메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 37, Issue , 2008, Pages 389-451

Economists' contribution to the study of crime and the criminal justice system

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 53149151032     PISSN: 01923234     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1086/524283     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (48)

References (202)
  • 1
    • 53149111405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal Bail and the Value of Freedom: Evidence from the Philadelphia Bail Experiment
    • Olin Working Paper no. 343
    • Abrams, David, and Christopher Andrew Rolphs. 2007. "Optimal Bail and the Value of Freedom: Evidence from the Philadelphia Bail Experiment," Olin Working Paper no. 343, University of Chicago Law and Economics Workshop. http://ssrn.com/abstract =995323.
    • (2007) University of Chicago Law and Economics Workshop
    • Abrams, D.1    Andrew Rolphs, C.2
  • 2
    • 33746892246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental Variables Methods in Experimental Criminological Research: What, Why and How
    • Angrist, Joshua. 2006. "Instrumental Variables Methods in Experimental Criminological Research: What, Why and How." Journal of Experimental Criminology 2(1):23-44.
    • (2006) Journal of Experimental Criminology , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 23-44
    • Angrist, J.1
  • 3
    • 0040332008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental Variables and the Search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments
    • Angrist, Joshua, and Alan Krueger, 2001. "Instrumental Variables and the Search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15(1):69-85.
    • (2001) Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-85
    • Angrist, J.1    Krueger, A.2
  • 4
    • 33645741415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Alternative Test of Racial Profiling in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence
    • Anwar, Shamena, and Hanming Fang. 2006. "An Alternative Test of Racial Profiling in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence." American Economic Review 96(1):127-51.
    • (2006) American Economic Review , vol.96 , Issue.1 , pp. 127-151
    • Anwar, S.1    Fang, H.2
  • 6
    • 53149084346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aos, Steve, Polly Phipps, Robert Barnoski, and Roxanne Lieb. 2001. The Comparative Costs and Benefits of Programs to Reduce Crime Version 4.0. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy
    • Aos, Steve, Polly Phipps, Robert Barnoski, and Roxanne Lieb. 2001. The Comparative Costs and Benefits of Programs to Reduce Crime Version 4.0. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.
  • 9
    • 0040679785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring Positive Externalities from Unobservable Victim Precaution: An Empirical Analysis of Lojack
    • Ayres, Ian, and Steven Levitt. 1998. "Measuring Positive Externalities from Unobservable Victim Precaution: An Empirical Analysis of Lojack." Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(1): 43-77.
    • (1998) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.113 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-77
    • Ayres, I.1    Levitt, S.2
  • 10
    • 84937313379 scopus 로고
    • A Market Test for Race Discrimination in Bail Setting
    • Ayres, Ian, and Joel Waldfogel. 1994. "A Market Test for Race Discrimination in Bail Setting." Stanford Law Review 46(5): 987-1047.
    • (1994) Stanford Law Review , vol.46 , Issue.5 , pp. 987-1047
    • Ayres, I.1    Waldfogel, J.2
  • 12
    • 0000787258 scopus 로고
    • Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach
    • _. 1968. "Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach." Journal of Political Economy 76(2): 169-217.
    • (1968) Journal of Political Economy , vol.76 , Issue.2 , pp. 169-217
    • Becker, G.1
  • 13
    • 0000982594 scopus 로고
    • Nobel Lecture: The Economic Way of Looking at Behavior
    • _. 1993. "Nobel Lecture: The Economic Way of Looking at Behavior." Journal of Political Economy 101(3):385-409.
    • (1993) Journal of Political Economy , vol.101 , Issue.3 , pp. 385-409
    • Becker, G.1
  • 14
    • 0004106624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expanded ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • _. 2000. A Treatise on the Family. Expanded ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (2000) A Treatise on the Family
    • Becker, G.1
  • 16
    • 33644537336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Market for Illegal Goods: The Case of Drugs
    • Becker, Gary, Kevin Murphy, and Michael Grossman. 2006. "The Market for Illegal Goods: The Case of Drugs." Journal of Political Economy 114(1):38-60.
    • (2006) Journal of Political Economy , vol.114 , Issue.1 , pp. 38-60
    • Becker, G.1    Murphy, K.2    Grossman, M.3
  • 17
    • 0021044014 scopus 로고
    • An Introduction to Sample Selection Bias in Sociological Data
    • Berk, Richard. 1983. "An Introduction to Sample Selection Bias in Sociological Data." American Sociological Review 48:386-98.
    • (1983) American Sociological Review , vol.48 , pp. 386-398
    • Berk, R.1
  • 18
    • 35348819977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the Number of Crimes Averted by Incapacitation: An Information Theoretic Approach
    • Bhati, Avinash. 2007. "Estimating the Number of Crimes Averted by Incapacitation: An Information Theoretic Approach." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 23(4):355-75.
    • (2007) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 355-375
    • Bhati, A.1
  • 19
    • 30344438554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making the Crime Fit the Penalty: The Role of Prosecutorial Discretion under Mandatory Minimum Sentencing
    • Bjerk, David. 2005. "Making the Crime Fit the Penalty: The Role of Prosecutorial Discretion under Mandatory Minimum Sentencing." Journal of Law and Economics 48(2):591-627.
    • (2005) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 591-627
    • Bjerk, D.1
  • 20
    • 38949178438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guilt Shall Not Escape or Innocence Suffer: The Limits of Plea Bargaining When Defendant Guilt Is Uncertain
    • _. 2007a. "Guilt Shall Not Escape or Innocence Suffer: The Limits of Plea Bargaining When Defendant Guilt Is Uncertain." American Law and Economics Review 9(2):305-29.
    • (2007) American Law and Economics Review , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 305-329
    • Bjerk, D.1
  • 21
    • 34249992075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Profiling, Statistical Discrimination, and the Effect of a Colorblind Policy on the Crime Rate
    • _. 2007b. "Racial Profiling, Statistical Discrimination, and the Effect of a Colorblind Policy on the Crime Rate." Journal of Public Economic Theory 9(3):543-67.
    • (2007) Journal of Public Economic Theory , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 543-567
    • Bjerk, D.1
  • 22
    • 53149105401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • _. Forthcoming. On the Role of Plea Bargaining and the Distribution of Sentences in the Absence of Judicial System Frictions. International Review of Law and Economics.
    • _. Forthcoming. "On the Role of Plea Bargaining and the Distribution of Sentences in the Absence of Judicial System Frictions." International Review of Law and Economics.
