Defining transnationalism

Contemporary European History

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 421-439

  Clavin, Patricia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 52649099950     PISSN: 09607773     EISSN: 14692171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0960777305002705     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Patricia Clavin, 'A "Wandering Scholar" in Britain and the USA, 1933-45: The Life and Work of Moritz Bonn', in Anthony Grenville (ed.), Refugees from the Third Reich in Britain: The Yearbook of the Research Centre for German and Austrian Exile Studies, Vol. 4 (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002), 27-42
2. For a discussion of the international community of financial advisors to which Bonn belonged, see Marc Flandreau, ed., Money Doctors: History, Theory, Policy. The Experience of International Financial Advising, 1850-2000 (London: Routledge, 2003)
3. for Einstein's place in a wider community, see Gabriele Metzler, Internationale Wissenschaft und nationale Kultur: deutsche Physiker in der internationalen Community, 1900-1960 (Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2000)
4. M. J. Bonn, Wandering Scholar (London: Cohen & West, 1949), 259
5. David Held and Anthony McGrew, The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate, 2nd edn (Oxford: Polity Press, 2003), 39-41
6. Thelan, 'The Nation and Beyond: Transnational Perspectives on United States History', Journal of American History, 86, 3 (1999), 968
7. Callaghy, Kassimir and Latham offer the following typology of border crossings in modern African history: (i) networks reaching around the world (production ties etc.); (ii) international arenas of discourse (human rights, development); (iii) systems of rule (sometimes violent and exploitative) over enclaves of territory involving state and private militias; (iv) direct intervention by external military. They argue that some transboundary formations are instances of 'intervention', while others are perceived to be the natural outgrowths of regular socio-economic and political interaction. See Thomas Callaghy, Ronald Kassimir and Robert Latham, eds., Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 7-9
8. Recent studies also argue that the scholars engaged in this research must develop a greater sensitivity to their own border crossings when conducting research, paying attention to how they were trained, their language and the positions that create embedded categories in their work - a kind of reflexive inter- or multidisciplinarity. See Michael Werner and Bénédicte Zimmermann, 'Vergleich, Transfer, Verflectung. Der Ansatz der histoire croisée und die Herausforderung des Transnationalen', Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 28, 4, (2002), 607-36
9. or 'Penser l'histoire croisée: entre empirie et réflexivité', Annales. Historie, sciences sociales, 58, 1, 7-36
10. See Kiran Klaus Patel, 'Überlegungen zu einer transnationalen Geschichte', Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 52, 7 (2004), 628-630, 632
11. Akira Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1997) underlined how far US internationalism in the inter-war period survived into the post-war years, but is also rather ideological in tone
12. Pierre-Yves Saunier offers some good reasons why such an exercise should be resisted: see his 'Circulations, connexions et espaces transnationaux', Genèses, 57 (2004), 110-26. The essay also offers a very helpful overview of recent writings on cultural and social 'transnational phenomena'
13. Barbara Koremenos, Charles Lipson and Duncan Snidal, 'The Rational Design of International Institutions', International Organization, 55, 4 (autumn 2001), 761
14. This is a point also made by Susan Strange in 'Why do International Organizations Never Die?', in Bob Reinalda and Bertjan Verbeek, eds., Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations (London: Routledge, 1998), 214-16
15. For an overview of the theoretical literature see Lisa Martin and Beth Simmons, 'Theories and Empirical Studies of International Relations', International Organization, 52, 4 (1998), 729-57
16. Michael N. Barnett and Martha Finnemore, 'The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations', International Organization, 53, 4 (autumn 1999), 699-732
17. Clive Archer, International Organizations, 3rd edn (London: Routledge, 2003), 68-73
18. Bertjan Verbeek, 'International Organizations: The Ugly Duckling of International Relations Theory?', in Reinalda and Verbeek, Autonomous Policy Making, 16
19. see also their new edited collection, Decision Making within International Organisations (London: Routledge, 2004)
20. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, eds., Transnational Relations and World Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), xi. Indeed, Samuel Huntington went so far as to contend that all Transnational Organisations are controlled by the nation-state
21. Samuel P. Huntingdon, Transnational Organizations in World Politics, World Politics, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Apr. 1973) 361
22. Huntington, 'Transnational Organizations', 334-5
23. Evangelista's work draws out the central role played by transnational actors in encouraging agreements on arms during the cold war and, crucially from the perspective of this theme issue, that European peace advocates frequently had a greater impact on Soviet policies than on US ones. See Matthew Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999)
24. See, e.g., Francesca Carnevali, '"Crooks, Thieves and Receivers": Transaction Costs in 19th-century Industrial Birmingham', Economic History Review, 57, 3, 533-50
25. John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organisations since 1875 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999). 5
26. Such a community shares four common features: a shared set of normative and principled beliefs, which provide a value-based rationale for the social action of community members; shared casual beliefs; shared notions of validity; and common policy enterprise. Haas also noted that the process by which the ideas of specialists are accepted and acted upon by decision makers is poorly specified. See Peter Haas, 'Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Co-ordination', International Organization, 46, I (winter 1992), 27 and 33
27. For a thought-provoking analysis of transnational and business communities operating as a transnational class, see Kees van der Pijl, Transnational Classes and International Relations (London: Routledge, 1998), 31-63
28. The work of political scientists to date has demonstrated that the domestic structure of the nation-state is central to determining the degree to which a transnational community can make an impact on policy. See Thomas Risse-Kappen, 'Ideas Do Not Hoat Freely: Transnational Coalitions, Domestic Structures and the End of the Cold War', International Organization 48, 2, 1994, 185-214
29. James K. Sebenius, 'Challenging Conventional Explanations of International Cooperation. Negotiation Analysis and the Case of Epistemic Communities, in Peter M. Haas, ed., Knowledge, Power, and International Policy Coordination (Columbia, Sc: South Carolina University Press, 1997), 323-66
30. A. Iriye, 'Transnational History', Contemporary European History, 13, 2 (2004), 219
31. Bruce Mazlish, 'An Introduction to Global History', in Bruce Mazlish and Ralph Buultjens, eds., Conceptualizing Global History (Boulder, Co: West View), 1-24
32. Pierre-Yves Saunier, 'Taking Up the Bet on Connections: a Municipal Contribution', Contemporary European History, 11, 4, (Nov. 2002), 519
33. Ikenberry advances a series of propositions, historical and theoretical, that explain how and why experts are able to forge innovative national and international policies: the experts identified a set of normative and technical positions that were embraced by their leaders; these views were a 'sensible' and 'progressive' distillation of contemporary thought anchored in a common professional organisation; policy specialists came to form a loose 'alliance'; ideas of experts created conditions for policy coalitions within government; this was supported by a long-term evolution of mainstream public views; and larger structural and historical settings created a particular 'balance of power' that favoured agreement. See G. John Ikenberry, 'A World Economy Restored: Expert Consensus and the Anglo-American Postwar Settlement', International Organization, 46, 1 (1992), 291-3
34. For a treatment of the changing power base and its impact on interest groups see also Inderjeet Parmar, Special Interests, the State and the Anglo-American Alliance, 1939-1945 (London: Frank Cass, 1995)
35. Verbeek, 'International Organizations', 22
36. Archer, International Organizations, 71-2
37. The first studies offered a forceful realist critique. See, e.g., Hadewych Hazelzet, 'The Decision-Making Approach to International Organizations. Cox and Jacobsons anatomic lesson revisited', in Reinalda and Verbeek, Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations, 27-41
38. Alan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-State, 2nd edn, (London: Routledge, 2000)
39. This is an especially sensitive topic among economists and historians of the developing world. It is argued by many that the pressures to establish institutions and pursue economic policies favoured by the developed world, and the global institutions which it dominates, may harm, rather than help, the developing world. See Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder - Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (London: Anthem Press, 2002)
40. One of the questions addressed in recent migration history is why, as clusters of immigrants become more strongly established in nation-states, they more assiduously seek to cultivate the literature and culture traditions of their homelands. See Veit Bader, 'The Cultural Conditions of Transnational Citizenship', Political Theory, 25, 6 (Dec. 1977), 771-813
41. Thomas Bender, ed., Rethinking American History in a Global Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002, 11
42. Charles Maier, In Search of Stability. Explorations in Historical Political Economy (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 1-27
43. Susan Strange, States and Markets. An Introduction to the International Political Economy (London: Pinter, 1988)
44. Patel, 'Überlegungen'. Patel's four distinct meanings of the term are not entirely convincing. Rather he offers one meaning, but four distinct areas where the term has surfaced during the course of the twentieth century. See also Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.)
45. The rebranding of multinational into transnational corporations is confirmed in Hubert Bonin, ed., Transnational Companies. 19th and 20th centuries (Paris: Plage, 2002)
46. Susan Strange, 'Transnational Relations', International Affairs, 52, 3, (July 1976) 334
47. Keohane and Nye, Transnational Relations and World Politics, xi
48. For an overview of writing in cultural history, see Paul Giles, 'Virtual Americas: The Internationalization of American Studies and the Ideology of Exchange', American Quarterly, 50, 3, 523-47
49. While no one would now seriously argue, as Huntington did, that transnationalism in the twentieth century is predominately a US phenomenon, the links between the United States and the wider world have become among the most documented and traversed by historians. Samuel Huntington, 'Transnational Organizations in World Politics, World Politics, 25, 3 (April 1973), 342
50. David Thelan, ed., 'The Nation and Beyond: Transnational Perspectives on United States History', The Journal of American History, 86, 3 (special issue), 1997
51. Bender, Rethinking American History
52. Michael J. Hogan, 'The "Next Big Thing": The Future of Diplomatic History in a Global Age', Diplomatic History, 28, 1 (Jan. 2004), 1-22
53. While globalisation as a concept has its limitations, it is worth nothing that for most historians, globalisation and transnationalism travel hand in hand. Thomas Zeiler, however, defines globalisation as the organisation of production that seeks to maximise profit and that is financed by an increasingly unregulated system of exchanges in money, credit and equities. While he sees this an essential precursor to transnationalism, it is hard to see how networks of international finance and exchange can develop without human agency organised in transnational communities. See Thomas W. Zeiler, 'Just Do It! Globalization for Diplomatic Historians', Diplomatic History, 25, 4, 529-52
54. Patel, 'Überlegungen', 633
55. David Stevenson, Armaments and the Coming of War. Europe 1904-1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)
56. These historiographical problems include the role of national history writing in nation building, for example. For an interactive discussion of the topic see http://pages.britishlibrary.net/world.history/what is world history.htm
57. David Christian, Maps of Time. An Introduction to Big History (London: University of California Press, 2004)
58. Saunier, 'Taking Up the Bet on Connections. 512-14
59. Boli and Thomas, Constructing World Culture, 16-17
60. Ron Robin's Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 1900-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992)
61. Given the intense criticism that has been levied against diplomatic and international historians in some quarters, it is worth noting that Frank Costigliola wrote on this topic some twenty years ago, while Emily Rosenberg, also a former president of the Society of Historians of American Foreign Relations, is a pioneering exponent of this approach. See Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984)
62. Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1982)
63. Ludger Pries (ed.), New Transnational Social Spaces. International Migration and Transnational Companies in the Early Twenty-First Century (London: Routledge, 2001)
64. Edward W. Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (London: Verso, 1989)
65. Patrick Major and Rana Mitter, eds., Across the Blocs: Cold War Cultural and Social History (London: Frank Cass, 2004), 3
66. Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht and Frank Schumacher, Culture and International History (Oxford: Berghan Books, 2003)
67. Andrea Galcotti and Miguel A. Meléndez-Jiménez, 'Exploitation and Cooperation in Networks', Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, T1 2004-076/1, Faculty of Economics, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam and the Tinbergen Institute, 2-3