Reconsidering the unemployment and crime relationship: Variation by age group and historical period

Journal of Quantitative Criminology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 405-428

  Britt, Chester L ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Age; Crime; Historical period; Unemployment

Indexed keywords

EID: 21944448825     PISSN: 07484518     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02221048     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Allan, E. A., and Steffensmeier, D. J. (1989). Youth, underemployment, and property crime: Differential effects of job availability and job quality on juvenile and young adult arrest rates. Am. Sociol. Rev. 54: 107-123.
2. Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and punishment: An economic approach. J. Polit. Econ. 76: 169-217.
3. Blackburn, K., Bloom, D., and Freeman, R. (1990). The declining economic position of less skilled American men. In Burtless, G. (ed.), A Future of Lousy Jobs? The Changing Structure of U.S. Wages, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, pp. 31-76.
4. Block, M. K., and Heineke, J. M. (1975). A labor theoretic analysis of criminal choice. Am. Econ. Rev. 65: 314-325.
5. Bonger, W. (1916). Criminality and Economic Conditions, Little, Brown, Boston.
6. Brenner, H. M. (1978). Economic crises and crime, In Savitz, L., and Johnson, N. (eds.), Crime in Society, Wiley, New York, pp. 555-572.
7. Britt, C. L. (1994). Crime and unemployment among youths in the United States, 1958-1990. Am. J. Econ. Sociol. 53: 99-109.
8. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1995). Criminal Victimization in the United States, 1994, USGPO, Washington, DC.
9. Bryk, A. S., and Raudenbush, S. W. (1991). Hierarchical Linear Models: Application and Data Analysis Methods, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
10. Cantor, D., and Land, K. C. (1985). Unemployment and crime rates in the post-World War II United States: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Am. Sociol. Rev. 50: 317-332.
11. Cantor, D., and Land, K. C. (1991). Exploring possible temporal relationships of unemployment and crime: A comment on Hale and Sabbagh. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 28: 418-425.
12. Chiricos, T. G. (1987). Rates of crime and unemployment: An analysis of aggregate research evidence. Social Problems 34: 187-212.
13. Cloward, R. A., and Ohlin, L. (1960). Delinquency and Opportunity, Free Press, Glencoe, IL.
14. Cohen, L. E. (1981). Modeling crime trends: A criminal opportunity perspective. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 18: 138-164.
15. Cohen, L. E., and Felson, M. (1979a). On estimating the social costs of national economic policy: A critical examination of the Brenner study. Social Indicators Res. 6: 251-259.
16. Cohen, L. E., and Felson, M. (1979b). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activities approach. Am. Sociol. Rev. 44: 588-607.
17. Cohen, L. E., and Land, K. C. (1987a). Age structure and crime: Symmetry versus asymmetry and the projection of crime rates through the 1990s. Am. Sociol. Rev. 52: 170-183.
18. Cohen, L. E., and Land, K. C. (1987b). Sociological positivism and the explanation of criminality, In Gottfredson, M. R., and Hirschi, T. (eds.), Positive Criminology, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 43-55.
19. Cohen, L. E., Felson, M., and Land, K. C. (1980). Property crime rates in the United States: A macrodynamic analysis, 1947-1977; with ex ante forecasts for the mid-1980s. Am. J. Sociol. 86: 90-118.
20. Cohen, L. E., Kluegel, J. R., and Land, K. C. (1981). Social inequality and predatory criminal victimization: An exposition and test of a formal theory. Am. Sociol. Rev. 46: 505-524.
21. Cook, P. (1986). The demand and supply of criminal opportunities. Crime Just. Annu. Rev. 7: 1-27.
22. Danser, K. R., and Laub, J. H. (1981). Juvenile Criminal Behavior and its Relation to Economic Conditions, Criminal Justice Research Center, Albany, NY.
23. Darity, W., Jr., and Goldsmith, A. H. (1996). Social psychology, unemployment and macroeconomics. J. Econ. Perspect. 10: 121-140.
24. DeFronzo, J. (1983). Economic assistance to impoverished Americans. Criminology 21: 119-136.
25. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (1989). Handbook of Labor Statistics, USGPO, Washington, DC.
26. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (1990-1992). Employment and Earnings, USGPO, Washington, D.C.
27. Ehrlich, I. (1973). Participation in illegitimate activities: A theoretical and empirical investigation. J. Polit. Econ. 81: 521-564.
28. Ehrlich, I. (1975). The deterrent effect of capital punishment: A question of life and death. Am. Econ. Rev. 65: 397-417.
29. Federal Bureau of Investigation (1959-1992). Uniform Crime Reports: Crime in the United States, USGPO, Washington, DC.
30. Felson, M. (1994). Crime and Everyday Life, Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA.
31. Fleischer, B. M. (1963). The effect of unemployment on juvenile delinquency. J. Polit. Econ. 71: 543-555.
32. Fox, J. A. (1978). Forecasting Crime Data, Lexington Books, D. C. Heath, Lexington, MA.
33. Gibbs, J. (1966). Crime, unemployment, and status integration. Br. J. Criminal. 6: 49-58.
34. Glaser, D., and Rice, K. (1959). Crime, age, and employment. Am. Sociol. Rev. 24: 679-686.
