The postcolonial moment in security studies

Review of International Studies

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 329-352

  Barkawi, Tarak ^a   Laffey, Mark ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33744802919     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210506007054     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. See, for example, Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981):
2. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500-2000 (London: Fontana, 1989);
3. John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).
4. Condoleeza Rice, 'A balance of power that favors freedom', 1 October 2002, 〈http://www.manhattaninstitute.org/html/w12002.htm〉, accessed 29 November 2003.
5. See also Graham Allison, Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe (New York: Times Books, 2004).
6. Anonymous, Imperial Hubris: Why the West, is Losing the War on Terror (Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2004):
7. Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror (London: I. B. Tauris, 2003).
8. Mark Duffield, 'War as a network enterprise: the new security terrain and its implications', Cultural Values, 6:1&2 (2002), pp. 153-165;
9. Robert Keohane, "The Globalization of Informal Violence, Theories of World Politics, and "the Liberalism of Fear" ' in Craig Calhoun et al. (eds.), Understanding September 11 (Now York: The New Press, 2002), pp. 89-90.
10. On the role of spatial categories and metageographies such as North-South and East-West in social inquiry, see Martin Lewis and Kärin Wigen, The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography (Beorkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997).
11. On North-South in particular, son David Slater, Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), pp. 5-10, 228-30.
12. Derek Gregory, The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004),
13. and Mahmood Mamdani, Good Muslim. Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War and the Roots of Terror (New York: Pantheon, 2004).
14. Osama bin Laden, 'Resist the New Rome', The Guardian, 6 January 2004, p. 23.
15. Tarak Barkawi, 'On the Pedagogy of "Small Wars" ', International Affairs, 80:1 (2004), pp. 19-38.
16. On Postcoloniality, see Slater, Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial, pp. 20-21;
17. cf. Anne McClintock, 'The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term "Post-Colonialism" ', Social Text, 31/32 (1992), pp. 84-98.
18. Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 21.
19. See, for example, Sankaran Krishna, 'Race, Amnesia and the Education of International Relations', Alternatives, 26:4 (2001), pp. 401-24;
20. Arlene Tickner, 'Seeing IR Differently: Notes from the Third World', Millennium, 32:2 (2003), pp. 295-324.
21. See, for example, Samir Amin, Eurocentrism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1989);
22. Fernando Coronil, 'Beyond Occidentalism: Toward Nonimperial Geohistorical Categories', Cultural Anthropology, 11:1 (1996), pp. 51-87.
23. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000);
24. John Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), ch. 1.
25. Lewis and Wigen, Myth of Continents, pp. 49-53.
26. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), p. 73.
27. For an important corrective, see Buzan and Little, International Systems in World History.
28. On the Eurocentric nature of realist political theoretic categories, see R. B. J. Walker, 'Realism, change and international political theory,' International Studies Quarterly, 31:1 (1987), pp. 65-86.
29. See, for example, Peter Gowan,'US:UN', New Left Review, 24 (2003), pp. 5-28.
30. Recent scholarship argues there was riot one but several Enlightenments. See, for example, J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, vols 1-3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999-2003).
31. Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
32. Ken Booth (ed.), Critical Security Studies and World Politics (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005).
33. Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth Century British Liberal Thought (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1999);
34. Naeem Inayatullah and David Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference (London: Routledge, 2004).
35. Immanuel Kant, Geographie (Physiche Geographie), trans. M. Cohen-Halmimi et al. (Paris: Bibliotheque Philosophique, 1999);
36. quoted in David Harvey, 'Cosmopolitanism and the Banality of Geographical Evils', Public Culture, 12:2 (2000), p. 533.
37. Cf. Sankar Muthu, Enlightenment against Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).
38. Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: Statemaking, Regional Conflict and the International System (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995):
39. cf. Sankaran Krishna, Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka and the Question of Nationhood (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
40. Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy 1945-1980 (New York: Pantheon, 1988).
41. Alexander George (ed.), Western State Terrorism (New York: Routledge, 1991).
42. For examples, see respectively Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, 2nd edn. (Cambridge: Polity, 2001)
43. and Steven R. David, 'Why the Third World Still Matters', International Security, 17:3 (1992/93), pp. 127-59.
44. See, for example, Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1993);
45. Eric Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997);
46. C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780-1914: Global Connections and Comparisons (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004).
