Preventing Heart Disease: Who Needs to be Concerned and What to Do

Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 589-607

  Sidani, Mohamad ^a   Ziegler, Carol ^a  

^a MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Exercise; Folic acid; Vitamin B12; Vitamin C; Vitamin E

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; CALCIUM; CYANOCOBALAMIN; FOLIC ACID; HOMOCYSTEINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIPID; MAGNESIUM; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID; PLACEBO; POTASSIUM; PYRIDOXINE; RETINOL; SELENIUM; SODIUM; UBIDECARENONE;

AIR POLLUTION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE; AMINO ACID BLOOD LEVEL; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BRAIN INFARCTION; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; DIETARY FIBER; DIETARY INTAKE; EXERCISE; FAT INTAKE; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART INFARCTION PREVENTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HOMOCYSTINURIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET; LOW FAT DIET; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MINERAL INTAKE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SMOKING CESSATION; STRESS MANAGEMENT; STROKE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

AIR POLLUTION; ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; ANTIOXIDANTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET; FOOD; HUMANS; MINERALS; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; VITAMINS;

EID: 53349108630     PISSN: 00954543     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2008.07.007     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. World Health Organization 2005. Available at: http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases. Accessed May 31, 2008.
2. World Health Organization 2003. Available at: http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases. Accessed May 31, 2008.
3. Nhlbi, Usa 2007.
4. Adams P., Hendershot G., and Marano M. Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1996. Vital Health Stat 10 200 (1999) 1-9 103
5. Sobngwi E., Mbanya J.C., Unwin N.C., et al. Physical activity and its relationship with obesity, hypertension and diabetes in urban and rural Cameroon. Int J Obes Relat Metabol Disord 26 (2002) 1009-1016
6. Das M., Susil P., and Ghosh A. Rural urban differences of cardiovascular disease risk factors in adult Asian Indians. AmerJ Human Biol 20 (2008) 440-445
7. Cruikshank J.K., Mbanya J.C., Wilks R., et al. Sick genes, sick individuals or sick populations with chronic disease? The emergence of diabetes and high blood pressure in African-origin populations. Int J Epidemiol 30 (2001) 111-117
8. Drewnowski A., and Popkin B. The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet. Nutr Rev 55 (1997) 31-43
9. Janus E., Postiglione A., and Singh R. The modernisation of Asia. Implications for coronary heart disease. Circulation 94 (1994) 2671-2673
10. Kagan A., Harris B., Winkelstein W., et al. Epidemiological studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: demographic, physical, dietary and biochemical characteristics. J Chronic Dis 27 (1974) 345-364
11. Ghosh A. Anthropometric, metabolic and dietary fatty acid profiles in lean and obese diabetic Asian Indian subjects. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 15 (2006) 189-195
12. Venkatramana P., and Reddy P. Association of overall and abdominal obesity with coronary heart disease risk factors: comparison between urban and rural Indian men. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 11 (2002) 66-71
