revised). Connecting the dots: Multi-faceted analyses of the relationships between student engagement results from NSSE, and the institutional practices and conditions that foster student success. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research.
34. Kuh, G. D., Kinzie, J., Schuh, J. H., & Whitt, E. J. (2005). Student Success in College: Creating conditions that matter. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
35. Kuh, G. D., Vesper, N., & Pace, C. R. (1997). The development of process indicators to estimate student gains associated with good practices in undergraduate education. Review in Higher Education, 38, 435-454.
36. Lee, W. (2001). Toward a more perfect union: Reflecting on trends and issues for enhancing the academic performance of minority transfer students. New Directions for Community Colleges, 114, 39-44.
37. Levy, P. S., & Lemeshow, S. (1999). Sampling of populations: Methods and applications. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
38. Love, B. J. (1993). Issues and problems in the retention of Black students in predominantly White institutions of higher education. Equity and Excellence in Education, 26, 27-33.
39. MacKay, K. A., & Kuh, G. D. (1994). A comparison of student effort and educational gains of Caucasian and African American students at predominantly white colleges and universities. Journal of College Student Development, 35, 217-223.
40. Marti, C. N. (in press). Dimensions of student engagement in American community colleges: Using the community college student report in research and practice. The Community College Journal of Research and Practice.
41. McClenney, K. M., & Greene, T. G. (2005). A tale of two students: Building a culture of engagement in the community college. About Campus. (10) 3, 2-7.
42. McClenney, K. M. & Marti, C. N. (2007). Exploring relationships between student engagement and student outcomes in community colleges: Report on validation research. Retrieved March 1, 2007 from the Community College Survey of Student Engagement Web site: http://www.ccsse.org/publications/CCSSE Working Paper on Validation Research December 2006.pdf.
43. NCES (2005). The condition of education 2005. Washington, DC.: U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics.
44. NSSE (2000). National benchmarks of effective educational practice. National Survey of Student Engagement Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research.
45. NSSE (2003). Converting data into action: Expanding the boundaries of institutional improvement. National Survey of Student Engagement. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research.
46. Nunez, A., & Cuccaro-Alamin, S. (1998). First generation students: Undergraduates whose parents never enrolled in postsecondary education. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).
47. Pascarella, E. T. (1980). Student-faculty informal contact and college outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 50, 545-595.
48. Pascarella, E. T. (1997). It's time we started paying attention to community college students. About Campus (January/February), 14-17.
49. Pascarella, E. T., Edison, M., Nora, A., Hagedorn, L., & Terenzini, P. T. (1996). Influences on students' openness to diversity and challenge in the first year of college. Journal of College Student Development, 67, 174-195.
50. Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1978). Student-faculty informal relationships and freshman year educational outcomes. Journal of Educational Research, 71, 183-189.
51. Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How college affects students: A third decade of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
52. Perm, D. (2004). Remediation beyond developmental education: The use of learning assistance centers to increase academic preparedness in community colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 28, 559-582.
53. Price, D. (2004). Defining the gaps: Access and success at America's community colleges. In K. Boswell & C. Wilson (Eds.), Keeping America's Promise: A Report on the Future of the Community College). Denver: Education Commission of the States.
54. Prillerman, S. L., Myers, H. F., & Smedley, B. D. (1989). Stress, well-being and academic achievement in college. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
55. Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
56. Rendon, L. I. (1994, February). A systematic view of minority students in educational institutions. Paper presented at the Social Education Foundation Panel on Educational Opportunity and Postsecondary Desegregation, Austin, TX.
57. Roueche, J., & Roueche, S. (1993). Between a rock and a hard place: The at risk student in the open door college. Washington, DC: American Association of Community Colleges, The Community College Press.
58. Sanchez, I. M. (2000). Motivating and maximizing learning in minority classrooms. New Directions for Community Colleges, 112, 35-44.
59. Schwitzer, A. M., Griffin, O. T., Ancis, J. R., & Thomas, C. (1999). Social adjustment experiences of African American college students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77, 189-197.
60. Sedlacek, W. E. (2003). Alternative admissions and scholarship selection measures in higher education. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 35, 263-272.
61. Sedlacek, W. E. (2004). Why we should use noncognitive variables with graduate and professional students. The Advisor: The Journal of the National Association of Advisors for the Health Professions, 24 (2), 32-39.
62. Seidman, A. (1991). The evaluation of a pre/post admissions/counseling process at a sub-urban community college: Impact on student satisfaction with the faculty and the institution, retention, and academic performance. College and University, 66, 223-232.
63. Smedley, B. D., Myers, H. F., & Harrell, S. P. (1993). Minority-status stresses and the college adjustment of ethnic minority freshman. The Journal of Higher Education, 64, 434-452.
64. Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ. London: Cambridge University Press.
65. Sternberg, R. J. (1986). What would better intelligence tests look like? In Measures in the college admissions process (p. 146-150). New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
66. Stovall, M. (2000). Using success courses for promoting persistence and completion. New Directions for Community Colleges, 112, 45-54.
67. Swail, W. S. (with Redd, K. E., and Perna, L. W.). (2003). Retaining minority students in higher education: A framework for success. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 2. Washington, DC: The George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development.
68. Swigart, T. E., & Murrell, P. H. (2001). Factors influencing estimates of gains made among African-American and Caucasian community college students. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 25, 297-312.
69. Szelenyi, K. (2001). Minority student retention and academic achievement in community colleges. ERIC Digests, ED451859.
70. Tinto, V. (1994). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
71. Townsend, B. K. (1994). How universities successfully retain and graduate Black students. Journal of Negro Education, 27, 89-125.
72. Townsend, B. K., Donaldson, J., & Wilson, T. (2004). Marginal or monumental? Visibility of community colleges in selective higher education journals. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 29, 123-135.
73. Watson, L., & Kuh, G. D. (1996). The influence of dominant race environments on student involvement, perception, and educational gains: A look at historically Black and predominantly White liberal arts institutions. Journal of College Student Development, 37, 415-424.
74. Wirt, J., Choy, S., Rooney, P., Provasnik, S., Sen, A., & Tobin, R. (2004). The condition of education 2004: Indicator 18. Remediation and degree completion. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
75. Zamani, E. (2000). Sources of information regarding effective retention strategies for students of color. New Directions for Community Colleges, 112, 95-104.