47. Stanley Hoffmann, 'An American Social Science: International Relations', Daedalus, 106:3 (1977), p. 58.
48. See, for example, Tim Dunne and Nicholas Wheeler (eds.), Human Rights in Global Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
49. Ken Booth, 'Security and Emancipation', Review of International Studies, 17:3 (1991), pp. 313-26.
50. See, for example, Ronnie Lipschutz (ed.), On Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995);
51. Peter Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996);
52. Barry Buzan and Ole Waever, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
53. John Vasquez, The Power of Power Politics: From Classical Realism to Neotraditionalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
54. See, for example, Richard Ned Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kappen (eds.), International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995):
55. Glenn Snyder, Alliance Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997);
56. Stephen Van Evera, Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).
57. Even a 'post positivist' critique of security studies has no index entries for imperialism, colonialism, or postcolonialism. See Terry Terriff et al., Security Studies Today (Cambridge: Polity, 1999).
58. Katzenstein, Culture of National Security;
59. cf. Jutta Weldes et al. (eds.), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities and the Production of Danger (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
60. On the spatial turn in social theory, see Edward Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (London; Verso, 1989).
61. On historical geography, see John Agnew and Stuart Corbridge, Mastering Space: Hegemony. Territory and International Political Economy (New York: Routledge, 1995);
62. Arjun Appadurai, 'Modernity at Large (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press);
63. Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993);
64. and David Harvey, Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography (New York: Routledge, 2001).
65. Hoffmann, 'An American Social Science';
66. Steve Smith, 'The Discipline of International Relations: Still an American Social Science?' British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2:3 (2000), pp. 374-402.
67. Compare Ido Oren, Our Enemies and Us: America's Rivalries and the Making of Political Science (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
68. Cf. Sankaran Krishna, 'Race, Amnesia, and the Education of International Relations', pp. 404-6.
69. See, for example, Robert. Jackson, The Weight of Ideas in Decolonization: Normative Change in International Relations', in Judith Coldstein and Robert Keohane (eds.), Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 111-138.
70. On symptomatic reading, see, for example, Robert Paul Resch, Althusser and the Renewal of Marxist Social Theory (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992), pp. 174-8.
71. Edward Mead Earle (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1948 [19431]);
72. Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986).
73. Jeremy Black, War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents. 1450-2000 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 1.
74. Jean Gottmann, 'Bugeaud, Galliéni, Lyautey: The Development of French Colonial Warfare', in Earle, Makers of Modern Strategy, pp. 234-5.
75. Paret, Makers of Modern Strategy, p. 5.
76. Alexander Kiralfy, 'Japanese Naval Strategy,' in Earle, Makers af Modern Strategy, p. 459.
77. Kiralfy, 'Japanese Naval Strategy', p. 459.
78. Edward Earle Mead, 'Introduction', in Makers of Modern Strategy, p. viii.
79. Quoted in Philip K. Lawrence, 'Strategy, the State and the Weberian Legacy', Review of International Studies, 13 (1987), p. 307.
80. John Shy arid Thomas Collier, 'Revolutionary War', in Paret, Makers of Modern Strategy.
81. Graham Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Boston: Little Brown, 1971), p. 39.
82. Jutta Weldes, Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), p. 75, quoting USMC Commandant David Shoup.
83. Weldes, Constructing National Interests, pp. 80-3.
84. James Blight and David Welch, On the Brink: Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2nd edn. (New York: Noonday Press, 1990), p. 266.
85. James Blight, David Welch and Bruce Allyn, Cuba on the Brink: Castro, the Missile Crisis and the Soviet Collapse (New York: Pantheon, 1993), p. 5.
86. See also Scott Armstrong and Philip Brenner, 'Putting Cuba and Crisis Back in the Cuban Missile Crisis,' in Philip Brenner, William M. LeoGrando, Donna Rich, and Daniel Siegel (eds.), The Cuba Reader: The Making of a Revolutionary Society (New York: Grove Press, 1989), pp. 336-9.
87. Reports arid transcripts of the meetings are contained in Blight and Welch, On the Brink;
88. Allyn, Blight and Welch (eds.), Back to the Brink: Proceedings of the Moscow Conference on the Cuban Missile Crisis, 27-28 January 1989 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992):
89. and Blight, Welch arid Allyn, Cuba on the Brink.
90. David Welch, quoted in Jutta Weldes and Mark Laffey, 'Decolonizing the Cuban Missile Crisis', unpublished ms., p. 20.
91. Blight arid Welch, On the Brink, pp. 266-7.
92. Allyn, Blight, and Welch, Back to the Brink, p. 202.
93. Hugh Gusterson, People of the Bomb: Portraits of America's Nuclear Complex (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), ch. 2.