13. Yusuf F., Hawken S., Ounpuu S., et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 364 (2004) 937-952
14. American Heart Association 2001 Heart and stroke statistical update, Dallas, TX AHA 2000.
15. Ornish D., Scherwitz L., Billings J., et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 280 (1998) 2001-2007
16. Doyle J.T., Dawber T.R., Kannel W.B., et al. The relationship of cigarette smoking to coronary heart disease: the second report of the combined experience of the Albany, NY and Framingham, Mass studies. JAMA 190 (1964) 886-890
17. Jenkins C.D., Rosenman R.H., and Zyzanski S.J. Cigarette smoking: its relationship to coronary heart disease and related risk factors in the Western collaborative group study. Circulation 38 (1968) 1140-1155
18. Aronow W.S. Effect of cigarette smoking and of carbon monoxide on coronary heart disease. Chest 70 (1976) 514-518
19. Kawachi I., Colditz G., Speizer F., et al. A prospective study of passive smoking and coronary heart disease. Circulation 95 (1997) 2374-2379
20. Peters A., Dockery D., Muller J., et al. Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Circulation 103 (2001) 2810-2815
21. Bhatnagar A. Environmental cardiology: studying mechanistic links between pollution and heart disease. Circ Res 99 (2006) 692-705
22. Miller K., Siscovick D., Sheppard L., et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med 356 (2007) 447-458
23. Kunzli N., Jerret M., Mack W., et al. Ambient air pollution and atherosclerosis in Los Angeles. Environ Health Perspect 113 (2005) 201-207
24. Kannel W.B., Kannel C., Paffenbarger R.S., et al. Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 113 (1987) 1489-1494
25. Appel L., Moore T., Obarzanek E., et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary pattern on blood pressure. N Engl J Med 336 (1997) 1117-1124
26. Gross L., Li L., Ford E., et al. Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment. Am J Clin Nutr 79 (2004) 774-779
27. De Lorgeril M., Salen P., Martin J.-L., et al. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 99 (1999) 779-785
28. Keys A., Aravanis C., Blackburn H.W., et al. Epidemiologic studies related to coronary heart disease: characteristics of men aged 40-59 in seven countries. Acta Med Scand 460 Suppl (1966) 1-392
29. Singh R., Dubnov G., Niaz M., et al. Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients: a randomized single-blind trial. Lancet 360 (2002) 1455-1461
30. Mitrou P., Kipnis V., Thiébaut A., et al. Mediterranean dietary pattern and prediction of all-cause mortality in a US population: results from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Arch Intern Med 167 (2007) 2461-2468
31. Esposito K., Marfella R., Ciotola M., et al. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 292 (2004) 1440-1446
32. Joshipura K.J., Hu F.B., and Manson J.E. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 134 (2001) 1106-1114
33. He F.J., Nowson C.A., and MacGregor G.A. Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet 367 (2006) 320-326
34. Key T., Fraser G., Thorogood M., et al. Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians; a collaborative analysis of 8300 deaths among 76,000 men and women in five prospective studies. Public Health Nutr 1 (1998) 33-41
35. Fontana L., Meyer T., Klein S., et al. Long-term calorie restriction is highly effective in reducing the risk for atherosclerosis in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (2004) 6659-6663
36. Weiss E., Racette S., Villareal D., et al. Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin action induced by increasing energy expenditure or decreasing energy intake: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 84 (2006) 1033-1042
37. Qi L., van Dam R., Liu S., et al. Whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber intakes and markers of systemic inflammation in diabetic women. Diabetes Care 29 (2006) 207-211
38. Kershaw E., and Flier J. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 2548-2556
39. Clifton P., Keogh J., and Noakes M. Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet. Am J Clin Nutr 87 (2008) 23-29
40. Bravata D., Sanders L., Huang J., et al. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. JAMA 289 (2003) 1837-1850
41. Grundy S., Ballady G., Criqui M., et al. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: guidance from Framingham. Circulation 97 (1998) 1876-1887
42. Howard B., Van Horn L., Hsia J., et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled dietary modification trial. JAMA 295 (2006) 655-666
43. Kris-Etherton P., and Yu S. Individual fatty acid effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 65 (1997) 1628S-1644S
44. Appel L.J., Sacks F.M., Carey V.J., et al. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA 294 (2005) 2455-2464
45. Lopez-Garcia E., Schulze M., Meigs J., et al. Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial cell dysfunction. J Nutr 135 (2005) 562-566
46. Mozaffarian D., Katan M., Ascherio A., et al. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. New Engl J Med 354 (2006) 1601-1613
47. Willet W., Stampfer M., Manson J., et al. Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women. Lancet 341 (1993) 581-585
48. Schmidt E.B., Skou H., Christensen J., et al. N-3 fatty acids from fish and coronary artery disease: implications for public health. Public Health Nutrition 3 (2000) 91-98
49. Simopoulos A. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am J Clin Nut 70 (1999) 560s-569s
50. Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine, 2002.
