Short-term consumption of a dark chocolate containing flavanols is followed by a significant decrease in normotensive population

Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 773-781

  Al Faris, Nora Abdullah ^a  

^a KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Anthropometric measures; Blood pressure; Dark chocolate

Indexed keywords

FLAVANOL DERIVATIVE; LIPID; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; CACAO; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; FEMALE; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; NORMAL HUMAN; POPULATION RESEARCH; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

EID: 52049117446     PISSN: 16805194     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2008.773.781     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Ackenzie, G.G., F. Carrasquedo, J.M. Delfino, C.L. Keen, C.G. Fraga and P.I. Oteiza, 2004. Epicatechin, catechin and dimeric procyanidins inhibit PMA-induced NF-kappaB activation at multiple steps in Jurkat T cells. FASEB. J., 18: 167-9.
2. Actis-Goretta, L., J.I. Ottaviani, C.L. Keen and C.G. Fraga, 2003. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity by flavan-3-ols and procyanidins. FEBS Lett., 555: 597-600.
3. Appel, L.J., T.J. Moore and E. Obarzanek, 1997. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure: DASH Collaborative Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 336: 1117-1124.
4. Appel, L.J., C.M. Champagne and D.W. Harsha, 2003. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA., 289: 2083-2093.
5. Arts, I.C., P.C. Hollman and D. Kromhout, 1999. Chocolate as a source of tea flavonoids. Lancet., 354: 488.
6. Arts, I.C.W., P.C.H. Hollman, E.J.M. Feskens, H.B.B. de Mesquita and D. Kromhout, 2001. Catechin intake might explain the inverse relation between tea consumption and ischemic heart disease: The Zutphen elderly study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 74: 227-232.
7. Buijsse, B., E.J. Feskens, F.J. Kok and D. Kromhout, 2006. Cocoa intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Arch. Intern. Med., 166: 411-417.
8. Cai, H., K.K. Griendling and D.G. Harrison, 2003. The vascular NAD (P) H oxidases as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 24: 471-8.
9. Chevaux, K.A., L. Jackson, M.E. Villar, J.A. Mundi, J.F. Commisso, G.E. Adamson, M.M. McCullough, H.H. Schmitz and N.K. Hollenberg, 2001. Proximate, mineral and procyanidin content of certain foods and beverages consumed by the Kuna Amerinds of Panama. J. Food Composition and Analysis, 14: 553-563.
10. de Cavanagh, E.M., B. Piotrkowski and N. Basso, 2003. Enalapril and losartan attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction in aged rats. FASEB. J., 17: 1096-8.
11. de Cavanagh, E.M., B. Piotrkowski and C.G. Fraga, 2004. Concerted action of the renin-angiotensin system, mitochondria and antioxidant defenses in aging. Mol. Aspects Med., 25: 27-36.
12. Duffy, S.J. and J.A. Vita, 2003. Effects of phenolics on vascular endothelial function. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 14: 21-7.
13. Fisher, N.D.L., M. Hughes, M. Gerhard-Herman and N.K. Hollenberg, 2003. Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans. J. Hypertens, 21: 2,281-2,286.
14. Flegal, K.M., 1999. Evaluating epidemiologic evidence of the effects of food and nutrient exposures. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69: 1339S-1344S.
15. Gibson, R.S., 1990. Principles of Nutritional Assessment. New York, Oxford University Press.
16. Grassi, D., C. Lippi, S. Necozione, G. Desideri and C. Ferri, 2004. Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 81: 611-4.
17. Hammerstone, J.F., S.A. Lazarus and H.H. Schmitz, 2000. Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consmed foods. J. Nutr. Supp., 130: 2,086-2,092.
18. Haslam, E., 1998. Polyphenols-structure and Biosynthesis. In: Practical Polyphenolics: From Structure to Molecular Recognition and Physiological Action. University Press, Cambridge, MA.
19. Heiss, C., A. Dejam, P. Kleinbongard, T. Schewe, H. Sies and M. Kelm, 2003. Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols. JAMA., 290: 1,030-1,031.
20. Hertog, M.G., E.J. Feskens and P.C. Hollman, 1993. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet, 342: 1,007-1,011.
21. Hertog, M.G., D. Kromhout and C. Aravanis, 1995. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the. Seven Countries Study. Arch. Intern. Med., 155: 381-386.
22. Hertog, M.G., P.M. Sweetman and A.M. Fehily, 1997. Antioxidant flavonols and ischernic heart disease in a Welsh population of men:The Caerphilly Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 65: 1,489-1,494.
23. Hodgson, J.M., A. Devine, I.B. P uddey, S.Y. Chan, L.J. Beilin and R.L. Prince, 2003. Tea intake is inversely related to blood pressure in older women. J. Nutr., 133: 2883-2886.
24. Hollenberg, N.K., G. Martinez, M. McCullough, T. Meinking, D. Passan, M. Preston, A. Rivera, D. Taplin and M. Vicaria-Clement, 1997. Aging, acculturation, salt intake and hypertension in the Kuna of Panama. Hypertension, 29: 171-176.
25. Holt, R.R., D.D. Schramm, C.L. Keen, S.A. Lazarus and H.H. Schmitz, 2002. Chocolate consumption and platelet function. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 287: 2,212-2,213.
26. Karim, M., K. McCormick and C.T. Kappagoda, 2000 Effects of cocoa extracts on endothelium-dependent relaxation. J. Nutr. Suppl., pp: 2,105-2,108.
27. Jan, W. and A. Elke, 2000. Polyphenols in chocolate: Is there a contribution to human health? Food Res. Int., 33: 449-459.
28. Klatsky, A.L., G.D. Friedman and M.A. Armstrong, 1986. The relationships between alcoholic beverage use and other traits to blood pressure: A new Kaiser Permanente' study. Circulation, 73: 628-636.
29. Klatsky, A.L., M.A. Armstrong and G.D. Friedman, 1993. Coffee, tea and mortality. Ann. Epidemiol., 3: 375-381.
30. Kris-Etherton, P.M. and C.L. Keen, 2002. Evidence that the antioxidant flavonoids in tea and cocoa are beneficial for cardiovascular health. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 13: 41-49.
31. Lazarus, S.A., G.E. Adamson, P.C. Hammerstone and H.H. Schmitz, 1999. High-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry analysis of proanthocyanidins in food and beverages. J. Agri. Food Chem., 47: 3693-3701.
32. Liwei, G., M.A. Kelm, J.F. Hammerstone, G. Beecher, J. Holden, D. Haytowitz, S. Gebbardt and R.L. Prior, 2004. Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption. J. Nutr., 134: 613-617.
33. McCullough M.L., D. Feskanich and E.B. Rimm, 2000a. Adhererice to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72: 1223-1231.
34. McCullough, M.L., D. Feskanich and M.J. Stampfer, 2000b. Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72: 214-1222.
35. Owers, J.R., 2004. Insulin resistance and hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 286: H1597-602.
36. Pearson, D.A., T.G. Paglieroni, D. Rein, T. Wun, D.D. Schramm, J.F. Wang, R.R. Holt, R. Gosselin, H.H. Schmitz and C.L. Keen, 2002. The effects of flavanol-rich cocoa and aspirin on ex vivo platelet function. Thromb. Res., 106: 191-197.
37. Peters, U., C. Poole and L. Arab, 2001. Does tea affect cardiovascular disease? a meta-analysis. Am., J. Epidemiol., 154: 495-503.
38. Prabhakar, P., H.S. Thatte, R.M. Goetz, M.R. Cho, D.E. Golan and T. Michel, 1998. Receptor-regulated translocation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem., 273: 27383-8.
39. Rein, D., T.G. Paglieroni, T. Wun, D.A. Pearson, H.H. Schmitz, R. Gosselini and C.L. Keen, 2000. Cocoa inhibits platelet activation and function. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72: 30-35.
40. Rimm, E.B., M.B. Katan and A. Ascherio, 1996. Relation between intake of flavonoids and risk for coronary heart disease in male health professionals. Ann. Intern. Med., 125: 384-389.
41. Robin, R.A., C. LeaAnn, K.U. Catherine, M.E. Ellen and W.E. John, 2008. Nutrition and Disease, Daily Consumption of a Dark Chocolate Containing Flavanols and Added Sterol Esters Affects Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Normotensive Population with Elevated Cholesterol. American Society for Nutrition. J. Nutr., 138: 725-731.
42. Schramm, D.D., J.F. Wang, R.R. Holt, J.L. Ensunsa, J.L. Gonsalves, S.A. Lazarus, H.H. Schmitz, J.B. German and C.L. Keen, 2001. Chocolate procyanidins decrease the leukotriene-prostacyclin ratio in humans and human aortic endothelial cells. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73: 36-40.
43. Sesso, H.D., J.M. Gaziano and J.E. Buring, 1999. Coffee and tea intake and the risk of myocardial Infarction. Am. J. Epidemiol., 149: 162-167.
44. Steinberg, F.M., M.M. Bearden and C.L. Keen, 2003. Cocoa and chocolate flavonoids: implications for cardiovascular health. J. Am. Diet Assoc., 103: 215-223.
45. Stensvold, I., A. Tverdal, K. Solvoll and O.P. Foss, 1992. Tea consumption: Relationship to cholesterol, bloodpressure and coronary and total mortality. Prev. Med., 21: 546-553.
46. Stevens, V.J., E. Obarzanek and N.R. Cook, 2001. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann. Intern. Med., 134: 1-11.
47. Taubert, D., R. Berkels, R. Roesen and W. Klaus, 2003. Chocolate and Blood Pressure in Elderly Individuals with Isolated Systolic Hypertension. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 290: 8: 1,029-1,030.
48. Wakabayashi, K., S. Kono and K. Shinchi, 1998. Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: A study of self-defense officials in Japan. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 14: 669-673.
49. Weisburger, J.H., 2002. Lifestyle, health and disease prevention: The underlying mechanisms. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 11(suppl 2): S1-S7.
50. Woodward, M. and H. Tunstall-Pedoe, 1999. Coffee and tea consumption in the Scottish Heart Health Study followup: Conflicting relations with coronary risk factors, coronary disease and all cause mortality. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 53: 481-487.
51. Yang, Y.C., F.H. Lu, J.S. Wu, C.H. Wu and C.J. Chang, 2004. The protective effect of habitual tea consumption on hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med., 164: 1534-1540.