메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 81, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 195-207

Linkages between wolf presence and aspen recruitment in the Gallatin elk winter range of southwestern Montana, USA

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BROWSING; CANID; CLIMATE EFFECT; DECIDUOUS TREE; DEER; HERBIVORY; HOME RANGE; RECRUITMENT (POPULATION DYNAMICS); TROPHIC CASCADE; WINTER;

EID: 49949113947     PISSN: 0015752X     EISSN: 14643626     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpm044     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (32)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 0030618986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of elk on aspen in the winter range in Rocky Mountain National Park
    • Baker, W.L., Munroe, J.A. and Hessl, A.E. 1997 The effects of elk on aspen in the winter range in Rocky Mountain National Park. Ecography. 20, 155-165.
    • (1997) Ecography , vol.20 , pp. 155-165
    • Baker, W.L.1    Munroe, J.A.2    Hessl, A.E.3
  • 4
    • 0028604755 scopus 로고
    • Twelve year biomass response in aspen communities following fire
    • Bartos, D.L. 1994 Twelve year biomass response in aspen communities following fire. J. Range Manag. 47, 79-83.
    • (1994) J. Range Manag , vol.47 , pp. 79-83
    • Bartos, D.L.1
  • 5
    • 0000317551 scopus 로고
    • Early succession in aspen communities following fire in western Wyoming
    • Bartos, D.L. and Mueggler, W.F. 1981 Early succession in aspen communities following fire in western Wyoming. J. Range Manag. 34, 315-319.
    • (1981) J. Range Manag , vol.34 , pp. 315-319
    • Bartos, D.L.1    Mueggler, W.F.2
  • 6
    • 0346899550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cottonwoods, elk, and wolves in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone National Park
    • Beschta, R.L. 2003 Cottonwoods, elk, and wolves in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone National Park. Ecol. Appl. 13, 1295-1309.
    • (2003) Ecol. Appl , vol.13 , pp. 1295-1309
    • Beschta, R.L.1
  • 7
    • 14844339174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced cottonwood recruitment following extirpation of wolves in Yellowstone's northern range
    • Beschta, R.L. 2005 Reduced cottonwood recruitment following extirpation of wolves in Yellowstone's northern range. Ecology. 86, 391-403.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 391-403
    • Beschta, R.L.1
  • 8
    • 49949105134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyer, H. 2006 Wolves, elk and willow on Yellowstone National Park's northern range. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, pp. 79.
    • Beyer, H. 2006 Wolves, elk and willow on Yellowstone National Park's northern range. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, pp. 79.
  • 9
    • 33645334954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Was Aldo Leopold right about the Kaibab deer herd?
    • Binkley, D.M., Moore, M., Romme, W.H. and Brown, P.M. 2006 Was Aldo Leopold right about the Kaibab deer herd?. Ecosystems. 9, 227-241.
    • (2006) Ecosystems , vol.9 , pp. 227-241
    • Binkley, D.M.1    Moore, M.2    Romme, W.H.3    Brown, P.M.4
  • 11
    • 84898338276 scopus 로고
    • 20 April Bozeman, MT
    • Bozeman Daily Chronicle, 20 April 1937 Bozeman, MT.
    • (1937) Chronicle
    • Daily, B.1
  • 12
    • 84968051596 scopus 로고
    • 25 August Bozeman, MT
    • Bozeman Daily Chronicle, 25 August 1953 Bozeman, MT.
    • (1953) Chronicle
    • Daily, B.1
  • 13
    • 0042570766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: Does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics?
    • Childress, M.J. and Lung, M.A. 2003 Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics?. Anim. Behav. 66, 389-398.
    • (2003) Anim. Behav , vol.66 , pp. 389-398
    • Childress, M.J.1    Lung, M.A.2
  • 14
  • 16
    • 17844381887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of elk herd size to fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of predation by wolves
    • Creel, S. and Winnie, J. 2005 Responses of elk herd size to fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of predation by wolves. Anim. Behav. 69, 1181-1189.
    • (2005) Anim. Behav , vol.69 , pp. 1181-1189
    • Creel, S.1    Winnie, J.2
  • 17
    • 0002991754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predators, ecological role of
    • S.A. Levin ed, Academic Press, San Diego, CA
    • Estes, J.A., Crooks, K. and Holt, R. 2001 Predators, ecological role of. In S.A. Levin (ed). Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Vol. 4, pp. 857-878.