51. Kris-Etherton P., Harris W., and Appel L. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 (2003) e20-e30
52. McMichael A.J. Human frontiers, environments and disease (2001), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
53. Hooper L., Thompson R., Harrison R., et al. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer: systematic review. BMJ 332 (2006) 752-760
54. Krauss R., Eckel R., Howard B., et al. AHA dietary guidelines: revision 2000: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 102 (2000) 2284-2299
55. Salonen J., Seppanen K., Nyyssonen K., et al. Intake of mercury from fish, lipid peroxidation and the risk of myocardial infarction and coronary, cardiovascular and any death in Eastern Finnish men. Circulation 91 (1995) 645-655
56. Guallar E., Sanz-Gallardo I., van't Veer P., et al. Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 1746-1753
57. Elliot P., Kesteloot H., Appel L., et al. Dietary phosphorous and blood pressure: international study of macro- and micro-nutrients and blood pressure. Hypertension 51 (2008) 669-675
58. He K., Kiang L., Daviglus M., et al. Magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome among young adults. Circulation 113 (2006) 1675-1682
59. Van Dam R., Hu F., Rosenberg L., et al. Dietary calcium and magnesium, major food sources and risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. black women. Diabetes Care 29 (2006) 2238-2243
60. Jacqmain M., Doucet E., Despres J.P., et al. Calcium intake, body composition and lipoprotein-lipid concentrations in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 77 (2003) 1448-1452
61. Hercberg S., Galan P., Preziosi P., et al. The SU.VI.MAX study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Arch Int Med 164 (2004) 2335-2342
62. Myrtek M. Meta-analyses of prospective study Arch Intern Meds on coronary heart disease, type A personality, and hostility. Int J of Cardiol 79 (2001) 245-251
63. Palatini P. Heart rate is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality: the effect of antihypertensive drugs. Drugs 57 (1999) 713-724
64. Lyon A., Rees P., Prasad S., et al. Stress (Takatsubo) cardiomyopathy-a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 5 (2008) 22-29
65. Wenneberg S.R., Schneider R.H., Walton K.G., et al. Anger expression correlates with platelet aggregation. Behav Med 22 (1997) 174-177
66. MacLean C.R.K., Walton K.G., Wenneberg S.R., et al. Effects of the transcendental meditation program on adaptive mechanisms: changes in hormone levels and responses to stress after 4 months of practice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22 (1997) 277-295
67. Wenneberg S.R., Schneider R.H., Walton K.G., et al. A controlled study of the effects of the transcendental meditation program on cardiovascular reactivity and ambulatory blood pressure. Int J Neurosci 89 (1997) 15-28
68. Schneider R., Alexander C., and Stagger F. A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction in African Americans treated for hypertension for over one year. Am J Hypertens 18 (2005) 88-98
69. Ospina M.B., Bonf K., Karkhaneh M., et al. Meditation practices for health: state of the research. Evid Rep Technol Assess 155 (2007) 1-263
70. Kloner R.A., and Rezkalla S.H. To drink or not to drink? That is the question. Circulation 116 (2007) 1306-1317
71. Dietary guidelines for Americans 2005. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services U.S. Department of Agriculture. Available at: www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines. Accessed May 31, 2008.
