The peopling of America: Craniofacial shape variation on a continental scale and its interpretation from an interdisciplinary view

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 137, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 175-187

  González José, Rolando ^a,e   Bortolini, Maria Cátira ^b   Santos, Fabrício R ^c   Bonatto, Sandro L ^d  

^a Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto M Lillo   (Argentina)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

^d PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^e CENTRO NACIONAL PATAGÓNICO   (Argentina)

Author keywords

Beringia; Geometric morphometrics; Molecular genetics; Native Americans; Settlement models; Skull shape

Indexed keywords

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

ADULT; ALLOMETRY; AMERICAN INDIAN; ANATOMICAL VARIATION; ARTICLE; AUTOSOME; CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY; FEMALE; GENE FLOW; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GEOMETRY; GLACIATION; HOLOCENE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH; MALE; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MORPHOLOGY; MORPHOMETRICS; NORMAL HUMAN; PLEISTOCENE; POPULATION DISPERSION; POPULATION RESEARCH; RACE; SKULL; UNITED STATES; Y CHROMOSOME;

AMERICAN NATIVE CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; AMERICAS; ANTHROPOLOGY, PHYSICAL; DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL; EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; FACE; FEMALE; FOSSILS; GENE FLOW; GENETICS, POPULATION; HAPLOTYPES; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; MALE; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; SKULL;