94. See, for example, E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919-1939 (London: Macmillan, 1946);
95. David Mitrany, A Working Peace System (Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books, 1966).
96. Cf. Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (Now York; Norton, 1995).
97. Contemporaries on the European left also saw the war in these terms. See, for example, Ernest Mandel, The Meaning of the Second World War (London: Verso, 1986), pp. 45-6.
98. Christopor Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States. Britain and the War Against Japan, 1941-1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 102.
99. Arun Charidra Bhuyan, The Quit India Movement: The Second World War and Indian Nationalism (Now Delhi: Manas, 1975), p. 1.
100. But riot all: 'We do riot choose sides between imperialists ...'Ernest Mandel, Revolutionary Marxism Today (London: NLB, 1979), p. 168.
101. Albert Camus, who like Mandel participated in the resistance to Nazi occupation, was more charitable to the West, observing that ' "We were fighting a lie in the name of a half-truth" '.Albert Camus, Resistance, Rebellion, and Death (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1961), p. 248, quoting Richard Hilary.
102. Bruce Comings, Origins of the Korean War, Volume 1: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes. 1945-1947 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981), ch. 5.
103. Michael Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987).
104. T. Fujitani, Geoffery White and Lisa Yonoyama, 'Introduction', in Fujitani et al. (eds.), Perilous Memories: The Asia-Pacific War(s) (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001), p. 3.
105. Weldes, Constructing National Interests, pp. 22-37.
106. Peter Gowan, The Global Gamble: Washington's Faustian Bid for World Dominance (London: Verso, 1999), ch. 9.
107. As David Chandler comments, Today's human rights advocates tend to portray every "ethical" Intervention against selected pariah states as on a par with the Allied war effort against Nazi Germany, the template for a moralised view of conflict. This ethical connection is mythologised through the human rights teleology that, connects "ethical foreign policy" to the Genocide Convention of 1948 arid the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which "were intended to establish a fire break between civilization and barbarism",' From Kosovo to Kabul: Human Rights and International Intervention (London: Pluto, 2002), p. 77,
108. quoting Roy Gutman and David Rieff. Specialist scholarship is more attentive to the continuities between colonial genocides and the Holocaust. See, for example, Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
109. Other scholars mention colonial genocides in passing but marginalise them in practice. Son, for example, Andrew Bell-Flalkoff, Ethnic Cleansing (New York: St. Martin's, 1999).
110. Zygmunt. Baumann, Modernity and the Holocaust (Cambridge: Polity, 2002).
111. Hans Joas, War and Modernity (Cambridge: Polity, 2003), p. 1.
112. Lewis and Wigen, Myth of Continents, p. 08.
113. David Blackbourn arid Geoff Eley, The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth Century Germany (Now York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
114. Lewis and Wigen, Myth of Continents, p. 59.
115. Quoted in John Viriocur, 'For the Germans, the war's ambiguities persist', International Herald Tribune, 7 June, 2004, p. 1.
116. Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, Civilizing the Enemy: Postwar German Reconstruction and the Invention of the West (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, forthcoming 2006).
117. See also Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New York: Vintage, 1981 [1957]).
118. John Gray, Al Qaeda and What It Means It To Be Modern (London: Faber and Faber, 2003), p. 14.
119. See, for example, Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1993);
120. cf. Siba N'Zatioula Grovogui, Sovereigns, Quasi-Sovereigns: Race and Self-Determination in International Law (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
121. On 'underdevelopment as dangerous' and 'new barbarism', see Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security (London; Zed Books, 2001), ch. 5.
122. Kaldor, Old Wars and New Wars, pp. 76-89.
123. On the Balkans, see Lewis arid Wigen, Myth of Continents, pp. 67-8.
124. Kaldor, Old Wars and New Wars, p. 89.
125. Gottmann, 'Bugeaud, Galliéni, Lyautey', pp. 234-5.
126. Cf. Roxanne Doty, Imperial Encounters (Minneapolis, MN; University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
127. See, for example, Sami Zubaida, 'Cosmopolitanism in the Middle East', in Roel Meijer (ed.), Cosmopolitanism, Identity and Authenticity in the Middle East (London: Curzon, 1999), pp. 15-34.
128. Compare Marndani, When Victims Become Killers, p. 7.
129. Baumann, Modernity and the Holocaust, p. 8.
130. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (San Diego, CA: Harcourt, 1985), esp. ch. 7;
131. See also Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism (New York: New York University Press, 2000).
132. Sven Lindqvist, 'Exterminate All the Brutes' (London: Cranta Books, 1996), p. 158.
133. See also Adam Hochschild, King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1998):
134. Ward Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas 1492 to the Present (San Francisco, CA: City Lights, 1998);
135. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World (London; Verso, 2001).