72. Di Castelnuovo A., Costanzo S., Bagnardi V., et al. Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Arch Intern Med 166 (2006) 2437-2445
73. Gaziano J.M., Gaziano T.A., Glynn R.J., et al. Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and mortality in the Physicians' Health Study enrollment cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2000) 96-105
74. Grønbaek M., Johansen D., Becker U., et al. Changes in alcohol intake and mortality: a longitudinal population study. Epidemiology 15 (2004) 222-228
75. Saremi A., and Arora R. The cardiovascular implications of alcohol and red wine. Am J Ther 15 (2008) 665-677
76. Rimm E.B., Klatsky A., Grobbee D., et al. Review of moderate alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: is the effect due to beer, wine, or spirits?. BMJ 312 (1996) 731-736
77. Grønbaek M., Becker U., Johansen D., et al. Type of alcohol consumed and mortality from all causes, coronary heart disease, and cancer. Ann Intern Med 133 (2000) 411-419
78. Albert C.M., Manson J.E., Cook N.R., et al. Moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of sudden cardiac death among US male physicians. Circulation 100 (1999) 944-950
79. Camargo Jr. C.A., Stampfer M.J., Glynn R.J., et al. Moderate alcohol consumption and risk for angina pectoris or myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians. Ann Intern Med 126 (1997) 372-375
80. Yano K., Rhoads G.G., and Kagan A. Coffee, alcohol and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men living in Hawaii. N Engl J Med 297 (1977) 405-409
81. Ajani U.A., Gaziano J.M., Lotufo P.A., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease by diabetes status. Circulation 102 (2000) 500-505
82. Mukamal K.J., Chiuve S.E., and Rimm E.B. Alcohol consumption and risk for coronary heart disease in men with healthy lifestyles. Arch Intern Med 166 (2006) 2145-2150
83. Urbano-Marquez A., Sustrich R., Navarro-Lopez F., et al. The effects of alcoholism on skeletal and cardiac muscle. N Engl J Med 320 (1989) 409-415
84. Gavazzi A., De Maria R., Parolini M., et al. Alcohol abuse and dilated cardiomyopathy in men. Am J Cardiol 85 (2000) 1114-1118
85. Lazarevic A.M., Nakatani S., Neskovic A.N., et al. Early changes in left ventricular function in chronic asymptomatic alcoholics: relation to the duration of heavy drinking. Am J Coll Cardiol 35 (2000) 1599-1606
86. Abramson J.L., Williams S.A., Krumholz H.M., et al. Moderate alcohol consumption and risk of heart failure among older persons. JAMA 285 (2001) 1971-1977
87. Walsh C.R., Larson M.G., Evans J.C., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk for congestive heart failure in the Framingham heart study. Ann Intern Med 136 (2002) 181-191
88. Stampfer M.J., Hennekens C.H., Manson J.E., et al. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med 328 (1993) 1444-1449
89. Rimm E.B., Stampfer M.J., Ascherio A., et al. Vitamin E consumption and risk of coronary disease in men. N Engl J Med 328 (1993) 1450-1456
90. Kushi L.H., Folsom A.R., Prineas R.J., et al. Dietary antioxidants and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 334 (1996) 1156-1162
91. Virtamo J., Rapola J.M., Ripatti, et al. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 158 (1998) 668-675
92. De Gaetano G. Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomized trial in general practice. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Lancet 357 (2001) 89-95
93. Lee I.M., Cook N.R., Gaziano J.M., et al. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women's Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 294 (2005) 56-65
94. Rapola J.M., Virtamo J., Rippati S., et al. Randomized trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet 349 (1997) 1715-1720
95. Yusuf S., Dagenais G., Pogue J., et al. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 154-160
96. Meade T., Sleight P., Collins R., et al. MRC/BFH Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360 (2002) 23-30
97. Waters D.D., Alderman E.L., Hsia J., et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidants vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288 (2002) 2432-2440
98. Boaz M., Smetana S., Weinstein T., et al. Secondary prevention with antioxidant vitamins of cardiovascular disease in end stage renal disease (SPACE): randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 356 (2000) 1213-1218
99. Enstrom J.E., Comstock G.W., Salkeld R.M., et al. Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Epidemiology 3 (1992) 189-191
100. Gale C.R., Martyn C.N., Winter P.D., et al. Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohort of elderly people. BMJ 310 (1995) 1563-1566
101. Effect of supplemental antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: www.ahrq.gov. Accessed May 31, 2008.