EID: 52149093840     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20854     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Adovasio JM, Gunn D, Donahue J, Stuckenrath R, Guilday E, Volman K. 1980. Yes Virginia, it really is that old: a reply to Haynes and Mead. Am Antiq 45:588-595.
2. An Z. 1991. Radiocarbon dating and the prehistoric archaeology of China. World Archaeol 23:193-200.
3. Battilana J, Fagundes NJ, Heller AH, Goldani A, Freitas LB, Tarazona-Santos E, Munkhbat B, Munkhtuvshin N, Krylov M, Benevolenskaia L, Arnett FC, Batzer MA, Deininger PL, Salzano FM, Bonatto SL. 2006. Alu insertion polymorphisms in Native Americans and related Asian populations. Ann Hum Biol 33:142-160.
4. Bobrowsky PT, Catto NR, Brink JW, Spurling BE, Gibson TH, Rutter NW. 1990. Archaeological geology of sites in western and northwestern Canada. Edited by: Geological Society of America Centennial Special. p 87-122.
5. Bonatto SL, Salzano FM. 1997a. A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:1866-1871.
6. Bonatto SL, Salzano FM. 1997b. Diversity and age of the four major mtDNA haplogroups and their implications for the peopling of the New World. Am J Hum Genet 61:1413-1423.
7. Bookstein FL. 1991. Morphometric tools for landmark data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Bortolini MC, Salzano FM, Bau CH, Layrisse Z, Petzl-Erler ML, Tsuneto LT, Hill K, Hurtado AM, Castro-De-Guerra D, Bedoya G, Ruiz-Linares A. 2002. Y-chromosome biallelic polymorphisms and Native American population structure. Ann Hum Genet 66:255-259.
9. Bortolini MC, Salzano FM, Thomas MG, Stuart S, Nasanen SP, Bau CH, Hutz MH, Layrisse Z, Petzl-Erler ML, Tsuneto LT, Hill K, Hurtado AM, Castro-de-Guerra D, Torres MM, Groot H, Michalski R, Nymadawa P, Bedoya G, Bradman N, Labuda D, Ruiz-Linares A. 2003. Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas. Am J Hum Genet 73:524-539.
10. Brace CL, Nelson AR, Seguchi N, Oe H, Sering L, Qifeng P, Yongyi L, Tumen D. 2001. Old World sources of the first New World human inhabitants: a comparative craniofacial view. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:10017-10022.
11. Brown P. 1999. The first modern East Asians? Another look at Upper Cave 101, Liujiang and Minatogawa 1. In: Omoto K, editor. Interdisciplinary perspectives on the origins of the Japanese. Kyoto: International Research Center for Japanese Studies. p 105-130.
12. Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH. 1994. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Arkansas, Arkansas Archaeol. Surv Res Ser 44, 206p.
13. Campbell L. 1997. American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Cunningham DL, Jantz RL. 2003. The morphometric relationship of upper cave 101 and 103 to modern Homo sapiens. J Hum Evol 45:1-18.
15. Cunningham DL, Wescott DJ. 2002. Within-group human variation in the Asian Pleistocene: the three Upper Cave crania. J Hum Evol 42:627-638.
16. Dillehay TD, Collins MB. 1988. Early cultural evidence from Monte Verde in Chile. Nature 332:150-152.
17. Dixon EJ. 2001. Human colonization of the Americas: timing, technology and process. Quat Sci Rev 20:277-299.
18. Fagundes NJR, Kanitz R, Eckert R, Valls ACS, Bogo MR, Salzano FM, Smith DG, Silva-Jr WA, Zago MA, Ribeiro-dos-Santos AK, Santos SEB, Petzl-Erler ML, Bonatto SL. 2008. Mitochondrial population genomics supports a single pre-Clovis origin with a coastal route for the peopling of the Americas. Am J Hum Genet 82:583-592.
19. Fagundes NJR, Ray N, Beaumont M, Neuenschwander S, Salzano FM, Bonatto SL, Excoffier LE. 2007. Statistical evaluation of alternative models of human evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:17614-17619.
20. Goebel T, Waters MR, Dikova M. 2003. The archaeology of Ushki Lake, Kamchatka, and the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Science 301:501-505.
21. González-José R, Dahinten S, Luis M, Hernández M, Pucciarelli HM. 2001. Craniometric variation and the settlement of the Americas: testing hypotheses by means of R matrix and matrix permutation tests. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:154-166.
22. González-José R, González-Martín A, Hernández M, Pucciarelli HM, Sardi M, Rosales A, Van der Molen S. 2003. Craniometric evidence for Palaeoamerican survival in Baja California. Nature 425:62-65.
23. González-José R, Neves WA, Lahr MM, González S, Pucciarelli HM, Hernández M, Correal G. 2005. Late Pleistocene/Holocene cranial facial morphology in Mesoamerican Paleoindians: implications for the peopling of the New World. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:772-780.
24. González-José R, Van der Molen S, González- Pérez E, Hernández M. 2004. Patterns of phenotypic covariation and correlation in modern humans as viewed from morphological integration. Am J Phys Anthropol 123:69-77.
25. Greenberg JH, Turner II CG, Zegura SL. 1986. The settlement of the Americas: a comparison of the linguistic, dental and genetic evidence. Curr Anthropol 27:477-495.
26. Hamilton TD, Goebel T. 1999. Late Pleistocene Peopling of Alaska. In: Bonnichsen R, editor. Ice Age peoples of North America. Corvallis, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Oregon State University.
27. Hammer MF, Zegura SL. 2002. The human Y chromosome haplogroup tree: nomenclature and phylogeny of its major divisions. Annu Rev Anthropol 31:303-321.
28. Hartigan JA. 1975. Clustering algorithms. New York: Wiley.
29. Harvati K, Weaver TD. 2006. Human cranial anatomy and the differential preservation of population history and climate signatures. Anat Rec 288:1225-1233.
30. Hennessy RJ, Stringer CB. 2002. Geometric morphometric study of the regional variation of modern human craniofacial form. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:37-48.
31. Horai S, Kondo N, Nakagawa-Hattori J, Hayashi S, Sonoda S, Tajima K. 1993. Peopling of the Americas, founded by four major lineages of mitochondrial DNA. Mol Biol Evol 10:23-47.
32. Howells WW. 1973. Cranial variation in man. Papers of the peabody museum of archaeology and ethnology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
33. Jantz RL, Owsley DW. 2001. Variation among early North American crania. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:146-155.
34. Johnson JR, Stafford TW, Ajie HO, Morris DP. 2000. Arlington Springs revisited. In: Brown DR, Mitchell KC, Chaney HW, editors. Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium. Washington DC: US Department of the Interior. p 541-545.
35. Karafet TM, Zegura SL, Posukh O, Osipova L, Bergen A, Long J, Goldman D, Klitz W, Harihara S, de Knijff P, Wiebe V, Griffiths RC, Templeton AR, Hammer MF. 1999. Ancestral Asian source(s) of new world Y-chromosome founder haplotypes. Am J Hum Genet 64:817-831.
36. Lahr MM. 1996. The Evolution of modern human diversity: a study of cranial variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. Lahr MM, Foley R. 1998. Towards a theory of modern human origins: geography, demography, and diversity in recent human evolution. Yearb Phys Anthropol 41:137-176.
38. Lahr MM, Wright RVS. 1996. The question of robusticity and the relationship between cranial size and shape in Homo Sapiens. J Hum Evol 31:157-191.
39. Lande R. 1979. Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain: body size allometry. Evolution 33:402-416.
40. Lieberman DE, Krovitz GE, McBratney-Owen B. 2004. Testing hypotheses about tinkering in the fossil record: the case of the human skull. J Exp Zool 302:284-301.
41. Martínez-Abadías N, González-José R, González-Martín A, Van der Molen S, Talavera A, Hernández P, Hernández M. 2006. Phenotypic evolution of human craniofacial morphology after admixture: a geometric morphometries approach. Am J Phys Anthropol 129:387-398.
42. Mena F, Reyes O, Stafford TW, Southon J. 2003. Early human remains from Baño Nuevo-1cave, central Patagonian Andes, Chile. Quat Int 109:113-121.
43. Merriwether DA, Rothhammer F, Ferrel RE. 1995. Distribution of the four founding lineage haplotypes in native americans suggests a single wave of migration for the New World. Am J Phys Anthropol 98:411-430.
44. Neves WA, Hubbe M. 2005. Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: implications for the settlement of the New World. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 18309-18314.
45. Neves WA, Hubbe M, Okumura MM, González-José R, Figuti L, Eggers S, De Blasis PA. 2005. A new early Holocene human skeleton from Brazil: implications for the settlement of the New World. J Hum Evol 48:403-414.
46. Neves WA, Powells JF, Ozolins EG. 1999a. Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli-Aike, Southern Chile. Interciencia 24:258-263.
47. Neves WA, Powell JF, Prous A, Ozolins EG, Blum M. 1999b. Lapa Vermelha IV hominid 1: morphological affinities of the earliest known American. Gen Mol Biol 22:1-5.
48. Neves WA, Prous A, González-José R, Kipnis R, Powell J. 2003. Early holocene human skeletal remains from Santana do Riacho, Brazil: implications for the settlement of the New World. J Hum Evol 45:759-782.
49. Neves WA, Pucciarelli HM. 1991. Morphological affinities of the first Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains. J Hum Evol 21:261-273.
50. Orr PC. 1956. Pleistocene man in Fishbone Cave, Pershing County, Nevada. Bulletin of the Department of Archaeology, Nevada State Museum 2:1-20.
51. Pena SD, Santos FR, Bianchi NO, Bravi CM, Carnese FR, Rothhammer F, Gerelsaikhan T, Munkhtuja B, Oyunsuren T. 1995. A major founder Y-chromosome haplotype in Amerindians. Nat Genet 11:15-16.
52. Pitulko W, Nikolsky PA, Girya EY, Basilyan AE, Tumskoy VE, Koulakov SA, Astakhov SN, Pavlova EY, Anisimov MA. 2003. The Yana RHS site: humans in the Arctic before the last glacial maximum. Science 303:52-56.
53. Powell JF, Neves WA. 1999. Craniofacial morphology of the first Americans: pattern and process in the peopling of the New World. Yearbk Phys Anthropol 42:153-188.
54. Pucciarelli HM, Sardi ML, Jimenez López JC, Serrano C. 2003. Early peopling and evolutionary diversification in America. Quat Int 109:123-132.
55. Relethford JH. 1994. Craniometric variation among modern human populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 95:53-62.
56. Rohlf FJ. 2003. tpsRelw version 1.35. New York: Department of ecology and evolution, State University, Stony Brook.
57. Rohlf FJ. 2004a. tpsDig version 1.40. New York: Department of ecology and evolution, State University, Stony Brook.
58. Rohlf FJ. 2004b. tpsUtil version 1.26. New York: Department of ecology and evolution, State University, Stony Brook.