136. Paul Greenough, Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 309.
137. Johannes Voigt, India in the Second World War (New Delhi; Arnold-Heinemann, 1987), p. 207.
138. Penderel Moon (ed.), Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 123. Wavell was referring to ample food supplies sent to Holland in early 1945.
139. Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, esp. ch. 10.
140. James Donnelly, Jr., The Great Irish Potato Famine (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2003).
141. Buzan and Little, 'International Systems in World History, p. 20.
142. E. H. Carr comments: 'British writers of the past half-century have been particularly eloquent supporters of the theory that the maintenance of British supremacy is the performance of a duty to mankind'. The Twenty Years' Crisis, p. 76.
143. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 72.
144. Cf. Tickner, 'Seeing IR Differently', p. 301.
145. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War (London: Penguin, 1972), p. 402.
146. See, for example, Robert Keohane, 'Theory of World Politics: Structural Realism and Beyond', in Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia, 1986), pp. 158-203.
147. Son, for example, Richard Nod Lebow, The Tragic Vision of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
148. Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 150.
149. Donald Kagan, The Archidamian War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974), p. 198.
150. Kagan, Peace of Nicias, pp. 148-53;
151. Thucydides, History, pp. 407-8.
152. Daniel Garst, 'Thucydides and Neorealism,' International Studies Quarterly, 33:1 (1989), p. 15.
153. Thucydides, History, p. 402.
154. Inayatullah and Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference.
155. Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, 'Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda', in Cooper and Stoler (eds.), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997), p. 4.
156. Richard Drayton, "The Collaboration of Labour: Slaves, Empires and Globalizatlons in the Atlantic World, c. 1600-1860', in A. G. Hopkins (ed.), Globalization in World History (London: Pimlico, 2002), p. 103.
157. Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, 'Retrieving the Imperial: Empire and International Relations', Millennium, 31:1 (2002), pp. 109-27.
158. Black, War and the World, p. 178.
159. Edward Said, Orientalism (Now York: Pantheon, 1978):
160. cf. Fernando Coronil, The Magical State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), pp. 13-15.
161. Beate Jahn, The Cultural Construction of International Relations: The Invention of the State of Nature (London: Palgravo Macmillan, 2000).
162. See, for example, Stathis N. Kalyvas, '"New" and "Old" Wars: A Valid Distinction?', World Politics, 54:1 (2001), pp. 99-118.
163. Oliver Roy, Globalised Islam (London: Hurst, 2004).
164. Gray, Al-Qaeda, p. 77.
165. Mamdani, Good Muslim, Bad Muslim, pp. 56-60.
166. Gabriel Kolko, Another Century of War? (New York: The New Press, 2002).
167. Compare Masao Miyoshi and H. D. Harootunian (eds.), Learning Places: The Afterlives of Area Studies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002).
168. See, for example, Thomas Bender (ed.), Rethinking American History in a Global Age (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002).
169. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (Now York: Knopf, 1993).
170. For example, with Sherry Ortner we recognize that the categories of weak and strong are multiple, not unitary: 'Resistance and the Problem of Ethnographic Refusal', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 37:1 (1995), p. 175.
171. Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (London: Penguin, 1985).
172. Quoted in Jonathan Haslem, The Vices of Integrity: E. H. Carr 1892-1982 (London: Verso, 1999), pp. 252-3.
173. In a US context, see, for example, Bruce Cumings, 'Boundary Displacement; the State, the Foundations, and Area Studies during the Cold War', in Miyoshi and Harootunian (eds.), Learning Places, pp. 261-302;
174. Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Pyschology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1995).
175. See, for example, Chandler, From Kosovo to Kabul, pp. 218-219.
176. Paul Hirst, War and Power in the 21st Century (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), pp. 88-8.
177. Susan Carruthers, Winning Hearts and Minds: British Governments, the Media and Colonial Counter-Insurgency 1940-1960 (London; Leicester University Press, 1995), pp. 84-5.
178. Quoted in Gregory, Colonial Present, p. 58.
179. See, for example, 'Operation Iraqi Freedom', President's Radio Address, 5 April 2003, 〈http://www.whitehousegov/news/releases/2003/04/20030405.html〉, accessed 7 January 2005.
180. Victor Davis Hanson, Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power (New York: Anchor, 2002), p. 97.
181. Mark Salter, Barbarians and Civilization in International Relations (London: Pluto, 2002).
182. Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts, pp. 15-16, footnote omitted.
183. Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament.