Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 803-820

  Levy, Susan E ^a   Hyman, Susan L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETAINE; CARNOSINE; CASEIN; DIMETHYLGLYCINE; EDETIC ACID; FLUCONAZOLE; FOLIC ACID; FOLINIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; INTESTINE ENZYME; LYSINE; MAGNESIUM ION; MECOBALAMIN; MELATONIN; MERCURY; METHIONINE; NYSTATIN; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PLACEBO; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PYRIDOXINE; SECRETIN; SUCCIMER; TAURINE; THIOMERSAL; TRYPTOPHAN; UNINDEXED DRUG; UNITHIOL; VANCOMYCIN;

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; AROMATHERAPY; ATTENTION; AUTISM; CHELATION; CHILD; CHIROPRACTIC; CLINICAL TRIAL; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; ENERGY; ENURESIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLUTEN FREE DIET; HUMAN; HYPERBARIC OXYGEN; HYPOCALCEMIA; LEISURE; MANIPULATIVE MEDICINE; MASSAGE; MUSIC THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SLEEP; STOMACH JUICE; SYMPTOM; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; YOGA;

ADOLESCENT; AUTISTIC DISORDER; CHILD; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 50449102803     PISSN: 10564993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2008.06.004     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Autism and Developmental Disability Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2002 Principal Investigators, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders-autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, six sites, United States, 2000. MMWR Surveill Summ 56 (2007) 1-11
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edition [text revised] (2000), American Psychiatric Association, Arlington (VA)
3. Gillberg C., and Billstedt E. Autism and Asperger syndrome: coexistence with other clinical disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 102 (2000) 321-330
4. Matson J.L., and Nebel-Schwalm M.S. Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: an overview. Res Dev Disabil 28 (2007) 341-352
5. In: Lord C., and McGee J. (Eds). Educating children with autism [National Research Council] (2001), National Academy Press, Washington (DC)
6. Myers S.M., and Johnson C.P. Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 120 (2007) 1162-1182
7. Davis M.P., and Darden P.M. Use of complementary and alternative medicine by children in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157 (2003) 393-396
8. Hanson E., Kalish L.A., Bunce E., et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 37 (2007) 628-636
9. Wong H.H., and Smith R.G. Patterns of complementary and alternative medical therapy use in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 36 (2006) 901-909
10. Levy S.E., Mandell D.S., Merhar S., et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among children recently diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr 24 (2003) 418-423
11. Cuzzolin L., Zaffani S., Murgia V., et al. Patterns and perceptions of complementary/alternative medicine among paediatricians and patients' mothers: a review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 162 (2003) 820-827
12. Heuschkel R., Afzal N., Wuerth A., et al. Complementary medicine use in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 382-388
13. Shenfield G., Lim E., and Allen H. Survey of the use of complementary medicines and therapies in children with asthma. J Paediatr Child Health 38 (2002) 252-257
14. McCaffrey A.M., Pugh G.F., and O'Connor B.B. Understanding patient preference for integrative medical care: results from patient focus groups. J Gen Intern Med 22 (2007) 1500-1505
15. Simpson N., and Roman K. Complementary medicine use in children: extent and reasons. A population-based study. Br J Gen Pract 51 (2001) 914-916
16. Kazdin A.E. Evidence-based assessment for children and adolescents: issues in measurement development and clinical application. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 34 (2005) 548-558
17. Lilienfeld S.O. Scientifically unsupported and supported interventions for childhood psychopathology: a summary. Pediatrics 115 (2005) 761-764
18. Sackett D.L., Rosenberg W.M., Gray J.A., et al. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. 1996. Clin Orthop Relat Res 455 (2007) 3
19. Jensen P.S., and Kenny D.T. The effects of yoga on the attention and behavior of boys with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Atten Disord 7 (2004) 205-216
20. Platania-Solazzo A., Field T.M., Blank J., et al. Relaxation therapy reduces anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric patients. Acta Paedopsychiatr 55 (1992) 115-120
21. Uma K., Nagendra H.R., Nagarathna R., et al. The integrated approach of yoga: a therapeutic tool for mentally retarded children. A one-year controlled study. J Ment Defic Res 33 Pt 5 (1989) 415-421
22. Gold C., Wigram T., and Elefant C. Music therapy for autistic spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2006) CD004381
23. Kern P., Wolery M., and Aldridge D. Use of songs to promote independence in morning greeting routines for young children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 37 (2007) 1264-1271
24. Heaton P. Interval and contour processing in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 35 (2005) 787
25. Whippell J. Music in intervention for children and adolescents with autism: a meta-analysis. J Music Ther 41 (2004) 90-106
26. 6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2005) CD003497
27. 6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 (2002) CD003497
28. 6 and magnesium in the treatment of autism: a methodology review and summary of outcomes. J Autism Dev Disord 25 (1995) 481-493
29. Findling R.L., Maxwell K., Scotese-Wojtila L., et al. High-dose pyridoxine and magnesium administration in children with autistic disorder: an absence of salutary effects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Autism Dev Disord 27 (1997) 467-478
30. Kuriyama S., Kamiyama M., Watanabe M., et al. Pyridoxine treatment in a subgroup of children with pervasive developmental disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 44 (2002) 284-286
31. 6. II. Pervasive developmental disorder-autism. Magnes Res 19 (2006) 53
32. Bolman W.M., and Richmond J.A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot trial of low dose dimethylglycine in patients with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 29 (1999) 191-194
33. Kern J.K., Miller V.S., Cauller P.L., et al. Effectiveness of N,N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder. J Child Neurol 16 (2001) 169-173
34. Melke J., Goubran Botros H., Chaste P., et al. Abnormal melatonin synthesis in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 13 (2008) 90-98
35. Andersen I.M., Kaczmarska J., McGrew S.G., et al. Melatonin for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol 23 (2008) 482-485
36. Garstang J., and Wallis M. Randomized controlled trial of melatonin for children with autistic spectrum disorders and sleep problems. Child Care Health Dev 32 (2006) 585-589
37. Dolske M.C., Spollen J., McKay S., et al. A preliminary trial of ascorbic acid as supplemental therapy for autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 17 (1993) 765-774
38. McDougle C.J., Erickson C.A., Stigler K.A., et al. Neurochemistry in the pathophysiology of autism. J Clin Psychiatry 66 Suppl 10 (2005) 9-18
39. Ritvo E.R., Yuwiler A., Geller E., et al. Increased blood serotonin and platelets in early infantile autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 23 (1970) 566-572
40. McDougle C.J., Naylor S.T., Cohen D.J., et al. Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free adults with autistic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 (1996) 993-1000
41. Chez M.G., Buchanan C.P., Aimonovitch M.C., et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol 17 (2002) 833-837
42. Crill C.M., and Helms R.A. The use of carnitine in pediatric nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 22 (2007) 204-213
43. Filipek P.A., Juranek J., Nguyen M.T., et al. Relative carnitine deficiency in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 34 (2004) 615-623
44. Levy S.E., and Hyman S.L. Novel treatments for autistic spectrum disorders. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 11 (2005) 131-142
45. Sliwinski S., Croonenberghs J., Christophe A., et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids: do they have a role in the pathophysiology of autism?. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 27 (2006) 465-471
46. Vancassel S., Durand G., Barthelemy C., et al. Plasma fatty acid levels in autistic children. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 65 (2001) 1-7
47. Amminger G.P., Berger G.E., Schafer M.R., et al. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 61 (2007) 551-553
48. Kern J.K., and Jones A.M. Evidence of toxicity, oxidative stress, and neuronal insult in autism. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 9 (2006) 485-499
49. Amaral D.G., Schumann C.M., and Nordahl C.W. Neuroanatomy of autism. Trends Neurosci 31 3 (2008) 137-145
50. Glahn D.C., Thompson P.M., and Blangero J. Neuroimaging endophenotypes: strategies for finding genes influencing brain structure and function. Hum Brain Mapp 28 (2007) 488-501
51. Pardo C.A., and Eberhart C.G. The neurobiology of autism. Brain Pathol 17 (2007) 434-447
52. James S.J., Cutler P., Melnyk S., et al. Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr 80 (2004) 1611-1617
53. James S.J., Melnyk S., Jernigan S., et al. Metabolic endophenotype and related genotypes are associated with oxidative stress in children with autism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141 (2006) 947-956