59. Rosas A, Bastir M. 2002. Thin-plate spline analysis of allometry and sexual dimorphism in the human craniofacial complex. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:236-245.
60. Roseman CC. 2004. Detecting interregionally diversifying natural selection on modern human cranial form by using matched molecular and morphometric data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:12824-12829.
61. Santos FR, Bonatto SL, Bortolini MC. 2007. Molecular evidence from contemporary indigenous populations to the peopling of America. In: Advances in molecular biology and evolution and its applications to biological anthropology. Kerela, India: Research Signpost.
62. Santos FR, Hutz MH, Coimbra CEA, Santos RV, Salzano FM, Pena SDJ. 1995. Further evidence for the existence of major founder Y chromosome haplotype in Amerindians. Braz J Genet 18:669-672.
63. Santos FR, Pandya A, Tyler-Smith C, Pena SD, Schanfield M, Leonard WR, Osipova L, Crawford MH, Mitchell RJ. 1999. The central Siberian origin for native American Y chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet 64:619-628.
64. Schroeder KB, Schurr TG, Long JC, Rosenberg NA, Crawford MH, Tarskaia LA, Osipova LP, Zhadanov SI, Smith DG. 2007. A private allele ubiquitous in the Americas. Biol Lett 3:218-223.
65. Schurr TG, Ballinger SW, Gan YY, Hodge JA, Merriwether DA, Lawrence DN, Knowler WC, Weiss KM, Wallace DC. 1990. Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutations at high frequencies, suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages. Am J Hum Genet 46:613-623.
66. Schurr T. 2004. The peopling of the New World: perspectives from molecular anthropology. Annu Rev Anthropol 33:551-583.
67. Schweger CE. 1997. Late quaternary palaeoecology of the Yukon: a review. In: Danks HV, Downes JA, editors. Insects of the Yukon. Ottawa, Biological Survey of Canada: Terrestrial Arthropods. p 59-72.
68. Sheets HD. 2001. IMP Standard6. Buffalo, Canisius College. State University of New York.
69. Silva WA Jr, Bonatto SL, Holanda AJ, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos AK, Paixao BM, Goldman GH, Abe-Sandes K, Rodriguez-Delfin L, Barbosa M, Paçó- Larson ML, Petzl-Erler ML, Valente V, Santos SE, Zago MA. 2002. Mitochondrial genome diversity of Native Americans supports a single early entry of founder populations into America. Am J Hum Genet 71:187-192.
70. Slice DE. 2007. Geometric morphometries. Annu Rev Anthropol 36:261-281.
71. Steele G, Powell JF. 1992. Peopling of the Americas: paleobiological evidence. Hum Biol 64:303-336.
72. Steele G, Powell JF. 1993. Paleobiology of the first Americans. Evol Anthropol 2:138-146.
73. Stone AC, Stoneking M. 1998. mtDNA analysis of a prehistoric Oneonta population: implications for the peopling of the New World. Am J Hum Genet 62:1153-1170.
74. Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, Mulligan CJ, Bravi CM, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Khusnutdinova EK, Fedorova SA, Golubenko MV, Stepanov VA, Gubina MA, Zhadanov SI, Ossipova LP, Damba L, Voevoda MI, Dipierri JE, Villems R, Malhi RS. 2007. Beringian standstill and spread of Native American founders. PLoS ONE 5:1-6 (e829).
75. Tarazona-Santos E, Santos FR. 2002. The peopling of the Americas: a second major migration? Am J Hum Genet 70:1377-1380.
76. Torroni A, Schurr TG, Yang CC, Szathmary EJE, Williams RC, Schanfield MS, Troup GA, Knowler WC, Lawrence DN, Weiss KM, Wallace DC. 1992. Native American mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that the Amerind and the Nadene populations were founded by two independent migrations. Genetics 130:153-162.
77. Turner CG II. 1989. Teeth and prehistory in Asia. Science 260:888-896.
78. Underhill PA, Jin L, Zemans R, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL. 1996. A pre-Columbian Y chromosome-specific transition and its implications for human evolutionary history. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:196-200.
79. Wang S, Lewis CM, Jakobsson M, Ramachandran S, Ray N, Bedoya G, Rojas W, Parra MV, Molina JA, Gallo C, Mazzotti G, Poletti G, Hill K, Hurtado AM, Labuda D, Klitz W, Barrantes R, Bortolini MC, Salzano FM, Petzl-Erler ML, Tsuneto LT, Llop E, Rothhammer F, Excoffier L, Feldman MW, Rosenberg NA, Ruiz-Linares A. 2007. Genetic variation and population structure in native Americans. PLoS Genet 3:e185.
80. Williams-Blangero S, Blangero J. 1989. Anthropometric variation and the genetic structure of the Jirels of Nepal. Hum Biol 61:1-12.
81. Yesner DR. 2001. Human dispersal into interior Alaska: antecedent conditions, mode of colonization, and adaptations. Quat Sci Rev 20:315-327.
82. Y Chromosome Consortium. 2002. A nomenclature system for the tree of human Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups. Genome Res 12:339-348.
83. Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF. 2004. High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas. Mol Biol Evol 21:164-175.
84. Zelditch ML, Swiderski DL, Sheets HD, Fink WL. 2004. Geometric morphometric for biologists. London: Elsevier Press.
85. Zlojutro M, Rubicz R, Devor EJ, Spitsyn VA, Makarov SV, Wilson K, Crawford MH. 2006. Genetic structure of the aleuts and circumpolar populations based on mitochondrial DNA sequences: a synthesis. Am J Phys Anthropol 129:446-464.