Taking up the bet on connections: A municipal contribution

Contemporary European History

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 507-527

  Saunier, Pierre Yves ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 60949627052     PISSN: 09607773     EISSN: 14692171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0960777302004010     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. For some ideas on the analytical value of the concept see Frederick Cooper, 'What is the concept of globalization good for? An African historian's perspective', African Affairs 100 (2001), 189-213
2. compare the more critical, and more ironic, approach of Justin Rosenberg in The Follies of Globalisation Theory (London: Verso, 2001)
3. For an example see the third part of Henri Goverde, Philip G. Cerny, Mark Haugaard and Howard Lentner, eds., Power in Contemporary Politics. Theories, Practices, Globalization (London: Sage, 2000)
4. Frederick Cooper 'Networks, moral discourses and history', in Thomas Callaghy, Ronald Kassimir and Robert Latham, eds., Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 23-46
5. Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings. Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1998), 5
6. For an introduction to this debate see Ian Tyrell, 'American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History', American Historical Review, 96 (1991), 1031-72, and the forum on 'transnational' history in the same issue
7. Wade Jacoby, Imitation and Politics: Redesigning Modern Germany (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000)
8. Allan Mitchell, The German Influence in France after 1870: the Formation of the French République (Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 1979)
9. Michel Espagne, Les transferts culturels franco-allemands (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1999)
10. Eleanor Westney, Imitation and Invention. The Transfer of Western Organizational Patterns to Meiji Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987)
11. Some examples of varying approaches: Volker R. Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe. Shepard Stone between Philanthropy, Academy and Diplomacy (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001)
12. Robert Arnove, Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism. The Foundations at Home and Abroad (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1982)
13. Yves Dezalay and Bryan Garth, 'Le Washington consensus. Contribution à une sociologie de l'hégémonie du néolibé ralisme', Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 121-2 (1998), 3-22
14. Giuliana Gemelli, ed., American Foundations and Large Scale Research: Construction and Transfer of Knowledge (Bologna: Clueb, 2001)
15. E.g. Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion 1890-1945 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1982)
16. Frank A. Ninkovich, The Diplomacy of Ideas: US Foreign Policy and Cultural Relations 1938-1950 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981)
17. See, respectively, Christian Topalov, Naissance du chômeur 1880-1910 (Paris: Albin Michel, 1994)
18. Kathryn Kish Sklar, Anja Schüler and Susan Strasser, eds., Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents, 1885-1933 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998)
19. Leila Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997)
20. Ian Tyrell, Woman's World/Woman's Empire: the Women's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective 1880-1930 (Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 1991)
21. For an up-todate overview of issue networks see Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998)
22. At the time of writing, Sanjeev Khagram, James V. Riker and Kathryn Sikkink, Restructuring World Politics. Transnational Social Movements, Networks and Norms (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002) was still forthcoming
23. For international unions and offices set up under international conventions see Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus, Les scientifiques et la paix. La communauté scientifique internationale au cours des années vingt (Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1978), 18-62
24. and Marta Aleksandra Balinska, Une vie pour l'humanitaire. Ludwik Rajchmann, 1881-1965 (Paris: La Découverte, 1995)
25. For an approach to the history of functional co-operation see Victor-Yves Ghebali, 'Aux origines de l'ECOSOC: l'évolution des commissions et organisations techniques de la Société des Nations', Annuaire Français de Droit International, 18 (1972), 469-511
26. and 'The League of Nations and Functionalism', in A. J. R. Groom and Paul Taylor, eds., Functionalism: Theory and Practice in International Relations (London: University of London Press, 1975), 141-61
27. A good place to start is Peter Haas, 'Introduction: epistemic communities and international policy coordination', International Organization, 46, 1 (1992), 1-35
28. Thomas M. Callaghy, 'Networks and governance in Africa: innovation in the debt regime', in Callaghy, Kassimir and Latham, Intervention and Transnationalism, 115-48
29. Frank A. Ninkovich and Liping Bu, eds., The Cultural Turn: Essays in the History of US foreign Relations (Chicago: Imprint Publications, forthcoming)
30. A good example of this approach is the work of Jessica Gienow-Hecht, beginning with Transmission Impossible: American Journalism as Cultural Diplomacy in Postwar Germany 1945-1955 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999)
31. Callaghy, Kassimir and Latham, Intervention and Transnationalism
32. John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture. International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999)
33. There is a large literature on this subject, of which the following is a small selection: Anne Rasmussen, 'L'Internationale scientifique 1890-1914', doctoral dissertation in history (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales de Paris, 1995)
34. Karl D. Erdmann, Die Okumene der Historiker (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1987)
35. Elisabeth Crawford, Terry Shinn and Sverker Sörlin, eds., Denationalizing Science. The Contexts of International Scientific Practice, Yearbook of the Sociology of Sciences, 16 (1992)
36. See Marjatta Hietala, Services and Urbanization at the Turn of the Century. The Diffusion of Innovations (Helsinki: SHS, 1987)
37. Besides the contributors to this volume we can also point to William B. Cohen, Urban Government and the Rise of the French City. Five Municipalities in the 19th Century (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998)
38. Bernard Aspinwall, Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820-1920 (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1984), ch. 5
39. Pierre-Yves Saunier, 'Changing the city: urban international information and the Lyon municipality, 1900-1940', Planning Perspectives 14, 1 (1999), 19-48
40. The point is clearly discernible in Christian Topalov, ed., Laboratoires du nouveau siècle. La nébuleuse réformatrice et ses réseaux en France, 1880-1914 (Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1999)
41. On this see Jean Joana, 'L'action publique municipale sous la IIIe République 1884-1939', Politix, 42, 2 (1998), 151-78
42. Oscar Gaspari, L'Italia dei municipi. Il movimento comunale in età liberale 1879-1906 (Rome: Donzelli, 1998)
43. Cf. the point made by Michèle Dagenais and Pierre-Yves Saunier in 'Tales of the periphery: an outline survey of municipal employees and services in the modern city', in Michele Dagenais, Irene Maver and Pierre-Yves Saunier, eds., Municipal Services and Employees in the Modern City: New Historic Approaches (Aldershot: Ashgate, forthcoming)
44. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings
45. Rasmussen, 'L'Internationale scientifique'
46. On the towns of Flanders and Hainault in the modern era see Philippe Guignet, Le pouvoir dans la ville au XVIIIème siècle. Pratiques politiques, notabilité et éthique sociale de part et d'autre de la frontière franco-belge (Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1990)
47. On policing in particular see Catherine Denys, Police et sécurité au XVIIIème siècle dans les villes de la frontière franco-belge (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2002)
48. Paul Bonenfant, 'Le problème du paupérisme en Belgique à la fin de l'Ancien Régime', doctoral dissertation, University of Brussels (1934), mentioned in Guignet, Le pouvoir dans la ville
49. The evolution of a wide range of public policies was the outcome of close co-operation between national governments and local authorities, including municipalities. The need for co-operation could arise from conflict, and central-local relationships took many forms, from domination via subsidiarity through to autonomy. Some relevant publications: Anne Hardy, The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993)
50. Gilles Pollet, 'La construction de l'état social à la française: entre local et national aux XIXe et XXe siècles', Lien social et politique-RIAC, 33 (1995), 115-31
51. Oscar Gaspari, 'Ugo Giusti (1873-1953)', Economia Pubblica, 1 (1999), 79-116
52. Bénédicte Zimmermann, La constitution du chômage en Allemagne. Entre professions et territoires (Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 2001)
53. Jonathan Kahn, Budgeting Democracy: State Building and Citizenship in America, 1890-1920 ( Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997)
54. Bernard Lepetit and Christian Topalov, eds., La ville des sciences sociales (Paris: Belin, 2001)
55. Stephen D. Krasner, 'Westphalia and all that', in Judith Goldstein and Robert O'Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 235-64
56. For international municipal diplomacy see esp. William E. Hewitt, 'Municipalities and the "new" internationalism. Cautionary notes from Canada', Cities, 16, 6 (1999), 435-44
57. Heidi Hobbs, City Hall Goes Abroad. The Foreign Policy of Local Authorities (Thousand Oaks/London/New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1994)
58. Michael Shuman, Towards a Global Village. International Community Development Initiatives (Boulder: Pluto Press, 1994)
59. Earl Fry, Lee H. Radebaugh and Panayotis Soldatos, eds., The New International Cities Era: The Global Activities of North American Municipal Government (Provo: David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies, 1989)
60. The Scandinavian towns studied by Marjatta Hietala were particularly good at assessing the needs of each enquiry and seeking experiments and information in situ, whether in a large or small country, a nearby or distant town. See in particular her analysis of connections developed by the municipality of Helsinki: Marjatta Hietala, 'La diffusion des innovations: Helsinki 1875-1917', Genèses, 10 (January 1993), 74-89, esp. the table on p. 85
61. Switzerland is an interesting example because it differs from the classic examples taken from 'big' countries. Cf. Elena Gogato-Lanza, 'L'urbanisme en devenir: réseaux et matériaux de l'aménagement urbain à Genève dans les années 1930', doctoral dissertation (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1999), 117-29. Postwar relationships among communist municipalities, particularly where twinning is concerned, witness to the constructive force of political orientation
62. Urban historians are just beginning to focus on towns between 1950 and 1960. This may give us a chance to shake off an approach to 'modernisation' which automatically considers everything to do with municipalism as archaic and focuses instead on the larger forces set in motion by national governments or big business. Two recent articles on European cities after the Second World War are Rosemary Wakeman, Modernizing the Provincial City. Toulouse 1945-1975 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997)
63. and John Foot, Milan Since the Miracle. City, Culture and Identity (Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2001)
64. Bruno Dumons, Gilles Pollet and Pierre-Yves Saunier, Les élites municipales sous la Troisième République. Des villes du sud-est de la France (Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1998)
65. Anthony Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City. Germany, Britain, the United States and France 1780-1914 (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1981)
66. Donatella Calabi, Storia dell'urbanistica europea (Turin: Paravia, 2000)
67. Sylvie Rab, 'Culture et banlieue. Les politiques culturelles dans les municipalités de la Seine (1935-1939)', history thesis (Université Paris VII, 1994)
68. The discussion on municipal trading is the most obvious example of a debate that crosses national boundaries. See Patrizia Dogliani, Un laboratorio di socialismo municipale: la Francia, 1870-1920 (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1992), 163-93, and her contribution here
69. Hietala, Services, 155-67
70. See Adna F. Weber, The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century. A Study in Statistics (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1899)
71. Pierre Clerget, 'L'urbanisme, étude historique, géographique et économique', Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise de Géographie, XX (1909-1910), 213-31
72. On the history of urban social statistics in France (Legoyt, Levasseur, Meuriot), see Gilles Montigny, De la ville à l'urbanisation. Essai sur la genèse des études urbaines françaises en géographie, sociologie et statistique sociale (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1992)
73. The idea that all great cities belong to a common a rea representing 'the advance of civilisation' is particularly prominent in South America, with regard to facilities and town planning as well as to cultural life. For an example see Arturo Almandoz Marte, Urbanismo europeo en Caracas (1870-1940) Caracas: Fundarte/Equinoccio, 1997)
74. E.g. Strasbourg's showcase role between France and Germany. See Viviane Claude, 'Le travail de la différence. Expériences comparatives dans le champ municipal à Strasbourg (1900-1930)', Genèses, 37 (Dec. 1999), 114-34
75. See Patrizia Dogliani, Laboratorio, 17-32
76. Patrick Geddes and Gilbert Salter, Ideas at War (London: Williams & Norgate, 1915)
77. Madeleine Rebérioux noticeably does not examine the 'municipal path' in her study of antistatist trends in French socialism: 'Les tendances hostiles à l'état dans la SFIO (1905-1914)', in Madeleine Rebérioux, Parcours engagés dans la France contemporaine (Paris: Belin, 2000), 39-59
78. Histoire de l'utopie planétaire. De la cité prophétique à la société globale (Paris: La Découverte, 2000)
79. On Thomas, see esp. Martin Fine, 'Toward corporatism, the movement for capital-labor collaboration in France 1914-1936', Ph.D. thesis (University of Wisconsin, 1971)
80. and 'Un instrument pour la réforme: l'Association française pour le progrès social (1927-1929)', Le Mouvement Social, 94 (Jan.-March 1976), 3-29
81. Madeleine Rebérioux, 'Albert Thomas, pivot du réformisme français', in Rebérioux, Parcours, 61-76
82. Cf. Topalov, Naissance du chômeur and 'From the 'social question' to 'urban problems': reformers and the working classes at the turn of the twentieth century', International Social Sciences Journal, 125 (August 1990), 319-36
83. Topalov, Laboratoires
84. and Axel R. Schäfer, American Progressives and German Social Reform, 1875-1920 (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2000)
85. James T. Kloppenberg, Uncertain Victory. Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought 1870-1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986)
86. On the transatlantic contacts and the activities of the great foundations and the American government after World War II, see Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars
87. On the long history of the involvement of the American foundations in municipalities and municipalism see Pierre-Yves Saunier, 'Sketches from the Urban Internationale. Voluntary societies, international organizations and US foundations at the city's bedside 1900-1960', International Journal for Urban and Regional Research, 25, 2 (2001), 380-403. The Translatlantic Summit of Mayors organised by the Aspen Institute in Lyon in 2000 was another episode in this long history
88. For a preliminary overview see Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream
89. In Europe, this interest was particularly perceptible in the attempts at 'democratic re-education' brought to bear on German municipal institutions in the aftermath of the Second World War. In both the American and the British-controlled zones, heavy demands were made on German and international municipal organisations. See the article, based on personal experience, by Roger H. Wells (local affairs representative for the US Military Government): 'Foreign government and politics: The revival of German unions of local authorities after World War II', The American Political Science Review, 41, 6 (1947), 1182-7
90. Gerald Deckart, 'Deutsch-Englische Verständigung. Eine Dartsellung der nicht offiziellen Bemühungen um eine Wiederannäherung der beiden Länder zwischen 1905 und 1914', Ph.D. thesis, University of Munich, 1967
91. Günter Hollenberg, 'Englisches Interesse am Kaiserreich. Die Attraktivität Preussen-Deutschland für konservative und liberale Kreise in Grossbritannien 1860-1914', Ph.D. thesis, University of Munich, 1971
92. Saunier, 'Changing the city'