Reclaiming peace in international relations

Millennium: Journal of International Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 439-470

  Richmond, Oliver P ^a,b  

^a School of International Relations

^b UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 50249094303     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298080360030401     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Desiderius Erasmus, Querela Pacis [Complaint of Peace] (Chicago: Open Court, 1917 [1521]).
2. For a discussion of these components see, Oliver P. Richmond, The Transformation of Peace (London: Palgrave, 2005), esp. conclusion.
3. Ibid.
4. See among others Christine Sylvester, 'Bare Life as Development/ Post-Colonial Problematic', The Geographical Journal 172, no.1 (2006): 66-77, 66-7. She draws upon G. Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998).
5. This paper does not claim to cover or explain IR theory comprehensively - it is already perhaps over ambitious - or to move beyond its western corpus (as it probably should) but it endeavours to be particularly sensitive to the claims of IR theory about the pros and cons of even having a debate about peace.
6. See Costas Constantinou, Oliver P Richmond and Alison M Watson (eds), 'The Culture of Global Communication in IR', Special Issue of Review of International Studies (Cambridge University Press, 2008).
7. Martin Wight, 'Why is there no International Theory', in Diplomatic Investigations, ed. H. Butterfield and M. Wight (London: Allen and Unwin, 1966), 12-33.
8. Oliver P. Richmond, Maintaining Order, Making Peace (London: Palgrave, 2002), esp. Conclusion.
9. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998 [1651]), ch. 5.
10. Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle (New York: Norton [1922], 1975).
11. Douglas Fry, Beyond War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 7 and 208. For an excellent re-reaching of the classical texts of the discipline, which accentuates concerns about peace over war,
12. see also Beate Jahn (ed), Classical Theory in International Relations (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
13. See Anatol Rapoport, Peace: An Idea Whose Time Has Come (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992).
14. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977); Hedley Bull and A. Watson, The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984).
15. Even the existence of this debate is contested in that 'idealists' were rather more pragmatic than realists often argued, and realists more interested in norms than often idealists thought. See, for example, Peter Wilson, 'The Myth of the First Great Debate', Review of International Studies 24 (1998);
16. Lucian M. Ashworth, 'Where Are the Idealists in Interwar IR?', Review of International Studies 32, no.2 (2006): 291.
17. Key contributors to the idealist canon include among many others: Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Heineman, 1910);
18. P.L. Noel-Baker, The Geneva Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes (London: King and Son, 1925);
19. A. Posonby, Now Is the Time: An Appeal for Peace (London: Leonard Parsons, 1925);
20. L. Woolf, The Framework of a Lasting Peace (London: Allen and Unwin, 1917);
21. Alfred Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1936);
22. H.N. Brailsford, The War of Steel and Gold: A Study of Armed Peace (London: Routledge, 1998 [1917]).
23. See also Andreas Osiander, 'Rereading Early Twentieth Century IR Theory: Idealism Revisited', International Studies Quarterly 42, no.3 (1998): 409-32;
24. C. Sylvest, 'Internar Internationalism, the British Labour Party, and the Historiography of International Relations', International Studies Quarterly 48, no.2: 409-32.
25. For more on this see Peter Wilson, International Theory of Leonard Woolf (New York: Palgrave, 2003), 20.
26. Norman Angell, The Fruits of Victory (London: Collins, 1921);
27. L. Woolf, International Government (London: Allen and Unwin, 1916), 8.
28. This reading of Kant has more in common with John Macmillan's recent reading, rather than that of the liberal peace or democratic peace theorists.
29. See John MacMillan, "Immanuel Kant and the democratic peace" in Beate Jahn (ed), Classical Theory in International Relations (see footnote 11 above), 52-73.
30. Beate Jahn, 'Kant, Mill, and Illiberal Legacies in International Affairs', International Organisation 59 (Winter 2005): 177. Beate shows how liberal projects in IR rarely engage with the consent of target or local peoples, ibid., 185.
