The effect of court-ordered hiring quotas on the composition and quality of police

American Economic Review

Volumn 97, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 318-353

  McCrary, Justin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35448968924     PISSN: 00028282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1257/aer.97.1.318     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Altonji, Joseph G., and Rebecca M. Blank. 1999. "Race and Gender in the Labor Market." In Handbook of Labor Economics Volume 3C, ed. Orley Ashenfelter and David E. Card, 3143-3259. Amsterdam; New York and Oxford: Elsevier Science, North-Holland.
2. Antonovics, Kate L., and Brian G. Knight. 2004. "A New Look at Racial Profiling: Evidence from the Boston Police Department." National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 10634.
3. Ashenfelter, Orley, and James J. Heckman. 1976. "Measuring the Effect of an Antidiscrimination Program." In Evaluating the Labor-Market Effects of Social Programs, ed. Orley Ashenfelter and James Blum, 46-84. Princeton: Industrial Relations Section Research Report Series 120, 4684.
4. Beller, Andrea H. 1978. "The Economics of Enforcement of an Antidiscrimination Law: Title VU of the Civil Rights Act of 1964." Journal of Law and Economics, 21(2): 359-80.
5. Bowen, William G., and Derek Bok. 1998. The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
6. Brown, Charles. 1984. "Black-White Earnings Ratios since the Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Importance of Labor Market Dropouts." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 99(1): 31-44.
7. Butterfield, Fox. 2001. "City Police Work Losing Its Appeal and Its Veterans." New York Times, July 30.
8. Carrington, William J., Kristin McCue, and Brooks Pierce. 1996. "Black/White Wage Convergence: The Role of Public Sector Wages and Employment." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 49(3): 456-71.
9. Chaiken, Jan M., and Bernard Cohen. 1973. Police Civil Service Selection Procedures in New York City: Comparison of Ethnic Groups. New York: RAND Corporation.
10. Cohen, Bernard, and Jan M. Chaiken. 1972. Police Background Characteristics and Performance: Report Prepared for the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. New York: RAND Corporation.
11. Davidson, James. 1994. Stochastic Limit Theory: An Introduction for Econometricians. Advanced Texts in Econometrics. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
12. Decker, Scott H., and Russell L. Smith. 1980. "Police Minority Recruitment: A Note on Its Effectiveness in Improving Black Evaluations of Police." Journal of Criminal Justice, 8(6): 387-93.
13. DiNardo, John, Nicole M. Fortin, and Thomas Lemieux. 1996. "Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach." Econometrica, 64(5): 1001-44.
14. Donohue, John J., III, and James J. Heckman. 1991. "Continuous versus Episodic Change: The Impact of Civil Rights Policy on the Economic Status of Blacks." Journal of Economic Literature, 29(4): 1603-43.
15. Donohue, John J., III, and Steven D. Levitt. 2001. "The Impact of Race on Policing and Arrests." Journal of Law and Economics, 44(2): 367-94.
16. Dulaney, W. Marvin. 1996. Black Police in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
17. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 1999. Job Patterns for Minorities and Women in State and Local Government. Washington, DC: EEOC.
18. Freeman, Richard B. 1973. "Changes in the Labor Market for Black Americans, 1948-72." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1: 67-120.
19. Graham, Hugh D. 1990. The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972. New York: Oxford University Press.
20. Greisinger, George, Jeffrey S. Slovak, and Joseph J. Molkup. 1979. Civil Service Systems: Their Impact on Police Administration. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
21. Guryan, Jonathan. 2004. "Desegregation and Black Dropout Rates." American Economic Review, 94(4): 919-43.
22. Heckman, James J., Hidehiko Ichimura, Jeff Smith, and Petra Todd. 1998. "Characterizing Selection Bias Using Experimental Data." Econometrica, 66(5): 1017-98.
23. Heckman, James J., and Kenneth I. Wolpin. 1976. "Does the Contract Compliance Program Work? An Analysis of Chicago Data." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 29(4): 544-64.
24. International City Manager Association. 1970. Municipal Yearbook. Washington, DC: ICMA.
25. Jacobson, Louis S., Robert J. LaLonde, and Daniel G. Sullivan. 1993. "Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers." American Economic Review, 83(4): 685-709.
