Is critical theory always for the white West and for Western imperialism? Beyond Westphilian towards a post-racist critical IR

Review of International Studies

Volumn 33, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2007, Pages 91-116

  Hobson, John M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34347380470     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210507007413     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Robert W. Cox, 'Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory', in R. O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986 [1981]), pp. 204-54.
2. Cox, 'Social Forces', p. 207.
3. For we should be aware that CIRT is not a monolith but is a highly complex and heterogeneous body of work; see especially Chris Brown, 'Turtles All the Way Down: Anti-Foundationalism, Critical Theory and International Relations', Millennium, 23:2 (1994), pp. 213-36.
4. Cox, 'Social Forces', p. 207.
5. As in the works of: Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992);
6. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (London: Touchstone, 1996);
7. David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (London: Little, Brown, 1998).
8. Barry Buzan and Richard Little, 'Why International Relations has Failed as an Intellectual Project and What to Do about it', Millennium, 30:1 (2001), pp. 19-39.
9. Robert W. Cox, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), esp. pp. 191-207, 364-6, 471-90;
10. R. W. Cox, Production, Power and World Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), esp. pp. 368-91.
11. For example, Mark Rupert, Ideologies of Globalization (New York: Routledge, 2000);
12. Adam David Morton, ' "La Resurrección del Maiz": Globalisation, Resistance and the Zapatistas', Millennium, 31:1 (2002), pp. 27-54.
13. For example, Stephen Gill, American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), esp. pp. 50-2.
14. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, [1978] 2003).
15. Martin Bernai, Black Athena (London: Vintage, 1991);
16. Samir Amin, Eurocentrism (London: Zed Books, 1989).
17. For example, Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).
18. Isabelle Grunberg, 'Exploring the "Myth" of Hegemonic Stability Theory', International Organization, 44 (1990), pp. 431-78.
19. See also Kim Richard Nossal, 'Tales That Textbooks Tell: Ethnocentricity and Diversity in American Introductions to International Relations', in R. A. Crawford and D. S. L. Jarvis (eds.), International Relations - Still an American Social Science? (New York: SUNY Press, 2001), pp. 172-5.
20. For example, Cox, Production, Power and World Order;
21. Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century (London: Verso, 1994).
22. But see Bill Warren, Imperialism., Pioneer of Capitalism (London: New Left Books, 1980).
23. Cox, 'Social Forces', pp. 214-15.
24. Gill, American Hegemony, esp. pp. 75-7, 86-7, 93-5, 102-6, 222ff.
25. L. H. M. Ling, Postcolonial International Relations (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2002), p. 56.
26. See the excellent discussion in Enrico Augelli and Craig N. Murphy, America's Quest for Supremacy (London: Pinter, 1988), ch. 6.
27. Cox, Production, Power and World Order, pp. 111-267. 22 Ibid., p. 216.
28. Ulf Hannerz, 'Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures', in Anthony D. King (ed.), Culture, Globalization and the World-System (London: Macmillan, 1991), p. 108.
29. Cox, Approaches to World Order, pp. 195-6.
30. Hannerz, 'Scenarios for Peripheral Cultures', p. 109.
31. For example, Cox, Production, Power and World Order, pp. 253-65;
32. Gill, American Hegemony, p. 94.
33. Cox, Approaches to World Order, p. 193.
34. Ibid., p. 193. But for an alternative neo-Marxist conception see Andreas Bieler, Werner Bonefeld, Peter Burnham, and Adam D. Morton, Global Restructuring, State, Capital and Labour (London: Palgrave, 2006).
35. Ibid., p. 137, my emphasis; and Gill, American Hegemony, p. 76.
36. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 12.
37. For example, Cox, Production, Power and World Order, pp. 105-50.
38. Cox, 'Social Forces', p. 247.
39. For example, Benno Teschke, The Myth of 1648 (London: Verso, 2003).
40. For example, Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System, vol. I (London: Academic Press, 1974);
41. Arghiri Emmanuel, unequal Exchange (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972).
42. Cf. R. A. Denemark, J. Friedman, B. K. Gills and G. Modelski (eds.), World System History (New York: Routledge, 2000);
43. A. G. Frank and B. K. Gills (eds.), The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? (London: Routledge, 1996);
44. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony;
45. Robbie Shilliam, 'Marcus Garvey, Race and Sovereignty', Review of International Studies, 32:3 (2006), pp. 379-400. See also notes 110 and 111 below.
46. Robert J. C. Young, White Mythologies (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 51.
47. Ling, Postcolonial International Relations, p. 50.
48. Sankaran Krishna, "The Importance of Being Ironic: A Postcolonial View on Critical International Relations Theory', Alternatives, 18 (1993), p. 402.
49. Krishna, 'Importance of Being Ironic', p. 405 and n. 36, p. 415.
50. Edward W. Said, 'The Politics of Knowledge', Raritan, 11:1 (1991), p. 29.
51. See especially, Vanita Seth, 'Self and Similitude: Translating Difference', Postcolonial Studies, 4:3 (2001), pp. 297-309.
52. Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Vintage, 1994), pp. 29-30, 335-6;
53. and Power, Politics, and Culture (London: Bloomsbury, 2004), p. 53.
54. J. Ann Tickner, Gendering World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 20.
55. C. T. Mohanty, 'Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses', boundary 2, 12:3 (1986), pp. 333-58.
56. bell hooks, Ain't I a Woman? (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1981).
57. Tickner, Gendering World Politics, ch. 4.
58. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 'Three Women's Texts and a Critique of Imperialism', Critical Inquiry, 12 (1985), p. 243.
59. Maxine Molyneux cited in Valerie Amos and Pratibha Parmar, 'Challenging Imperial Feminism', Feminist Review, 17 (1984), p. 6.
60. Amos and Parmar, 'Challenging Imperial Feminism', p. 7.
61. Martha C. Nussbaum, 'Human Capabilities, Female Human Beings', in M. C. Nussbaum and Jonathan Glover (eds.), Women, Culture and Development (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995), pp. 61-104.
62. Martha C. Nussbaum, 'Introduction', in Nussbaum and Glover (eds.), Women, Culture and Development, p. 2.
63. Ling, Postcolonial International Relations, p. 52.
64. Cf. C. T. Mohanty, ' "Under Western Eyes" Revisited: Feminist Solidarity through Anticapitalist Struggles', Signs, 28:2 (2003), pp. 518-21.
65. Parita Trivedi, 'To Deny Our Fullness: Asian Women in the Making of History', Feminist Review,17 (1984), p. 38;
66. see also Mohanty, ' "Under Western Eyes" Revisited', p. 519.
67. Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism (New York: Routledge, 1998).
68. See the excellent discussion in Phillip Darby, 'Pursuing the Political: A Postcolonial Rethinking of Relations International', Millennium, 33:1 (2004), pp. 1-32.
69. For example, Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994).
70. Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, 'Retrieving the Imperial: Empire and International Relations', Millennium, 31:1 (2002), pp. 109-27.
71. Niall Ferguson, 'Hegemony or Empire?', Foreign Affairs (September/October, 2003).
72. But see Edward Keene, Beyond the Anarchical Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
73. Etienne Balibar, 'Is There a Neo-Racism?', in Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein, Race, Nation, Class (London: Verso, 1991), p. 21.
74. Kenan Malik, The Meaning of Race (Houndmills: Palgrave, 1996).
75. Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire (London: Routledge, 1995).
76. Young, Colonial Desire;
77. J. J. Clarke, Oriental Enlightenment (London: Routledge, 1997).
78. Young, White Mythologies, p. 218.
79. The best discussion of this issue is in Martin Lewis and Karen E. Wigen, The Myth of Continents (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997).
80. Ling, Postcolonial International Relations, ch. 1.
81. Ibid., pp. 20-2. Also, Arlene B. Tickner, 'Seeing IR Differently: Notes from the Third World', Millennium, 32:2 (2003), esp. pp. 305-7.
82. Bhabha, Location of Culture, ch. 4.
83. Pal Ahluwalia, Politics and Post-Colonial Theory (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 124-30.
84. Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, vol. I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 15-19.
85. Mustapha Kamal Pasha, 'Islam, "Soft" Orientalism and Hegemony: A Gramscian Rereading', in Andreas Bieler and Adam David Morton (eds.), Images of Gramsci (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 153.
86. See the excellent discussion in Pasha, 'Islam,' pp. 149-64. But see Augelli and Murphy, America's Quest.
87. For a full discussion see J. M. Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), esp. pp. 305-12 and 50-70, 219-42.
88. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes (London: Routledge, 1992).
89. Jan P. Nederveen Pieterse, Empire and Emancipation (London: Pluto, 1990), ch. 15.
90. For an excellent discussion, see Ahluwalia, Politics and Post-Colonial Theory, ch. 2.
91. Said, Culture and Imperialism, pp. 260-1.
92. For a full discussion of Oriental globalisation see Hobson, Eastern Origins, chs. 2-4.
93. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony.
94. A. G. Frank, ReOrient (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998);
95. Hobson, Eastern Origins, ch. 3.
96. Hobson, Eastern Origins, ch. 7.
97. Ibid., chs. 5-9.
98. J. M. Hobson, 'Provincialising Westphalia: Eastern Origins of Sovereignty in the Oriental Global Age' (forthcoming).
99. Hobson, Eastern Origins, chs. 10-11.
100. Nederveen Pieterse, Empire and Emancipation, ch. 14.
101. C. L. R. James, The Black Jacobins (Harmondsworth: Penguin [1938] 2001).
102. Nederveen Pieterse, Empire and Emancipation, p. 338.
103. Ibid., p. 345.
104. See especially Shilliam, 'Marcus Garvey, Race and Sovereignty'.
105. Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, 'The Postcolonial Moment in Security Studies', Review of International Studies, 32:2 (2006), p. 347.
106. Nicola Phillips, 'Globalization Studies in International Political Economy', in N. Phillips (ed.), Globalizing International Political Economy (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 20-54.
107. Nederveen Pieterse, Empire and Emancipation, p. 374.
108. But see Augelli and Murphy, America's Quest.
109. Cox, 'Social Forces', pp. 219-23.
110. J. M. Hobson, 'Two Hegemonies or One? A Historical Sociological Critique of Hegemonic Stability Theory', in P. O'Brien and A. Clesse (eds.), Two Hegemonies (London: Ashgate, 2002), pp. 305-25.
111. See Hobson, Eastern Origins, pp. 258-77.
112. David Campbell, Writing Security (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1992), chs. 5-6;
113. Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence (Middleton: Wesleyan University Press, 1973).
114. See J. M. Hobson, 'Civilizing the Global Economy: Racism and the Continuity of Anglo-Saxon Imperialism', in Brett Bowden and Leonard Seabrooke (eds.), Global Standards of Market Civilization (New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 60-76.
115. Mohammed Khatami, Islam, Liberty, and Development (Binghamton, NY: Institute of Global Cultural Studies, Binghamton University, 1998).
116. Naeem Inayatullah and David L. Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference (London: Routledge, 2004).
117. J. M. Hobson and Leonard Seabrooke, 'Everyday IPE: Decentering the Discipline-Revitalising the Margins', in Hobson and Seabrooke (eds.), Everyday Politics of the World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), ch. 1.
118. Frank Schimmelfennig, 'The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union', International Organization, 55:1 (2001), pp. 47-80.
119. Daniel Philpott, Revolutions in Sovereignty (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
120. Nederveen Pieterse, Empire and Emancipation, p. 368;
121. also Said, 'Politics of Knowledge', pp. 30-1.
122. See more generally: Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983);
123. Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America (New York: Harper and Row, 1984);
124. Inayatullah and Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference.
125. Robert Vitalis, 'The Graceful and Generous Liberal Gesture: Making Racism Invisible in American International Relations', Millennium, 29:2 (2000), pp. 331-56.
126. For example, Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutsch, 1944);
127. James, Black Jacobins;
128. Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982);
129. Peter Gran, Beyond Eurocentrism: A New View of Modern World History (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996);
130. S. Hall, 'The Work of Representation', in S. Hall (ed.), Representation (London: Sage, 1997), pp. 15-74;
131. Amin, Eurocentrisme
132. Malik, Meaning of Race.
133. Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World (London: Zed, 1986);
134. Ranajit Guha, Subaltern Studies, vol. I (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982).
135. But see Randolph B. Persaud, Counter-Hegemony and Foreign Policy (New York: SUNY Press, 2001);
136. David Slater, Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004);
137. Adam D. Morion, Unravelling Gramsci (London: Pluto, 2007), ch. 3.
138. Robert W. Cox, 'Civilizations and the Twenty-First Century: Some Theoretical Considerations', International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, vol. 1 (2001), pp. 105-30; cf. Pasha, 'Islam'.
139. Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism
140. Mohanty, ' "Under Western Eyes" Revisited';
141. Sandra Harding, Is Science Multicultural? (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998);
142. but in IR see, for example, Geeta Chowdhry and Sheila Nair (eds.), Power, Postcolonialism and International Relations (London: Routledge, 2002);
143. Ling, Postcolonial International Relations