    • (2001) Encyclopedia of Biodiversity , vol.4 , pp. 857-878
    • Estes, J.A.1    Crooks, K.2    Holt, R.3
  • 18
    • 0034882212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological impacts of increasing numbers of deer in British woodland
    • Fuller, R.J. and Gill, R.M.A. 2001 Ecological impacts of increasing numbers of deer in British woodland. Forestry. 74, 193-199.
    • (2001) Forestry , vol.74 , pp. 193-199
    • Fuller, R.J.1    Gill, R.M.A.2
  • 19
    • 18444369359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves influence elk movements: Behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park
    • Fortin, D., Beyer, H.L., Boyce, M.S., Smith, D.W., Duchesne, T. and Mao, J.S. 2005 Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology. 86, 1320-1330.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1320-1330
    • Fortin, D.1    Beyer, H.L.2    Boyce, M.S.3    Smith, D.W.4    Duchesne, T.5    Mao, J.S.6
  • 20
    • 0038784241 scopus 로고
    • Northern Yellowstone winter range studies
    • Grimm, R.L. 1939 Northern Yellowstone winter range studies. J. Wildl. Manag. 8, 329-334.
    • (1939) J. Wildl. Manag , vol.8 , pp. 329-334
    • Grimm, R.L.1
  • 22
    • 0001030091 scopus 로고
    • Community structure, population control, and competition
    • Hairston, N.G., Smith, F.E. and Slobodkin, L.B. 1960 Community structure, population control, and competition. Am. Nat. 94, 421-425.
    • (1960) Am. Nat , vol.94 , pp. 421-425
    • Hairston, N.G.1    Smith, F.E.2    Slobodkin, L.B.3
  • 25
    • 0036342902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactive effects of human activities, herbivory and fire on quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) age structures in western Wyoming
    • Hessl, A.E. and Graumlich, L.J. 2002 Interactive effects of human activities, herbivory and fire on quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) age structures in western Wyoming. J. Biogeogr. 29, 889-902.
    • (2002) J. Biogeogr , vol.29 , pp. 889-902
    • Hessl, A.E.1    Graumlich, L.J.2
  • 26
    • 0000943797 scopus 로고
    • Wildfires in northern Yellowstone National Park
    • Houston, D.B. 1973 Wildfires in northern Yellowstone National Park. Ecology. 54, 1111-1117.
    • (1973) Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 1111-1117
    • Houston, D.B.1
  • 28
    • 33646014212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large carnivores and ungulates in European temperate forest ecosystems: Bottom-up and top-down control
    • J.C. Ray, K.H. Redford, R.S. Steneck, J. Berger eds, Island Press, Washington, DC
    • Jédrzejewska, B. and Jédrzejewski, W. 2005 Large carnivores and ungulates in European temperate forest ecosystems: bottom-up and top-down control. In J.C. Ray, K.H. Redford, R.S. Steneck, J. Berger (eds). Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity. pp. 138-153. Island Press, Washington, DC.
    • (2005) Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity , pp. 138-153
    • Jédrzejewska, B.1    Jédrzejewski, W.2
  • 29
    • 49949115663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jones, J.R. and DeByle, N.V. 1985 Aspen: ecology and management in the western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-119. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO. pp. 283.
    • Jones, J.R. and DeByle, N.V. 1985 Aspen: ecology and management in the western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-119. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO. pp. 283.
  • 30
    • 0034752346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laundré, J.W., Hernandez, L. and Altendorf, K.B. 2001 Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the landscape of fear in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. Can. J. Zool. 79, 1401-1409.
    • Laundré, J.W., Hernandez, L. and Altendorf, K.B. 2001 Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the "landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. Can. J. Zool. 79, 1401-1409.
  • 31
    • 0001201783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loope, L.L. and Gruel1, G.E. 1973 The ecological role of fire in the Jackson Hole area, Northwestern Wyoming. Quat. Res. 3, 425-443.
    • Loope, L.L. and Gruel1, G.E. 1973 The ecological role of fire in the Jackson Hole area, Northwestern Wyoming. Quat. Res. 3, 425-443.
  • 32
    • 0004465941 scopus 로고
    • Montana Fish and Game Department, Helena, MT, pp
    • Lovaas, A.L. 1970 People and the Gallatin elk herd. Montana Fish and Game Department, Helena, MT, pp. 44.