26. Jencks, Christopher, and Meredith Phillips. 1998. The Black-White Test Score Gap. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
27. Kephart, William M. 1954. "The Integration of Negroes into the Urban Police Force." Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 45(3): 325-33.
28. Kephart, William M. 1957. Racial Factors and Urban Law Enforcement. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
29. Knowles, John, Nicola Persico, and Petra Todd. 2001. "Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence." Journal of Political Economy, 109(1): 203-29.
30. Landy, Frank J. 2003. "Phases of Employment Litigation." In Behavioral, Quantitative, and Legal Perspectives, ed. Frank J. Landy, Chapter 1. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
31. Leonard, Jonathan S. 1984. "Antidiscrimination or Reverse Discrimination: The Impact of Changing Demographics, Title VII and Affirmative Action on Productivity." Journal of Human Resources, 19(2): 145-74.
32. Leonard, Jonathan S. 1984. "The Impact of Affirmative Action on Employment." Journal of Labor Economics, 2(4): 439-63.
33. Leonard, Jonathan S. 1985. "Affirmative Action as Earnings Redistribution: The Targeting of Compliance Reviews." Journal of Labor Economics, 3(3): 363-84.
34. Leonard, Jonathan S. 1990. "The Impact of Affirmative Action Regulation and Equal Employment Law on Black Employment." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(4): 47-63.
35. Lott, John R., Jr. 2000. "Does a Helping Hand Put Others at Risk? Affirmative Action, Police Departments, and Crime." Economic Inquiry, 38(2): 239-77.
36. Myrdal, Gunnar. 1944. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
37. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. 1968. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
38. National Advisory Commission on Ciriminal Justice Standards and Goals. 1973. Report on Police. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
39. Pate, Anthony M., and Lorie E. Fridell. 1994. "Police Use of Force: Official Reports, Citizen Complaints and Legal Consequences, 1991-1992." [computer file] Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
40. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. 1967. Task Force Report: The Police. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
41. Raper, Author. 1940. "Race and Class Pressures." Unpublished.
42. Reber, Sarah J. 2003. "Court-Ordered Desegregation: Successes and Failures in Integrating American Schools since Brown." Unpublished.
43. Reiss, Michael. 1977. "Requiem for an 'Independent Remedy': The Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1871 as Remedies for Employment Discrimination." Southern California Law Review, 50: 961-1025.
44. Rose, David L. 1989. "Twenty-Fives Years Later: Where Do We Stand on Equal Employment Opportunity Law Enforcement?" Vanderbilt Law Review, 42: 1121-81.
45. Rosen, Sherwin. 1969. "Trade Union Power, Threat Effects and the Extent of Organization." Review of Economic Studies, 36(106): 185-96.
46. Rosenbaum, Paul R., and Donald B. Rubin. 1983. "The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects." Biometrika, 70(1): 41-55.
47. Rudwick, Elliott M. 1961. "Negro Police Employment in the Urban South." Journal of Negro Education, 30(2): 102-08.
48. Rudwick, Elliott M. 1962. The Unequal Badge: Negro Policemen in the South. Atlanta: Southern Regional Council.
49. Schlei, Barbara L., and Paul Grossman. 1976. Employment Discrimination Law. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs.
50. Siskin, Bernard R., and David W. Griffin. 1997. Analysis of Distributions by Rank, Race and Gender: City of Chicago Police Department, 1987-1991. Philadelphia: Center for Forensic Economic Studies.
51. Smith, James P., and Finis R. Welch. 1989. "Black Economic Progress after Myrdal." Journal of Economic Literature, 27(2): 519-64.
52. Southern Regional Council. 2000, Southern Regional Council Papers, 1944-1968. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.
53. Southern Regional Council. Various years. New South.
54. Spilerman, Seymor. 1970. "The Causes of Racial Disturbances: A Comparison of Alternative Explanations." American Sociological Review, 35(4): 627-49.
55. U.S. Department of Justice. 2001. "Employment Litigation Section Complaints Filed Involving Police of Fire Department as of July 31, 2001." Unpublished.
56. Wallace, Phyllis A. 1976. Equal Employment Opportunity and the AT&T Case. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.