31. See, for example, much work in social anthropology which is generally appalled by the militant line IR takes. Fry, Beyond War, 184 and 193. Even if Darwin was right about natural selection Fry argues, then we would have bred any violence out of society by the engineering of non-violence.
32. Chris Brown, 'Tragedy, "Tragic Choices" and Contemporary International Political Theory', International Relations 21, no.5:5. Richard Ned Lebow, The Tragic Vision of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003);
33. Barry Buzan, 'The Timeless Wisdom of Realism' in International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, ed. Steve Smith, Ken Booth and Marysia Zalewski (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 51.
34. Hobbes, Leviathan, ch. 26.
35. David, van Mill, 'Civil Liberty in Hobbes's Commonwealth', Australian Journal of Political Science 37, no.1: 25.
36. Ibid., 25.
37. Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959):
38. Hedley Bull, 'The Theory of International Politics 1919-1969', in The Aberystwyth Papers: International Politics 1919-1969, ed. B. Porter (Oxford University Press, 1972), 35;
39. Martin Wight, 'Why Is There No International Theory', in Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics, ed. H. Butterfield and M. Wight (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1966), 33.
40. E. H. Carr, Twenty Years' Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1939), 68 and 97;
41. Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), 78.
42. Edward N. Luttwak, Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1987), xi.
43. Ibid., 57.
44. For a discussion of the different types of Marxism see Michael Gurevitch, Michael, Tony Bennett, James Curran and Janet Woollacott (eds), Culture, Society and the Media (London: Methuen, 1982).
45. See Vendulka Kubalkova and Albert Cruickshank, Marxism and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985);
46. John Maclean, 'Marxism and International Relations: A Strange Case of Mutual Neglect', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 17, no.2 (1988).
47. Justin Rosenberg, 'Isaac Deutscher and the Lost History of International Relations', New Left Review (Jan/Feb 1996): 5.
48. Karl Marx and Frederich Engels, Communist Manifesto, [1848], in H Selsam and H Martel, Reader in Marxist Philosophy, (New York: International Publishers, 1963) ch. 1.
49. Saul K. Padover (ed.), The Karl Marx Library, On Revolution (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 35.
50. VI Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1997 [1917]), parts VII and IX.
51. L Trotsky, Results and Prospects (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1978);
52. L. Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1936), vol. 3.
53. Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society (London: Palgrave, 1998), xii. However, this attack now seems very flawed: indeed many of the institutions and concepts that idealism helped develop are now key to the liberal international order and are focussed on combating the sorts of dynamics realism observed.
54. Carr, Twenty Years' Crisis, 209.
55. Dunne, Inventing International Society, xv.
56. Ibid., p.103.
57. See Bull, The Anarchical Society.
58. Bull, The Anarchical Society, 85 and 292.
59. John Vincent, Human Rights and IR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
60. Bull, The Anarchical Society, 292.
61. Vincent, Human Rights and IR, 130.
62. See Barry Buzan, From International to World Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
63. See in particular, Charles Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979);
64. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1977).
65. See in particular, John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971).
66. David Held, 'Cosmopolitanism: Globalisation Tamed', Review of International Studies 29, no.4 (2003): 470.
67. See in particular, Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
68. For a detailed analysis, see Maja Zehfuss, Constructivism in IR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
69. E Adler and M Barnett (eds), Security Communities (Cambrudge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
70. For a discussion of issues related to this see, E Adler, 'Imagined (Security) Communities: Cognitive Regions in International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 26, no. 2 (1997): 249-77;
71. E Adler, 'Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Polities', European Journal of International Relations 3 (1997): 319-64.
72. See Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde, Security. A New Framework for Analysis (London: Lynne Rienner, 1998).
73. Claudia Aradau, 'Security and the democratic scene: desecuritization and emancipation', Journal of International Relations and Development 7 (2004): 388-413.
74. For an excellent critique of the 'new wine in old bottles' type see in particular, Anthony Foreman, 'Social Theory, Europe and Politics', BSIS Journal 2 (2005).
75. See Johan Galtung and Carl G. Jacobsen, Searching for Peace: The Road to TRANSCEND (London: Pluto Press, 2000).
76. Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen, The West, Civil Society, and the Construction of Peace (London: Palgrave, 2003), 113.
77. This argument rests upon Michel Foucault's post-structuralist, and Marxist related, critique of liberalism. See Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 30;
78. Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge (London: Tavistock Publications Ltd, 1972), 205.
79. Roland Bleiker, Popular Dissent, Human Agency, and Global Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), esp. introduction.
80. Rick Ashley, Comments at a conference on his work and 'oeuvre', University of Newcastle, 19 April 2007. He argued that the attempt to create a Kantian 'commonwealth of peace' was futile and motivated by the 'fear within'.
81. Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Differend, ed. Georges Van Den Abeele (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1988), xi.
82. See Arjun Appadurai, 'Grassroots Globalisation and Research Imagination' in Arjun Appadurai (ed.), Globalisation (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2001), 6.
83. Ibid., 8.
84. Ian Shapiro, 'Problems, Methods, and Theories' in Stephen K. White and J. Donald Moon (eds), What is Political Theory? (London: Sage, 2004), 194-213.
85. Roland Bleiker, 'The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30, no.3: 527.
86. See also T.W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997);
87. H.G. Gadama, Truth and Method (New York: Continuum, 1999);
88. Costas Constantinou, 'Hippopolis/ Cynopolis', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30, no.3 (2001);
89. Costas Constantinou, Political Discourse: Words, Regimes, Seditions (London: Routledge,2004).
90. See, for example, Clifford Gertz, Available Light (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
91. Rebecca Bryant, Imagining the Modern (London: I.B.Tauris, 2004), 8.
92. E.H. Carr, The Conditions of Peace (London: Macmillan, 1942), 115.
93. Steve Smith, 'Positivism and Beyond', in International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, ed. Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 13.
94. Robert W. Cox, Production, Power, and World Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).
95. For an excellent early review of this see George, Discourses of Global Politics, 139.
96. See Robert W. Cox, 'Social Forces, States, and World Orders', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 10, no. 2 (1981): 126-55:
97. Richard K Ashley, 'Political Realism and Human Interest', International Studies Quarterly 25 (1985): 204-36;
98. Andrew Linklater, Men and Citizens in the Theory of IR (London: Macmillan, 1982).
99. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, trans GE Anscombe, 2nd edn (London: Blackwell, 1998), section 23.
100. Andrew Linklater, 'The Achievements of Critical Theory' in International Theory, ed. Smith, Booth, and Zalewski (see footnote 66 above), 286.
101. Ibid., 285.
102. Pierre Allan, 'Measuring International Ethics', in What is a Just Peace?, ed. Pierre Allan and Alexis Keller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 91.
103. See also Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
104. Ernesto Laclau, Emancipation(s) (London:Verso, 1996), 18-19, esp. note 2.
105. Ibid., 122.
106. For an interesting stock-tacking of Critical theories' contribution to IR see Nicholas Rengger and B. Thirkell-White (eds), 'Critical IR Theory after 25 Years', Special Issue of Review of International Studies 33 (2007).
107. Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, 'The Post-Colonial Moment in Security Studies', Review of International Studies 32, no. 2 (2006): 332.
108. J.M. Hobson, 'Is Critical Theory Always for the White West and for Western Imperialism?', Review of International Studies 33 (2007): 91-116.
109. See in particular, Linda S. Bishai, 'Liberal Empire', Journal of International Relations and Development 7 (2004): 48-72:
110. Beate Jahn, 'Kant, Mill, and Illiberal Legacies in International Affairs', International Organisation 59 (Winter 2005): 177-207.
111. Lyotard, The Differend, xi.
112. Imre Lakaros and Paul Feyerabend, For and Against Method (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 295.
113. George, Discourses of Global Politics, 31.
114. Ibid., 32.
115. Ibid., 191.
116. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, Trans. G Spivak, (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 1976).
117. For a fascinating exposition of this insight into abstraction see Christine Sylvester, 'Art, Abstraction, and IR', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30, no.3 (2001): 540-1:
118. see also Barry Buzan and Richard Little, 'Why IR has Failed as an Intellectual Project and What to Do About It', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30, no.1 (2001). They point out that other disciplines do not bother to engage with IR.
119. Bleiker, 'The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory', 510; Roland Bleiker, 'Forget IR Theory', Alternatives, Vol.22, No.1, (1997): 57-85. Indeed Bleiker points out that increasing interest in this area in IR means there has been an 'aesthetic turn'.
120. See Sylvester, 'Bare Life as Development/ Post-Colonial Problematic', 67: Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development, (Princeton University Press, 1995).
121. See S. Chan, P. Mandaville and R. Bleiker, The Zen of IR (London: Palgrave, 2001).
122. Edward Said, Orientalism (London: Penguin, 1978), 291.
123. Christine Sylvester, 'Empathetic Cooperation: A Feminist Method for IR', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 23, no.2 (1994): 315-34:
124. see also Michel De Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
125. Homi K. Bhabha, 'Introduction: Narrating the Nation', in Nation and Narration, ed. Bhabha (New York: Routledge, 1990);
126. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London and New York: Routledge, 1994).
127. R.B.J. Walker, 'Social Movements/World Politics', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 23, no. 3 (1994): 669-700.
128. For one such example, see Costas M. Constantinou, 'Aporias of Identity and the "Cyprus Problem"', Draft paper for the ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 2006. This paper shows how the Cyprus problem has been defined by conflicting ethno-nationalist Greek or Turkish notions of peace, defined in terms of sovereignty, at the expense of a hybrid identity that has long existed on the island.
129. Yosef Lapid, "The Third Debate', International Studies Quarterly 33 (1989): 235.
130. In particular see Michael Dillon, 'A Passion for the Impossible: Jacques Ranciere, Equality, Pedagogy and the Messianic', European Journal of Political Theory 4, no.4: 429-52.
131. See, for example, Heiki Patomaki, 'The Challenge of Critical Theories', Journal of Peace Research 38, no.6 (2001): 732:
132. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
133. Phillip Darby, 'A Postcolonial Rethinking of Relations International', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33, no.1 (2004): 1.
134. For an interesting exploration of this, see Rajiv Chandrasekaran, Imperial Life in the Emerald City (London: Bloomsbury, 2007);
135. Alia A. Allawi, The Occupation of Iraq (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007).
136. Pierre Allan and Alexis Keller, 'The Concept of a Just Peace', What is a Just Peace, ed. Alan and Keller, 196.
137. Ibid., 212.
138. Bhikhi Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism (London: Macmillan, 2000), 185-94.
139. Andrew Williams, Liberalism and War (London: Routledge, 2006), 215.
140. See, for example, John Kenneth Galbraith, The Culture of Contentment (London: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1992), 10.
141. For recent attempts to introduce new methods, literatures and sources to IR, see Christine Sylvester, 'Whither the International at the End of IR?' Millennium: Journal of International Studies (2007);
142. Steve Smith, 'Singing our World into Existence', International Studies Quarterly 48 (2004): 499-515 (the title refers to the Aboriginal 'dreamtime');
143. Roland Bleiker, Aesthetics and World Politics (Palgrave, forthcoming 2008); Bleiker (ed.), 'Poetic World Politics', special issue of Alternatives 25, no.3 (2000).
144. See also my own 'Dadaism and the Peace Differend', forthcoming in Alternatives (2008).
145. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), xv.
146. R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), ix.
147. Vivienne Jabri, War and the Transformation of Global Politics (London: Palgrave, 2007), 268.
148. Allan and Keller, 'The Concept of a Just Peace', 16-17.
149. Keller, 'Justice, Peace and History', in What is a Just Peace, ed. Allan and Keller, 49.
150. Ibid., 51.
151. Herman Schmid, 'Peace Research and Polities', Journal of Peace Research 5, no.3 (1968): 219.
152. R.B.J. Walker, 'Social Movements/World Politics', 53.