54. Shattock P., and Lowdon G. Proteins, peptides and autism. II. Implications for the education and care of people with autism. Brain Dysfunction 4 (1991) 323-334
55. Knivsberg A.M., Reichelt K.L., Hoien T., et al. A randomised, controlled study of dietary intervention in autistic syndromes. Nutr Neurosci 5 (2002) 251-261
56. Elder J.H., Shankar M., Shuster J., et al. The gluten-free, casein-free diet in autism: results of a preliminary double blind clinical trial. J Autism Dev Disord 36 (2006) 413-420
57. Wolraich M.L., Wilson D.B., and White J.W. The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children: a meta-analysis. JAMA 274 (1995) 1617-1621
58. Schab D.W., and Trinh N.H. Do artificial food colors promote hyperactivity in children with hyperactive syndromes? A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials. J Dev Behav Pediatr 25 (2004) 423-434
59. Erickson C.A., Stigler K.A., Corkins M.R., et al. Gastrointestinal factors in autistic disorder: a critical review. J Autism Dev Disord 35 6 (2005) 713-727
60. Kuddo T., and Nelson K.B. How common are gastrointestinal disorders in children with autism?. Curr Opin Pediatr 15 (2003) 339-343
61. Brudnak M.A., Rimland B., Kerry R.E., et al. Enzyme-based therapy for autism spectrum disorders-is it worth another look?. Med Hypotheses 58 (2002) 422-425
62. Brudnak M.A. Probiotics as an adjuvant to detoxification protocols. Med Hypotheses 58 (2002) 382-388
63. Horvath K., Stefanatos G., Sokolski K., et al. Improved social and language skills after secretin administration in patients with autistic spectrum disorders. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 9 (1998) 9-15
64. Williams K.W., Wray J.J., and Wheeler D.M. Intravenous secretin for autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2005) CD003495
65. Al-Waili N.S., and Butler G.J. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on inflammatory response to wound and trauma: possible mechanism of action. ScientificWorldJournal 6 (2006) 425-441
66. Calvert J.W., Cahill J., and Zhang J.H. Hyperbaric oxygen and cerebral physiology. Neurol Res 29 (2007) 132-141
67. McDonagh M., Carson S., Ash J., et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for brain injury, cerebral palsy, and stroke. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 85 (2003) 1-6
68. McDonagh M.S., Morgan D., Carson S., et al. Systematic review of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for cerebral palsy: the state of the evidence. Dev Med Child Neurol 49 (2007) 942-947
69. Rossignol D.A., and Rossignol L.W. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may improve symptoms in autistic children. Med Hypotheses 67 (2006) 216-228
70. Rossignol D.A., Rossignol L.W., James S.J., et al. The effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on oxidative stress, inflammation, and symptoms in children with autism: an open-label pilot study. BMC Pediatr 7 (2007) 36
71. Doja A., and Roberts W. Immunizations and autism: a review of the literature. Can J Neurol Sci 33 (2006) 341-346
72. Parker S.K., Schwartz B., Todd J., et al. Thimerosal-containing vaccines and autistic spectrum disorder: a critical review of published original data. Pediatrics 114 (2004) 793-804
73. Bernard S., Enayati A., Redwood L., et al. Autism: a novel form of mercury poisoning. Med Hypotheses 56 (2001) 462-471
74. Ng D.K., Chan C.H., Soo M.T., et al. Low-level chronic mercury exposure in children and adolescents: meta-analysis. Pediatr Int 49 (2007) 80-87
75. DeStefano F. Vaccines and autism: evidence does not support a causal association. Clin Pharmacol Ther 82 (2007) 756-759
76. Hviid A. Postlicensure epidemiology of childhood vaccination: the Danish experience. Expert Rev Vaccines 5 (2006) 641-649
77. Hviid A., Stellfeld M., Wohlfahrt J., et al. Association between thimerosal-containing vaccine and autism. JAMA 290 (2003) 1763-1766
78. Madsen K.M., Lauritsen M.B., Pedersen C.B., et al. Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data. Pediatrics 112 (2003) 604-606
79. McCormick M.C. The autism "epidemic": impressions from the perspective of immunization safety review. Ambul Pediatr 3 (2003) 119-120
80. Nelson K.B., and Bauman M.L. Thimerosal and autism?. Pediatrics 111 (2003) 674-679
81. Offit P., and Golden J. Thimerosal and autism. Mol Psychiatry 9 (2004) 644 [author reply: 645]
82. Rutter M. Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning. Acta Paediatr 94 (2005) 2-15
83. Stehr-Green P., Tull P., Stellfeld M., et al. Autism and thimerosal-containing vaccines: lack of consistent evidence for an association. Am J Prev Med 25 (2003) 101-106
84. Stokstad E. Epidemiology: vaccine-autism link dealt blow. Science 301 (2003) 1454-1455
85. Thompson W.W., Price C., Goodson B., et al. Early thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological outcomes at 7 to 10 years. N Engl J Med 357 (2007) 1281-1292
86. Verstraeten T., Davis R.L., DeStefano F., et al. Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organization databases. Pediatrics 112 (2003) 1039-1048
87. Brown M.J., Willis T., Omalu B., et al. Deaths resulting from hypocalcemia after administration of edetate disodium: 2003-2005. Pediatrics 118 (2006) e534-e536
88. Stern L., Francoeur M.J., Primeau M.N., et al. Immune function in autistic children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 95 (2005) 558-565
89. Wills S., Cabanlit M., Bennett J., et al. Autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Ann N Y Acad Sci 1107 (2007) 79-91
90. Jyonouchi H., Geng L., Ruby A., et al. Dysregulated innate immune responses in young children with autism spectrum disorders: their relationship to gastrointestinal symptoms and dietary intervention. Neuropsychobiology 51 (2005) 77-85
91. Gupta S., Aggarwal S., and Heads C. Dysregulated immune system in children with autism: beneficial effects of intravenous immune globulin on autistic characteristics. J Autism Dev Disord 26 (1996) 439-452
92. DelGiudice-Asch G., Simon L., Schmeidler J., et al. Brief report: a pilot open clinical trial of intravenous immunoglobulin in childhood autism. J Autism Dev Disord 29 (1999) 157-160
93. Gupta S. Immunological treatments for autism. J Autism Dev Disord 30 (2000) 475-479
94. Niehus R., and Lord C. Early medical history of children with autism spectrum disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr 27 (2006) S120-S127
95. Rosen N.J., Yoshida C.K., and Croen L.A. Infection in the first 2 years of life and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 119 (2007) e61-e69
96. Finegold S.M., Molitoris D., Song Y., et al. Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Clin Infect Dis 35 (2002) S6-S16
97. Fernell E., Fagerberg U.L., and Hellstrom P.M. No evidence for a clear link between active intestinal inflammation and autism based on analyses of faecal calprotectin and rectal nitric oxide. Acta Paediatr 96 (2007) 1076-1079
98. Sandler R.H., Finegold S.M., Bolte E.R., et al. Short-term benefit from oral vancomycin treatment of regressive-onset autism. J Child Neurol 15 (2000) 429-435
99. Shaw W., Kassen E., and Chaves E. Increased urinary excretion of analogs of Krebs cycle metabolites and arabinose in two brothers with autistic features. Clin Chem 41 (1995) 1094
100. Crook W.G. Nutrition, food allergies, and environmental toxins. J Learn Disabil 20 (1987) 260-261
101. Vohra S., Johnston B.C., Cramer K., et al. Adverse events associated with pediatric spinal manipulation: a systematic review. Pediatrics 119 (2007) e275-e283
102. Downey P.A., Barbano T., Kapur-Wadhwa R., et al. Craniosacral therapy: the effects of cranial manipulation on intracranial pressure and cranial bone movement. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 36 (2006) 845-853
103. Moran R.W., and Gibbons P. Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability for palpation of the cranial rhythmic impulse at the head and sacrum. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 24 (2001) 183-190
104. Silva L.M., Cignolini A., Warren R., et al. Improvement in sensory impairment and social interaction in young children with autism following treatment with an original Qigong massage methodology. Am J Chin Med 35 (2007) 393-406
105. Williams T.I. Evaluating effects of aromatherapy massage on sleep in children with autism: a pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 3 (2006) 373-377
106. Sinha Y., Silove N., Wheeler D., et al. Auditory integration training and other sound therapies for autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 91 (2006) 1018-1022
107. Sinha Y., Silove N., Wheeler D., et al. Auditory integration training and other sound therapies for autism spectrum disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 (2004) CD003681
108. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on children with disabilities: auditory integration training and facilitated communication for autism. Pediatrics 102 (1998) 431-433
109. Frye R.E., Rotenberg A., Ousley M., et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in child neurology: current and future directions. J Child Neurol 23 (2008) 79-96
110. Oberman L.M., and Ramachandran V.S. The simulating social mind: the role of the mirror neuron system and simulation in the social and communicative deficits of autism spectrum disorders. Psychol Bull 133 (2007) 310-327
111. Hoeppner J., Wandschneider R., Neumeyer M., et al. Impaired transcallosally mediated motor inhibition in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is modulated by methylphenidate. J Neural Transm 115 5 (2008) 777-785
112. Cohen M.H., and Kemper K.J. Complementary therapies in pediatrics: a legal perspective. Pediatrics 115 (2005) 774-780
113. Fugh-Berman A. Herb-drug interactions. Lancet 355 (2000) 134-138