102. Hennekens C.H., Buring J.E., Manson J.E., et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334 (1996) 1145-1149
103. Omenn G.S., Goodman G.E., Thornquist M.D., et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334 (1996) 1150-1155
104. Khatta M., Alexander B.S., Kritchen C.M., et al. The effect of coenzyme Q10 in patients with congestive heart failure. Annals Internal Medicine 132 (2000) 636-640
105. Watson P.S., Scalia G.M., Galbraith A., et al. Lack of effect of coenzyme Q on left ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 (1999) 1549-1552
106. Jeejeebhoy F., Keith M., Freeman M., et al. Nutritional supplementation with MyoVive depletes essential cardiac myocyte nutrients and reduces left ventricular size in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Am Heart J 143 (2002) 1092-1100
107. Sanders S., Coleman C.I., Patel A.A., et al. The impact of coenzyme Q10 on systolic function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail 12 (2006) 464-472
108. Rosenfeldt F., Hilton D., Pepe S., et al. Systematic review of effect of coenzyme Q10 in physical exercise, hypertension and heart failure. Biofactors 18 (2003) 91-100
109. Haskell W., Lee I.M., Pate R.R., et al. Physical activity and public health updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 116 (2007) 1081-1093
110. Hakim A.A., Petrovitch H., Burchfiel C.M., et al. Effects of walking on mortality among nonsmoking retired men. N Engl J Med 338 (1998) 94-99
111. Lee I.M., Sesso H.D., Oguma Y., et al. Relative intensity of physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 107 (2003) 1110-1116
112. Blair S.N., Kampert J.B., Kohl H.W., et al. Influences of cardio-respiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. JAMA 276 (1996) 205-210
113. Manson J.E., Hu F.B., Rich-Edwards J.W., et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 341 (1999) 650-658
114. Lee I.M., Rexrode K.M., Cook N.R., et al. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women. Is "no pain, no gain" passé?. JAMA 285 (2001) 1447-1454
115. King A.C., Haskell W.L., Young D.R., et al. Long-term effects of varying intensities and formats of physical activities and participation rates, fitness, and lipoproteins in men and women aged 50-65 years. Circulation 91 (1995) 2596-2604
116. Wannamaethee S.G., Shaper A.G., and Walker M. Physical activity and mortality in older men with diagnosed coronary heart disease. Circulation 102 (2000) 1358-1363
117. Clark A.M., Hartling L., Vandermeer B., et al. Meta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 143 (2005) 659-672
118. Erkkila A.T., and Lichtenstein A.H. Fiber and cardiovascular disease risk: how strong is the evidence. J Cardiovasc Nurs 21 (2006) 3-8
119. Olendzki B., Speed C., Domino F.J., et al. Nutritional assessment and counseling for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Am Fam Physician 73 (2006) 257-264
120. Gillman M.W., Cupples L.A., Gagnon D., et al. Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men. JAMA 273 (1995) 1113-1117
121. Rimm E.B., Ascherio A., Giovannucci E., et al. Vegetable, fruit, and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA 275 (1996) 447-451
122. Pietinen P., Rimm E.B., Korhonen P., et al. Intake of dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. The alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study. Circulation 94 (1996) 2720-2727
123. Wolk A., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., et al. Long-term intake of dietary fiber and decreased risk of coronary heart disease among wo. JAMA 281 (1999) 1998-2004
124. Boushey C.J., Beresford S.A., Omen G.S., et al. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 274 (1995) 1049-1057
125. The Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke. JAMA 288 (2002) 2015-2022
126. Ishihara J., Iso H., and Iuone M. Intake of folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 and the risk of coronary heart disease: the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Cohort I. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 27 (2008) 127-136
127. Bleys J., Miller E.R., Pator-Barriuso R., et al. Vitamin-mineral supplementation and the progression of atherosclerosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 84 (2006) 880-887
128. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B Vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 1567-1577
129. Toole J.F., Malinow M.R., and Chambless L.E. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death. JAMA 291 (2004) 565-75
130. Albert C.M., Cook N.R., Gaziano J.M., et al. Effect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease. JAMA 299 (2008) 2027-2036
131. SEARCH Study Collaborative Group Oxford, United Kingdom. Study of the effectiveness of additional reductions in cholesterol and homocysteine (SEARCH): characteristics of a randomized trial among 12064 myocardial infarction survivors. Am Heart J 154 (2007) 815-823
132. Booth G.L., and Wang E.E.L. Preventive health care, 2000 update: screening and management of hyperhomocysteinemia for the prevention of coronary artery disease events. CMAJ 163 (2000) 21-29