  • 23
    • 0001060058 scopus 로고
    • Racial Disproportionality of U.S. Prison Populations Revisited
    • Blumstein, Alfred. 1993. "Racial Disproportionality of U.S. Prison Populations Revisited." University of Colorado Law Review 64:743-60.
    • (1993) University of Colorado Law Review , vol.64 , pp. 743-760
    • Blumstein, A.1
  • 24
    • 0003717201 scopus 로고
    • Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, Susan E. Martin, and Michael Tonry, eds, 2 vols. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    • Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, Susan E. Martin, and Michael Tonry, eds. 1983. Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform. 2 vols. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • (1983) Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform
  • 25
    • 53149083631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bourgois, Phillippe. 1996. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • Bourgois, Phillippe. 1996. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • 27
    • 0040439438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Use of Panel Research Designs and Random Effects Models to Investigate Static and Dynamic Theories of Criminal Offending
    • Brame, Robert, Shawn Bushway, and Raymond Paternoster. 1999. "On the Use of Panel Research Designs and Random Effects Models to Investigate Static and Dynamic Theories of Criminal Offending." Criminology 37:599-641.
    • (1999) Criminology , vol.37 , pp. 599-641
    • Brame, R.1    Bushway, S.2    Paternoster, R.3
  • 28
    • 21944448825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering the Unemployment and Crime Relationship: Variations by Age Group and Historical Period
    • Britt, Chester. 1997. "Reconsidering the Unemployment and Crime Relationship: Variations by Age Group and Historical Period." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 13:405-17.
    • (1997) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.13 , pp. 405-417
    • Britt, C.1
  • 29
    • 0002863699 scopus 로고
    • A Defense of Organized Crime?
    • edited by Simon Rottenberg. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute
    • Buchanan, James. 1973. "A Defense of Organized Crime?" In The Economics of Crime and Punishment, edited by Simon Rottenberg. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
    • (1973) The Economics of Crime and Punishment
    • Buchanan, J.1
  • 30
    • 0033464873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing Stability and Change in Criminal Offending: A Comparison of Random Effects, Semi-parametric, and Fixed Effect Modeling Strategies
    • Bushway, Shawn, Robert Brame, and Raymond Paternoster. 1999. "Assessing Stability and Change in Criminal Offending: A Comparison of Random Effects, Semi-parametric, and Fixed Effect Modeling Strategies." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15:23-61.
    • (1999) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.15 , pp. 23-61
    • Bushway, S.1    Brame, R.2    Paternoster, R.3
  • 32
    • 34248370932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the Magic Still There? The Relevance of the Heckman Two-Step Correction for Selection Bias in Criminology
    • Bushway, Shawn, Brian Johnson, and Lee Ann Slocum. 2007. "Is the Magic Still There? The Relevance of the Heckman Two-Step Correction for Selection Bias in Criminology." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 23:151-78.
    • (2007) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.23 , pp. 151-178
    • Bushway, S.1    Johnson, B.2    Ann Slocum, L.3
  • 34
    • 0035075842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabis, Alcohol and Cigarettes: Substitutes or Complements?
    • Cameron, Lisa, and Jenny Williams. 2001. "Cannabis, Alcohol and Cigarettes: Substitutes or Complements?" Economic Record 77(236):19-34.
    • (2001) Economic Record , vol.77 , Issue.236 , pp. 19-34
    • Cameron, L.1    Williams, J.2
  • 35
    • 0022203020 scopus 로고
    • Unemployment and Crime Rates in the Post-World War II United States: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis
    • Cantor, David, and Kenneth Land. 1985. "Unemployment and Crime Rates in the Post-World War II United States: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis." American Sociological Review 50:317-32.
    • (1985) American Sociological Review , vol.50 , pp. 317-332
    • Cantor, D.1    Land, K.2
  • 36
    • 0012838425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Researching Adolescents' Judgement and Culpability
    • edited by Thomas Grisso and Robert G. Schwartz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Cauffman, Elizabeth, and Laurence Steinberg. 2000. "Researching Adolescents' Judgement and Culpability." In Youth on Trial: A Developmental Perspective on Juvenile Justice, edited by Thomas Grisso and Robert G. Schwartz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (2000) Youth on Trial: A Developmental Perspective on Juvenile Justice
    • Cauffman, E.1    Steinberg, L.2
  • 38
    • 33645830167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-Run Trends in Incarceration of Drug Offenders in the US
    • Caulkins, Jonathan P., and Sara Chandler. 2006. "Long-Run Trends in Incarceration of Drug Offenders in the US." Crime and Delinquency 52(4):619-41.
    • (2006) Crime and Delinquency , vol.52 , Issue.4 , pp. 619-641
    • Caulkins, J.P.1    Chandler, S.2
  • 39
    • 0032765379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What Drug Dealers Tell Us about Their Costs of Doing Business
    • Caulkins, Jonathan P., Bruce Johnson, Angela Taylor, and Lowell Taylor. 1999. "What Drug Dealers Tell Us about Their Costs of Doing Business." Journal of Drug Issues 29(2):323-340.
    • (1999) Journal of Drug Issues , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 323-340
    • Caulkins, J.P.1    Johnson, B.2    Taylor, A.3    Taylor, L.4
  • 40
    • 53149150821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caulkins, Jonathan P., C. Peter Rydell, William Schwabe, and James Chiesa. 1997. Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences: Throwing Away the Key or the Taxpayers' Money? MR-827-DPRC. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
    • Caulkins, Jonathan P., C. Peter Rydell, William Schwabe, and James Chiesa. 1997. Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences: Throwing Away the Key or the Taxpayers' Money? MR-827-DPRC. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
  • 41
    • 53149140118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cavanagh, David, and Mark Kleiman. 1990. Cost Benefit Analysis of Prison Cell Construction and Alternative Sanctions. NCJ 204751. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
    • Cavanagh, David, and Mark Kleiman. 1990. Cost Benefit Analysis of Prison Cell Construction and Alternative Sanctions. NCJ 204751. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • 42
    • 0000075458 scopus 로고
    • Situational Crime Prevention: Its Theoretical Basis and Practical Scope
    • edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Clarke, Ronald. 1983. "Situational Crime Prevention: Its Theoretical Basis and Practical Scope." In Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, vol. 4, edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1983) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research , vol.4
    • Clarke, R.1
  • 43
    • 0001244215 scopus 로고
    • Modeling Offenders' Decisions: A Framework for Research and Policy
    • edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Clarke, Ronald, and Derek Cornish. 1985. "Modeling Offenders' Decisions: A Framework for Research and Policy." In Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, vol. 6, edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1985) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research , vol.6
    • Clarke, R.1    Cornish, D.2
  • 44
    • 53149153769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clarke, Ronald, and Marcus Felson. 1993, Introduction: Criminology, Routine Activity and Rational Choice. In Routine Activity and Rational Choice, edited by Ronald V. Clarke and Marcus Felson. Advances in Criminological Theory, 5. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
    • Clarke, Ronald, and Marcus Felson. 1993, "Introduction: Criminology, Routine Activity and Rational Choice." In Routine Activity and Rational Choice, edited by Ronald V. Clarke and Marcus Felson. Advances in Criminological Theory, vol. 5. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
  • 46
  • 47
    • 84924858139 scopus 로고
    • Economics and Contiguous Disciplines
    • _. 1978. "Economics and Contiguous Disciplines." Journal of Legal Studies 7:201-11.
    • (1978) Journal of Legal Studies , vol.7 , pp. 201-211
    • Coase, R.1
  • 49
    • 0000935861 scopus 로고
    • Research in Criminal Deterrence: Laying the Groundwork for the Second Decade
    • edited by Norval Morris and Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Cook, Philip. 1980. "Research in Criminal Deterrence: Laying the Groundwork for the Second Decade." In Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, vol. 2, edited by Norval Morris and Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1980) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research , vol.2
    • Cook, P.1
  • 50
    • 0002771313 scopus 로고
    • The Demand and Supply of Criminal Opportunities
    • edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • _. 1986. "The Demand and Supply of Criminal Opportunities." In Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, vol. 7, edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1986) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research , vol.7
    • Cook, P.1
  • 53
    • 0010298166 scopus 로고
    • Crime and the Business Cycle
    • Cook, Philip, and Gary Zarkin. 1985. "Crime and the Business Cycle." Journal of Legal Studies 14:115-28.
    • (1985) Journal of Legal Studies , vol.14 , pp. 115-128
    • Cook, P.1    Zarkin, G.2
  • 54
    • 0033465305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crime, Urban Flight, and the Consequences for Cities
    • Cullen, Julie, and Steven Levitt. 1999. "Crime, Urban Flight, and the Consequences for Cities." Review of Economics and Statistics 81(2): 159-69.
    • (1999) Review of Economics and Statistics , vol.81 , Issue.2 , pp. 159-169
    • Cullen, J.1    Levitt, S.2
  • 56
    • 1642418520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and Ethnic Differences in Pretrial Release Decisions and Outcomes: A Comparison of Hispanic, Black, and White Felony Arrestees
    • Demuth, Stephen. 2003. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Pretrial Release Decisions and Outcomes: A Comparison of Hispanic, Black, and White Felony Arrestees." Criminology 41:873-908.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 873-908
    • Demuth, S.1
  • 57
    • 13444304472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Additional Theory and Evidence
    • art. 12
    • Dharmapala, Dhammika, and Stephen Ross. 2004. "Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Additional Theory and Evidence." Contributions to Economic Analysis and Policy 3(1):art. 12. http://www.bepress.com/bejeap/ contributions.
    • (2004) Contributions to Economic Analysis and Policy , vol.3 , Issue.1
    • Dharmapala, D.1    Ross, S.2
  • 58
    • 0003039571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime
    • Donohue, John, and Steven Levitt. 2001. "The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime." Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(2):379-420.
    • (2001) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.116 , Issue.2 , pp. 379-420
    • Donohue, J.1    Levitt, S.2
  • 59
    • 0000318336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guns, Violence and the Efficiency of Illegal Markets
    • _. 1998. "Guns, Violence and the Efficiency of Illegal Markets." American Economic Review 88(2)463-67.
    • (1998) American Economic Review , vol.88 , Issue.2 , pp. 463-467
    • Donohue, J.1    Levitt, S.2
  • 60
    • 0348047790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allocating Resources among Prisons and Social Programs in the Battle against Crime
    • Donohue, John, and Peter Siegelman. 1998. "Allocating Resources among Prisons and Social Programs in the Battle against Crime." Journal of Legal Studies 27(1):1-43.
    • (1998) Journal of Legal Studies , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-43
    • Donohue, J.1    Siegelman, P.2
  • 61
    • 32844458633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uses and Abuses of Statistical Evidence in the Death Penalty Debate
    • Donohue, John, and Justin Wolfers. 2005. "Uses and Abuses of Statistical Evidence in the Death Penalty Debate." Stanford Law Review 58:791-846.
    • (2005) Stanford Law Review , vol.58 , pp. 791-846
    • Donohue, J.1    Wolfers, J.2
  • 62
    • 79960437100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sentence Severity and Crime: Accepting the Null Hypothesis
    • edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Doob, Anthony, and Cheryl Webster. 2003. "Sentence Severity and Crime: Accepting the Null Hypothesis." In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 30, edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (2003) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research , vol.30
    • Doob, A.1    Webster, C.2
  • 64
    • 0040610996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Criminal Victimization on a Household's Moving Decision
    • Dugan, Laura, 1999. "The Effect of Criminal Victimization on a Household's Moving Decision." Criminology 37(4):901-29.
    • (1999) Criminology , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 901-929
    • Dugan, L.1
  • 65
    • 0040081817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winning Isn't Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling
    • Duggan, Mark, and Steven Levitt. 2002. "Winning Isn't Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling." American Economic Review 92(5):1594-1605.
    • (2002) American Economic Review , vol.92 , Issue.5 , pp. 1594-1605
    • Duggan, M.1    Levitt, S.2
  • 66
    • 0006209868 scopus 로고
    • Drug Law Enforcement: Should We Arrest Pushers or Users?
    • Eatherly, Billy. 1974. "Drug Law Enforcement: Should We Arrest Pushers or Users?" Journal of Political Economy 82:210-14.
    • (1974) Journal of Political Economy , vol.82 , pp. 210-214
    • Eatherly, B.1
  • 67
    • 0001100336 scopus 로고
    • The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: A Question of Life and Death
    • Ehrlich, Isaac. 1975. "The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: A Question of Life and Death." American Economic Review 65:397-417.
    • (1975) American Economic Review , vol.65 , pp. 397-417
    • Ehrlich, I.1
  • 68
    • 41549127545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Critique of the Outcome Test in Racial Profiling Research
    • Engel, Robin. 2008. "A Critique of the Outcome Test in Racial Profiling Research." Justice Quarterly 25:1-36.
    • (2008) Justice Quarterly , vol.25 , pp. 1-36
    • Engel, R.1
  • 70
    • 0004745934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crime and Work
    • edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Fagan, Jeffrey, and Richard Freeman. 1999. "Crime and Work" In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 25, edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1999) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research , vol.25
    • Fagan, J.1    Freeman, R.2
  • 71
    • 53149140516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mandatory Minimum Firearm Penalties: A Source of Sentencing Disparity
    • Farrell, Jill. 2003. "Mandatory Minimum Firearm Penalties: A Source of Sentencing Disparity." Justice Research and Policy 5(1):95-115.
    • (2003) Justice Research and Policy , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 95-115
    • Farrell, J.1
  • 72
    • 84925911806 scopus 로고
    • Prior Offense Record as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
    • Farrell, Ronald, and Victoria Swigert, 1978. "Prior Offense Record as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy." Law and Society Review 12(3)437-53.
    • (1978) Law and Society Review , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 437-453
    • Farrell, R.1    Swigert, V.2
  • 73
    • 84925906791 scopus 로고
    • A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Prosecutor
    • Forst, Brian, and Kathleen Brosi. 1977. "A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Prosecutor." Journal of Legal Studies 6(1):177-91.
    • (1977) Journal of Legal Studies , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 177-191
    • Forst, B.1    Brosi, K.2
  • 75
    • 0002613863 scopus 로고
    • The Methodology of Positive Economics
    • edited by Milton Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Friedman, Milton. 1953. "The Methodology of Positive Economics." In Essays in Positive Economics, edited by Milton Friedman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1953) Essays in Positive Economics
    • Friedman, M.1
  • 76
    • 0039935483 scopus 로고
    • The Role of Extralegal Factors in Determining Criminal Case Disposition
    • edited by Alfred Blumstein. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    • Garber, Steven, Steven Klepper, and Daniel Nagin. 1983. "The Role of Extralegal Factors in Determining Criminal Case Disposition." In Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform, vol. 2, edited by Alfred Blumstein. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • (1983) Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform , vol.2
    • Garber, S.1    Klepper, S.2    Nagin, D.3
  • 77
    • 0012385754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Theory of Optimal Law Enforcement
    • Garoupa, Nuno. 1997. "The Theory of Optimal Law Enforcement." Journal of Economic Surveys 11(3):267-95.
    • (1997) Journal of Economic Surveys , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 267-295
    • Garoupa, N.1
  • 79
    • 0013306326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What Do Prosecutors Maximize? An Analysis of the Federalization of Drug Crimes
    • Glaeser, Edward, Daniel Kessler, and Anne Piehl. 2000. "What Do Prosecutors Maximize? An Analysis of the Federalization of Drug Crimes." American Law and Economics Review 2(2):259-90.
    • (2000) American Law and Economics Review , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 259-290
    • Glaeser, E.1    Kessler, D.2    Piehl, A.3
  • 80
    • 0033388207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why Is There More Crime in Cities?
    • Glaeser, Edward, and Bruce Sacerdote. 1999. "Why Is There More Crime in Cities?" Journal of Political Economy 107(6; suppl.):S225-S229.
    • (1999) Journal of Political Economy , vol.107 , Issue.6 SUPPL.
    • Glaeser, E.1    Sacerdote, B.2
  • 82
    • 11044223825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Violence Surges on Neighborhood Business Activity
    • Greenbaum, Robert, and George Tita. 2004. "The Impact of Violence Surges on Neighborhood Business Activity." Urban Studies 41(13):2495-2514.
    • (2004) Urban Studies , vol.41 , Issue.13 , pp. 2495-2514
    • Greenbaum, R.1    Tita, G.2
  • 85
    • 0024580380 scopus 로고
    • Why Is There So Little Criminal Justice Theory? Neglected Macro- and Micro-Level Links between Organization and Power
    • Hagan, John. 1989. "Why Is There So Little Criminal Justice Theory? Neglected Macro- and Micro-Level Links between Organization and Power." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 26(2):116-35.
    • (1989) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 116-135
    • Hagan, J.1
  • 86
    • 4344681947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Panel Models in Sociological Research: Theory into Practice
    • Halaby, Charles. 2004. "Panel Models in Sociological Research: Theory into Practice." Annual Review of Sociology 30:507-44.
    • (2004) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.30 , pp. 507-544
    • Halaby, C.1
  • 87
    • 84984277002 scopus 로고
    • Illegal Enterprise: A Theoretical and Historical Interpretation
    • Haller, Mark. 1990. "Illegal Enterprise: A Theoretical and Historical Interpretation." Criminology 28:207-35.
    • (1990) Criminology , vol.28 , pp. 207-235
    • Haller, M.1
  • 88
    • 11144314781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking Racial Profiling: A Critique of the Economics, Civil Liberties, and Constitutional Literature, and of Criminal Profiling More Generally
    • Harcourt, Bernard. 2004. "Rethinking Racial Profiling: A Critique of the Economics, Civil Liberties, and Constitutional Literature, and of Criminal Profiling More Generally." University of Chicago Law Review 71:1275-1381.
    • (2004) University of Chicago Law Review , vol.71 , pp. 1275-1381
    • Harcourt, B.1
  • 90
    • 53149152465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, Sentencing, and the Pretrial Process
    • MA thesis, University of Maryland
    • Hart, Michelle. 2006. "Race, Sentencing, and the Pretrial Process." MA thesis, University of Maryland.
    • (2006)
    • Hart, M.1
  • 91
    • 53149143400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-Control and Social Context: Toward a More Conditional View of the Relationship between Self-Control and Crime
    • Presented at the, Los Angeles, November
    • Hay, Carter, and Walter Forrest. 2006. "Self-Control and Social Context: Toward a More Conditional View of the Relationship between Self-Control and Crime." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, November.
    • (2006) annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology
    • Hay, C.1    Forrest, W.2
  • 93
    • 34247237667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does Three Strikes Deter? A Nonparametric Estimation
    • Helland, Eric, and Alexander Tabarrok. 2007. "Does Three Strikes Deter? A Nonparametric Estimation." Journal of Human Resources 42(2):309-30.
    • (2007) Journal of Human Resources , vol.42 , Issue.2 , pp. 309-330
    • Helland, E.1    Tabarrok, A.2
  • 95
    • 2442639829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are Idle Hands the Devil's Workshop? Incapacitation, Concentration and Juvenile Crime
    • Jacob, Brian, and Lars Lefgren. 2003. "Are Idle Hands the Devil's Workshop? Incapacitation, Concentration and Juvenile Crime." American Economic Review 93(5): 1560-77.
    • (2003) American Economic Review , vol.93 , Issue.5 , pp. 1560-1577
    • Jacob, B.1    Lefgren, L.2
  • 97
    • 33745289353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Multilevel Context of Criminal Sentencing: Integrating Judge and County Level Influences in the Study of Courtroom Decision Making
    • Johnson, Brian. 2006. "The Multilevel Context of Criminal Sentencing: Integrating Judge and County Level Influences in the Study of Courtroom Decision Making." Criminology 44(2):259-98.
    • (2006) Criminology , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 259-298
    • Johnson, B.1
  • 99
    • 0038851422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using Sentence Enhancements to Distinguish between Deterrence and Incapacitation
    • Kessler, Daniel, and Steven Levitt. 1999. "Using Sentence Enhancements to Distinguish between Deterrence and Incapacitation." Journal of Law and Economics 42:343-63.
    • (1999) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.42 , pp. 343-363
    • Kessler, D.1    Levitt, S.2
  • 100
    • 0002955288 scopus 로고
    • Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System: A Critical Appraisal of the Literature
    • edited by Alfred Blumstein. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    • Klepper, Steven, Daniel Nagin, and Luke-John Tierney. 1983. "Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System: A Critical Appraisal of the Literature." In Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform, vol. 2, edited by Alfred Blumstein. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • (1983) Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform , vol.2
    • Klepper, S.1    Nagin, D.2    Tierney, L.-J.3
  • 101
    • 33747639927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incarceration Length, Employment, and Earnings
    • Kling, Jeffrey. 2006. "Incarceration Length, Employment, and Earnings." American Economic Review 96:863-76.
    • (2006) American Economic Review , vol.96 , pp. 863-876
    • Kling, J.1
  • 102
    • 0035082911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence
    • Knowles, John, Nicola Persico, and Petra Todd. 2001. "Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence." Journal of Political Economy 109(1): 203-29.
    • (2001) Journal of Political Economy , vol.109 , Issue.1 , pp. 203-229
    • Knowles, J.1    Persico, N.2    Todd, P.3
  • 104
    • 2142755806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Empirical Analysis of Imprisoning Drug Offenders
    • Kuziemko, Ilyana, and Steven Levitt. 2004. "An Empirical Analysis of Imprisoning Drug Offenders." Journal of Public Economics 88(9-10):2043-66.
    • (2004) Journal of Public Economics , vol.88 , Issue.9-10 , pp. 2043-2066
    • Kuziemko, I.1    Levitt, S.2
  • 105
    • 0001858937 scopus 로고
    • An Economic Analysis of the Courts
    • Landes, William. 1971. "An Economic Analysis of the Courts." Journal of Labor Economics 14(1):61-107.
    • (1971) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 61-107
    • Landes, W.1
  • 106
    • 4043059458 scopus 로고
    • The Bail System: An Economic Approach
    • _. 1973. "The Bail System: An Economic Approach." Journal of Legal Studies 2:79-105.
    • (1973) Journal of Legal Studies , vol.2 , pp. 79-105
    • Landes, W.1
  • 107
    • 84925886849 scopus 로고
    • Legality and Reality: Some Evidence on Criminal Procedure
    • _. 1974. "Legality and Reality: Some Evidence on Criminal Procedure." Journal of Legal Studies 3:287-337.
    • (1974) Journal of Legal Studies , vol.3 , pp. 287-337
    • Landes, W.1
  • 109
    • 0000801040 scopus 로고
    • Rank Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts
    • Lazear, Edward, and Sherwin Rosen. 1981. "Rank Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts." Journal of Political Economy 89:841-64.
    • (1981) Journal of Political Economy , vol.89 , pp. 841-864
    • Lazear, E.1    Rosen, S.2
  • 111
    • 0039863974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence from Prison Overcrowding Litigation
    • Levitt, Steven. 1996. "The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence from Prison Overcrowding Litigation." Quarterly Journal of Economics 111(2):319-51.
    • (1996) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.111 , Issue.2 , pp. 319-351
    • Levitt, S.1
  • 112
    • 0032416958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Juvenile Crime and Punishment
    • _. 1998. "Juvenile Crime and Punishment." Journal of Political Economy 106:1156-85.
    • (1998) Journal of Political Economy , vol.106 , pp. 1156-1185
    • Levitt, S.1
  • 114
    • 52949090279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical Study of Criminal Punishment
    • edited by A. Mitchell Polinsky and Steven Shavell. Amsterdam: North-Holland
    • Levitt, Steven, and Thomas Miles. 2007. "Empirical Study of Criminal Punishment." In The Handbook of Law and Economics, edited by A. Mitchell Polinsky and Steven Shavell. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
    • (2007) The Handbook of Law and Economics
    • Levitt, S.1    Miles, T.2
  • 115
    • 0040362711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang's Finances
    • Levitt, Steven, and Sudhir Venkatesh. 2000. "An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang's Finances." Quarterly Journal of Economics 115(3):755-89.
    • (2000) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.115 , Issue.3 , pp. 755-789
    • Levitt, S.1    Venkatesh, S.2
  • 117
    • 35448946463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System
    • Lochner, Lance. 2007. "Individual Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System." American Economic Review 97(1):444-60.
    • (2007) American Economic Review , vol.97 , Issue.1 , pp. 444-460
    • Lochner, L.1
  • 118
    • 2442647635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports
    • Lochner, Lance, and Enrico Moretti. 2004. "The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports." American Economic Review 94(1):155-89.
    • (2004) American Economic Review , vol.94 , Issue.1 , pp. 155-189
    • Lochner, L.1    Moretti, E.2
  • 121
    • 5344226760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research on Crime-Drugs Linkage: The Next Generation of Research
    • edited by Henry Braunstein and Christine Crossland. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice
    • MacCoun, Robert, Beau Kilmer, and Peter Reuter. 2003. "Research on Crime-Drugs Linkage: The Next Generation of Research." In Toward a Drugs and Crime Research Agenda for the 21st Century, edited by Henry Braunstein and Christine Crossland. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
    • (2003) Toward a Drugs and Crime Research Agenda for the 21st Century
    • MacCoun, R.1    Kilmer, B.2    Reuter, P.3
  • 124
    • 53149130077 scopus 로고
    • Prospects for Inference on Criminal Behavior
    • edited by Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline Cohen, and Daniel Nagin. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    • Manski, Charles. 1978. "Prospects for Inference on Criminal Behavior." In Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates, edited by Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline Cohen, and Daniel Nagin. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • (1978) Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates
    • Manski, C.1
  • 126
  • 127
    • 42549126865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Police Levels, Crime Rates, and Specification Problems
    • _. 1996. "Police Levels, Crime Rates, and Specification Problems." Criminology 24:606-46.
    • (1996) Criminology , vol.24 , pp. 606-646
    • Marvell, T.1    Moody, C.2
  • 128
    • 33845680628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deterring Delinquents: A Rational Choice Model of Theft and Violence
    • Matsueda, Ross, Derek Kreager, and David Huizinga. 2006. "Deterring Delinquents: A Rational Choice Model of Theft and Violence." American Sociological Review 71(1):95-122.
    • (2006) American Sociological Review , vol.71 , Issue.1 , pp. 95-122
    • Matsueda, R.1    Kreager, D.2    Huizinga, D.3
  • 129
    • 35448968924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Court-Ordered Hiring Quotas on the Composition and Quality of Police
    • McCrary, Justin. 2007. "The Effect of Court-Ordered Hiring Quotas on the Composition and Quality of Police." American Economic Review 97:318-53.
    • (2007) American Economic Review , vol.97 , pp. 318-353
    • McCrary, J.1
  • 130
    • 0007242649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence and the U.S. Prohibitions of Drugs and Alcohol
    • Miron, Jeffrey. 1999. "Violence and the U.S. Prohibitions of Drugs and Alcohol." American Law and Economics Review 1:78-114.
    • (1999) American Law and Economics Review , vol.1 , pp. 78-114
    • Miron, J.1
  • 131
    • 0242643052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Drug Prohibition on Drug Prices: Evidence from the Markets for Cocaine and Heroin
    • _. 2003. "The Effect of Drug Prohibition on Drug Prices: Evidence from the Markets for Cocaine and Heroin." Review of Economics and Statistics 85(3): 522-30.
    • (2003) Review of Economics and Statistics , vol.85 , Issue.3 , pp. 522-530
    • Miron, J.1
  • 132
    • 0002452762 scopus 로고
    • Achieving Effective Discrimination in the Price of Heroin
    • Moore, Mark. 1973. "Achieving Effective Discrimination in the Price of Heroin." American Economic Review 63(2):270-77.
    • (1973) American Economic Review , vol.63 , Issue.2 , pp. 270-277
    • Moore, M.1
  • 133
    • 53149106975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • _. 1990. Supply Control and Drug Law Enforcement. In Drugs and Crime, edited by Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson. 13 of Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • _. 1990. "Supply Control and Drug Law Enforcement." In Drugs and Crime, edited by Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson. Vol. 13 of Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • 135
    • 0041027247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts
    • Mustard, David. 2001. "Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts." Journal of Law and Economics 44: 285-314.
    • (2001) Journal of Law and Economics , vol.44 , pp. 285-314
    • Mustard, D.1
  • 136
    • 0009056377 scopus 로고
    • General Deterrence: A Review of the Empirical Evidence
    • edited by Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline Cohen, and Daniel Nagin. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    • Nagin, Daniel. 1978. "General Deterrence: A Review of the Empirical Evidence." In Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates, edited by Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline Cohen, and Daniel Nagin. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • (1978) Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates
    • Nagin, D.1
  • 137
    • 0002294309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal Deterrence Research at the Outset of the Twenty-first Century
    • edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • _. 1998. "Criminal Deterrence Research at the Outset of the Twenty-first Century." In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 23, edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1998) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research , vol.23
    • Nagin, D.1
  • 139
    • 34249743693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moving Choice to Center Stage in Criminological Research and Theory: The American Society of Criminology 2006 Sutherland Address
    • _. 2007. "Moving Choice to Center Stage in Criminological Research and Theory: The American Society of Criminology 2006 Sutherland Address." Criminology 45:259-72.
    • (2007) Criminology , vol.45 , pp. 259-272
    • Nagin, D.1
  • 140
    • 21144468543 scopus 로고
    • Age, Criminal Careers, and Population Heterogeneity: Specific Estimation of a Nonparametric, Mixed Poisson Model
    • Nagin, Daniel, and Kenneth C. Land. 1993. "Age, Criminal Careers, and Population Heterogeneity: Specific Estimation of a Nonparametric, Mixed Poisson Model." Criminology 31:327-62.
    • (1993) Criminology , vol.31 , pp. 327-362
    • Nagin, D.1    Land, K.C.2
  • 141
    • 84984344045 scopus 로고
    • On the Relationship between Past and Future Criminality
    • Nagin, Daniel, and Raymond Paternoster. 1991. "On the Relationship between Past and Future Criminality." Criminology 29:163-89.
    • (1991) Criminology , vol.29 , pp. 163-189
    • Nagin, D.1    Paternoster, R.2
  • 142
    • 84984375542 scopus 로고
    • Personal Capital and Social Control: The Deterrence Implications of a Theory of Individual Differences in Offending
    • _. 1994. "Personal Capital and Social Control: The Deterrence Implications of a Theory of Individual Differences in Offending." Criminology 32: 581-606.
    • (1994) Criminology , vol.32 , pp. 581-606
    • Nagin, D.1    Paternoster, R.2
  • 143
    • 0012801298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating Celerity, Impulsivity, and Extralegal Sanction Threats into a Model of General Deterrence: Theory and Evidence
    • Nagin, Daniel, and Greg Pogarsky. 2001. "Integrating Celerity, Impulsivity, and Extralegal Sanction Threats into a Model of General Deterrence: Theory and Evidence." Criminology 39:404-30.
    • (2001) Criminology , vol.39 , pp. 404-430
    • Nagin, D.1    Pogarsky, G.2
  • 144
    • 1642628237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Experimental Investigation of Deterrence: Cheating, Self-Serving Bias, and Impulsivity
    • _. 2003. "An Experimental Investigation of Deterrence: Cheating, Self-Serving Bias, and Impulsivity." Criminology 41:501-27.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 501-527
    • Nagin, D.1    Pogarsky, G.2
  • 145
    • 10344220567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time and Punishment: Delayed Consequences and Criminal Behavior
    • _. 2004. "Time and Punishment: Delayed Consequences and Criminal Behavior." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20:295-317.
    • (2004) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.20 , pp. 295-317
    • Nagin, D.1    Pogarsky, G.2
  • 146
    • 0142101861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
    • National Institute of Justice. 2003. 2000 Arrest Drug Abuse Monitoring: Annual Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
    • (2003) 2000 Arrest Drug Abuse Monitoring: Annual Report
  • 147
    • 35348889626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selectively Incapacitating Frequent Offenders: Costs and Benefits of Various Penal Scenarios
    • Nieuwbeerta, Paul, and Arjan Blokland. 2007. "Selectively Incapacitating Frequent Offenders: Costs and Benefits of Various Penal Scenarios." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 23(4):327-53.
    • (2007) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 327-353
    • Nieuwbeerta, P.1    Blokland, A.2
  • 148
    • 0042231644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Tale of Two Counties: Unemployment and Sentence Severity
    • Nobling, Tracy, Cassia Spohn, and Miriam DeLone. 1998. "A Tale of Two Counties: Unemployment and Sentence Severity." Justice Quarterly 15(3): 459-85.
    • (1998) Justice Quarterly , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 459-485
    • Nobling, T.1    Spohn, C.2    DeLone, M.3
  • 149
    • 0035731162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theory, Operationalization, Identification, and the Interpretation of Different Differences in Time Series Models
    • O'Brien, Robert. 2001. "Theory, Operationalization, Identification, and the Interpretation of Different Differences in Time Series Models." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17:359-75.
    • (2001) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.17 , pp. 359-375
    • O'Brien, R.1
  • 150
    • 0003533128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ONDCP Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington, DC: ONDCP
    • ONDCP (Office of National Drug Control Policy). 2001. What America's Users Spend on Illicit Drugs, 1988-2000. Washington, DC: ONDCP.
    • (2001) What America's Users Spend on Illicit Drugs, 1988-2000
  • 152
    • 34249711910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Interaction of Antisocial Propensity and Lifecourse Varying Predictors of Delinquent Behavior: Differences by Method of Estimation and Implications for Theory
    • Ousey, Graham, and Pamela Wilcox. 2007. "The Interaction of Antisocial Propensity and Lifecourse Varying Predictors of Delinquent Behavior: Differences by Method of Estimation and Implications for Theory." Criminology 45:313-54.
    • (2007) Criminology , vol.45 , pp. 313-354
    • Ousey, G.1    Wilcox, P.2
  • 154
    • 0000802230 scopus 로고
    • The Deterrent Effect of the Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment: A Review of the Evidence and Issues
    • Paternoster, Raymond. 1987. "The Deterrent Effect of the Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment: A Review of the Evidence and Issues." Justice Quarterly 4:173-218.
    • (1987) Justice Quarterly , vol.4 , pp. 173-218
    • Paternoster, R.1
  • 155
    • 0035729199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theoretical and Empirical Work on the Relationship between Unemployment and Crime
    • Paternoster, Raymond, and Shawn Bushway. 2001. "Theoretical and Empirical Work on the Relationship between Unemployment and Crime." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17:391-408.
    • (2001) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.17 , pp. 391-408
    • Paternoster, R.1    Bushway, S.2
  • 156
    • 0029102347 scopus 로고
    • Reconceptualizing Deterrence: An Empirical Test of Personal and Vicarious Experiences
    • Paternoster, Raymond, and Alex Piquero. 1995. "Reconceptualizing Deterrence: An Empirical Test of Personal and Vicarious Experiences." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 32:251-86.
    • (1995) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.32 , pp. 251-286
    • Paternoster, R.1    Piquero, A.2
  • 158
    • 0039490099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Profiling, Fairness, and Effectiveness of Policing
    • Persico, Nicola. 2002. "Racial Profiling, Fairness, and Effectiveness of Policing." American Economic Review 92:1472-97.
    • (2002) American Economic Review , vol.92 , pp. 1472-1497
    • Persico, N.1
  • 159
    • 0031930299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Application of Stafford and Warr's Reconceptualization of Deterrence to Drinking and Driving
    • Piquero, Alex, and Raymond Paternoster. 1998. "An Application of Stafford and Warr's Reconceptualization of Deterrence to Drinking and Driving." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35:5-41.
    • (1998) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.35 , pp. 5-41
    • Piquero, A.1    Paternoster, R.2
  • 160
    • 0036213426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond Stafford and Warr's Reconceptualization of Deterrence: Personal and Vicarious Experiences, Impulsivity, and Offending Behavior
    • Piquero, Alex, and Greg Pogarsky. 2002. "Beyond Stafford and Warr's Reconceptualization of Deterrence: Personal and Vicarious Experiences, Impulsivity, and Offending Behavior." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 39:153-86.
    • (2002) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.39 , pp. 153-186
    • Piquero, A.1    Pogarsky, G.2
  • 161
    • 5644238106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling Change in Perceptions about Sanction Threats: The Neglected Linkage in Deterrence Theory
    • Pogarsky, Greg, Alex Piquero, and Raymond Paternoster. 2004. "Modeling Change in Perceptions about Sanction Threats: The Neglected Linkage in Deterrence Theory," Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20:343-69.
    • (2004) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.20 , pp. 343-369
    • Pogarsky, G.1    Piquero, A.2    Paternoster, R.3
  • 162
    • 33747635953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Review of Steven Shavell's Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law
    • Posner, Richard. 2006. "A Review of Steven Shavell's Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law." Journal of Economic Literature 33:405-14.
    • (2006) Journal of Economic Literature , vol.33 , pp. 405-414
    • Posner, R.1
  • 163
    • 22144463915 scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Pretrial Detention
    • Rankin, Anne. 1964. "The Effect of Pretrial Detention." New York University Law Review 39:641-56.
    • (1964) New York University Law Review , vol.39 , pp. 641-656
    • Rankin, A.1
  • 166
    • 16344383755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring Global Drug Markets: How Good Are the Numbers and Why Should We Care about Them?
    • Reuter, Peter, and Victoria Greenfield. 2001. "Measuring Global Drug Markets: How Good Are the Numbers and Why Should We Care about Them?" World Economics 2(4): 155-73.
    • (2001) World Economics , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 155-173
    • Reuter, P.1    Greenfield, V.2
  • 167
    • 0001760284 scopus 로고
    • Risks and Prices: An Economic Analysis of Drug Enforcement
    • edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Reuter, Peter, and Mark Kleiman. 1986. "Risks and Prices: An Economic Analysis of Drug Enforcement." In Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, vol. 7, edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1986) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research , vol.7
    • Reuter, P.1    Kleiman, M.2
  • 169
    • 0005953908 scopus 로고
    • The Economics of Criminal Courts: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation
    • Rhodes, William. 1976. "The Economics of Criminal Courts: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation." Journal of Legal Studies 5:311-40.
    • (1976) Journal of Legal Studies , vol.5 , pp. 311-340
    • Rhodes, W.1
  • 172
    • 33847209271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategic Judging under the United States Sentencing Guidelines: Positive Political Theory and Evidence
    • Schanzenbach, Max, and Emerson Tiller. 2007. "Strategic Judging under the United States Sentencing Guidelines: Positive Political Theory and Evidence." Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 23:24-56.
    • (2007) Journal of Law, Economics and Organization , vol.23 , pp. 24-56
    • Schanzenbach, M.1    Tiller, E.2
  • 173
    • 33746265970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prison Time and Fines: Explaining Racial Disparities in Sentencing for White-Collar Criminals
    • Schanzenbach, Max, and Michael Yaeger. 2006. "Prison Time and Fines: Explaining Racial Disparities in Sentencing for White-Collar Criminals. "Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 56:757-93.
    • (2006) Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , vol.56 , pp. 757-793
    • Schanzenbach, M.1    Yaeger, M.2
  • 174
    • 0004216026 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Schelling, Thomas. 1984. Choice and Consequence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (1984) Choice and Consequence
    • Schelling, T.1
  • 175
  • 179
    • 0012100155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process
    • Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice
    • Spohn, Cassia. 2000. "Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process." In National Institute of Justice: Criminal Justice 2000. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
    • (2000) National Institute of Justice: Criminal Justice 2000
    • Spohn, C.1
  • 181
    • 0033713962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts: Who Is Punished More Harshly?
    • Steffensmeier, Darrell, and Stephen Demuth. 2000. "Ethnicity and Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. Federal Courts: Who Is Punished More Harshly? "American Sociological Review 65:705-29.
    • (2000) American Sociological Review , vol.65 , pp. 705-729
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Demuth, S.2
  • 182
  • 183
    • 0041181131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Interaction of Race, Gender, and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male
    • Steffensmeier, Darrell, John Kramer, and Jeffrey Ulmer. 1998. "The Interaction of Race, Gender, and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male." Criminology 36(4):763-98.
    • (1998) Criminology , vol.36 , Issue.4 , pp. 763-798
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Kramer, J.2    Ulmer, J.3
  • 186
    • 1542667883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working paper. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
    • Strumpf, Koleman. 2003. "Illegal Sport Bookmakers." Working paper. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
    • (2003) Illegal Sport Bookmakers
    • Strumpf, K.1
  • 187
    • 35348911917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incapacitation: Revisiting an Old Question with a New Method and New Data
    • Sweeten, Gary, and Robert Apel. 2007. "Incapacitation: Revisiting an Old Question with a New Method and New Data." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 23(4):303-26.
    • (2007) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 303-326
    • Sweeten, G.1    Apel, R.2
  • 188
    • 0000176820 scopus 로고
    • A Note on the Value of Crime Control: Evidence from the Property Market
    • Thaler, Richard. 1978. "A Note on the Value of Crime Control: Evidence from the Property Market." Journal of Urban Economics 5(1):137-45.
    • (1978) Journal of Urban Economics , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 137-145
    • Thaler, R.1
  • 189
    • 33749656222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crime and Residential Choice: A Neighborhood Level Analysis of the Impact of Crime on Housing Prices
    • Tita, George, Tricia Petras, and Robert Greenbaum. 2006. "Crime and Residential Choice: A Neighborhood Level Analysis of the Impact of Crime on Housing Prices." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 22(4):299-317.
    • (2006) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 299-317
    • Tita, G.1    Petras, T.2    Greenbaum, R.3
  • 190
    • 0013554779 scopus 로고
    • Mandatory Penalties
    • edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Tonry, Michael. 1992. "Mandatory Penalties." In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 16, edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1992) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research , vol.16
    • Tonry, M.1
  • 192
    • 33748307613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in Trial Penalties among Serious Violent Offenses
    • Ulmer, Jeffrey, and Mindy Bradley. 2006. "Variation in Trial Penalties among Serious Violent Offenses." Criminology 44:631-70.
    • (2006) Criminology , vol.44 , pp. 631-670
    • Ulmer, J.1    Bradley, M.2
  • 193
    • 53149124643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2006. A National Crime Victimization Survey 2005: Statistical Tables. NCJ 215244. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
    • U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2006. A National Crime Victimization Survey 2005: Statistical Tables. NCJ 215244. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
  • 194
    • 0004263651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Varian, Hal. 2002. Intermediate Microeconomics. 6th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    • (2002) Intermediate Microeconomics
    • Varian, H.1
  • 196
    • 0041412752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates throughout the World
    • Viscusi, W. Kip, and Joseph Aldy. 2003. "The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates throughout the World." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 27(1):5-76.
    • (2003) Journal of Risk and Uncertainty , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-76
    • Viscusi, W.K.1    Aldy, J.2
  • 197
    • 53149099571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walsh, John. 2004. Fuzzy Math: Why the White House Drug Control Budget Doesn't Add Up. Drug Policy Analysis Bulletin, no. 10. http://fas.org/drugs.
    • Walsh, John. 2004. "Fuzzy Math: Why the White House Drug Control Budget Doesn't Add Up." Drug Policy Analysis Bulletin, no. 10. http://fas.org/drugs.
  • 198
    • 85050784018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposition 8 and Crime Rates in California: The Case of the Disappearing Deterrent
    • Webster, Cheryl, Anthony Doob, and Franklin Zimring. 2006. "Proposition 8 and Crime Rates in California: The Case of the Disappearing Deterrent." Criminology and Public Policy 5(3)417-48.
    • (2006) Criminology and Public Policy , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 417-448
    • Webster, C.1    Doob, A.2    Zimring, F.3
  • 199
    • 0004152602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Welsh, Brandon, David Farrington, and Lawrence Sherman, eds, Boulder, CO: Westview
    • Welsh, Brandon, David Farrington, and Lawrence Sherman, eds. 2000. Costs and Benefits of Preventing Crime. Boulder, CO: Westview.
    • (2000) Costs and Benefits of Preventing Crime
  • 200
    • 0036696269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality
    • Western, Bruce. 2002. "The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality." American Sociological Review 67(4):526-46.
    • (2002) American Sociological Review , vol.67 , Issue.4 , pp. 526-546
    • Western, B.1
  • 201
    • 53149103069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilson, James Q., and Richard Herrnstein. 1985. Crime and Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of Crime. New York: Simon and Schuster.
    • Wilson, James Q., and Richard Herrnstein. 1985. Crime and Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of Crime. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • 202
    • 0000065646 scopus 로고
    • Crime, Time, and Punishment: An Exploration of Selection Bias in Sentencing Research
    • Zatz, Marjorie, and John Hagan. 1985. "Crime, Time, and Punishment: An Exploration of Selection Bias in Sentencing Research." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 1:103-26.
    • (1985) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.1 , pp. 103-126
    • Zatz, M.1    Hagan, J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.