35. Gottfredson, M. R., and Gottfredson, D. M. (1988). Decision Making in Criminal Justice: Toward a Rational Exercise of Discretion, 2nd ed., Plenum Press, New York.
36. Greenberg, D. F. (1977). Delinquency and the age structure of society. Contemp. Crisis 1: 189-223.
37. Greenberg, D. F. (1985). Age, crime, and social explanation. Am. J. Sociol. 91: 1-21.
38. Hale, C. (1991). Unemployment and crime: Differencing is no substitute for modeling. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 28: 426-429.
39. Hale, C., and Sabbagh, D. (1991). Testing the relationship between unemployment and crime: A methodological comment and empirical analysis using time series data from England and Wales. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 28: 400-417.
40. Hindelang, M. J. (1981). Variations in sex-race-age-specific incidence rates of offending. Am. Sociol. Rev. 46: 93-109.
41. Hindelang, M. J., Gottfredson, M. R., and Garofalo, J. (1978). Victims of Personal Crime: An Empirical Foundation for a Theory of Personal Victimization, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA.
42. Hindelang, M. J., Hirschi, T., and Weis, J. G. (1981). Measuring Delinquency, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
43. Hsiao, C. (1986). Analysis of Panel Data, Cambridge University Press, New York.
44. Judge, G. S., Griffiths, W. E., Hill, R. C., Lutkepohl, H., and Lee, T.-C. (1985). The Theory and Practice of Econometrics, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York.
45. Juhn, C., Murphy, K., and Topel, R. (1991). Why has the natural rate of unemployment increased over time? Brookings Papers Econ. Activ. 2: 75-142.
46. LaFree, G., and Drass, K. A. (1996). The effect of changes in intraracial income inequality and educational attainment on changes in arrest rates for African Americans and whites, 1957 to 1990. Am. Sociol. Rev. 61: 614-634.
47. LaFree, G., Drass, K. A., and O'Day, P. (1992). Race and crime in postwar America: Determinants of African-American and white rates, 1957-1988. Criminology 30: 157-188.
48. Land, K. C., Cantor, D., and Russell, S. T. (1995). Unemployment and crime rate fluctuations in the post-World War II United States: Statistical time series properties and alternative models. In Hagan, J., and Peterson, R. (eds.), Crime and Inequality, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 55-79.
49. Maguire, K., and Pastore, A. L. (1995). Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics - 1994, USGPO, Washington, DC.
50. Merton, R. M. (1938). Social structure and anomie. Am. Sociol. Rev. 3: 672-682.
51. Messner, S. F., and Rosenfeld, R. (1994). Crime and the American Dream, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.
52. Nagin, D. S., and Farrington, D. P. (1992). The stability of criminal potential from childhood to adulthood. Criminology 30: 235-260.
53. Newbold, P., and Bos, T. (1985). Stochastic Parameter Regression Models, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
54. Parker, R. N., and Horwitz, A. V. (1986). Unemployment, crime, and imprisonment: A panel approach. Criminology 24: 751-773.
55. Peterson, R. D., and Krivo, L. J. (1993). Racial segregation and black urban homicide. Social Forces 71: 1001-1026.
56. Phillips, L., Votey, H. L., Jr., and Maxwell, D. (1972). Crime, youth and the labor market. J. Polit. Econ. 80: 491-504.
57. Sampson, R. J., and Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the Making, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
58. Singell, L. D. (1967). An examination of the empirical relationship between unemployment and juvenile delinquency. Am. J. Econ. Sociol. 26: 377-386.
59. Smith, M. D., Devine, J. A., and Sheley, J. F. (1992). Crime and unemployment: Effects across age and race categories. Sociol. Perspect. 35: 551-572.
60. Steffensmeier, D. J., and Harer, M. D. (1986). Is the crime rate really falling? An "Aging" U.S. population and its impact on the nation's crime rate, 1980-1984. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 24: 23-48.
61. Thornberry, T. P., and Christenson, R. L. (1984). Unemployment and criminal involvement: An investigation of reciprocal causal structures. Am. Sociol. Rev. 49: 398-411.
62. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1965). Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States by Single Years of Age, Color, and Sex 1900 to 1959, USGPO, Washington, DC.
63. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1974). Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States, by Age, Sex, and Race: April 1, 1960 to July 1, 1973, USGPO, Washington, DC.
64. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1981). Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex, and Race, 1970-1981, USPGO, Washington, DC.
65. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1987). Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex, and Race, 1980-1987, USGPO, Washington, DC.
66. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1993). Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex, and Race, 1990-1993, USGPO, Washington, DC.
67. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1997). Current Population Reports: Estimates of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex, and Race, 1990-1996, USGPO, Washington, DC.