    • (1970) People and the Gallatin elk herd , pp. 44
    • Lovaas, A.L.1
  • 33
    • 18444419330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection by elk before and after wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park
    • Mao, J.S., Boyce, M.S., Smith, D.W., Singer, F.J., Vales, D.J. and Vore, J.M. 2005 Habitat selection by elk before and after wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park. J. Wildl. Manag. 69, 1691-1707.
    • (2005) J. Wildl. Manag , vol.69 , pp. 1691-1707
    • Mao, J.S.1    Boyce, M.S.2    Smith, D.W.3    Singer, F.J.4    Vales, D.J.5    Vore, J.M.6
  • 34
    • 0028668989 scopus 로고
    • Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale
    • McLaren, B.E. and Peterson, R.O. 1994 Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science. 266, 1555-1558.
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 1555-1558
    • McLaren, B.E.1    Peterson, R.O.2
  • 35
    • 33646253329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest ecosystems without carnivores: When ungulates rule the world
    • J.C. Ray, K.H. Redford, R.S. Steneck, J. Berger eds, Island Press, Washington, DC
    • McShea, W.J. 2005 Forest ecosystems without carnivores: when ungulates rule the world. In J.C. Ray, K.H. Redford, R.S. Steneck, J. Berger (eds). Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity. pp. 138-153. Island Press, Washington, DC.
    • (2005) Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity , pp. 138-153
    • McShea, W.J.1
  • 37
    • 0003395231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC
    • National Research Council 2002 Ecological Dynamics on Yellowstone's Northern Range. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
    • (2002) Ecological Dynamics on Yellowstone's Northern Range
  • 38
    • 0041739027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf reintroduction, predation risk, and cottonwood recovery in Yellowstone National Park
    • Ripple, W.J. and Beschta, R.L. 2003 Wolf reintroduction, predation risk, and cottonwood recovery in Yellowstone National Park. For. Ecol. Manag. 184, 299-313.
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manag , vol.184 , pp. 299-313
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 39
    • 4544381017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves, elk, willows, and trophic cascades in the Upper Gallatin Range of southwestern Montana
    • Ripple, W.J. and Beschta, R.L. 2004 Wolves, elk, willows, and trophic cascades in the Upper Gallatin Range of southwestern Montana. For. Ecol. Manag. 200, 161-181.
    • (2004) For. Ecol. Manag , vol.200 , pp. 161-181
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 40
    • 33751347605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking cougar decline, trophic cascade, and catastrophic regime shift in Zion National Park
    • Ripple, W.J. and Beschta, R.L. 2006 Linking cougar decline, trophic cascade, and catastrophic regime shift in Zion National Park. Biol. Conserv. 133, 397-408.
    • (2006) Biol. Conserv , vol.133 , pp. 397-408
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 41
    • 34547548036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoring Yellowstone's aspen with wolves
    • Ripple, W.J. and Beschta, R.L. 2007a Restoring Yellowstone's aspen with wolves. Biol. Conserv. 138, 514-519.
    • (2007) Biol. Conserv , vol.138 , pp. 514-519
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 42
    • 34249946215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hardwood tree decline following large carnivore loss in the Great Plains, USA
    • Ripple, W.J. and Beschta, R.L. 2007b Hardwood tree decline following large carnivore loss in the Great Plains, USA. Front. Ecol. Environ. 5, 241-246.
    • (2007) Front. Ecol. Environ , vol.5 , pp. 241-246
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 43
    • 0033924188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA
    • Ripple, W.J. and Larsen, E.J. 2000 Historical aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Biol. Conserv. 95, 361-370.
    • (2000) Biol. Conserv , vol.95 , pp. 361-370
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Larsen, E.J.2
  • 44
    • 0034771761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades among wolves, elk, and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's northern range
    • Ripple, W.J., Larsen, E.J., Renkin, R.A. and Smith, D. W. 2001 Trophic cascades among wolves, elk, and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's northern range. Biol. Conserv. 102, 227-234.
    • (2001) Biol. Conserv , vol.102 , pp. 227-234
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Larsen, E.J.2    Renkin, R.A.3    Smith, D.W.4
  • 45
    • 0028980843 scopus 로고
    • Aspen, elk, and fire in northern range of Yellowstone National Park
    • Romme, W.H., Turner, M.G., Wallace, L.L. and Walker, J.S. 1995 Aspen, elk, and fire in northern range of Yellowstone National Park. Ecology. 76, 2097-2106.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 2097-2106
    • Romme, W.H.1    Turner, M.G.2    Wallace, L.L.3    Walker, J.S.4
  • 46
    • 0034072299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: A review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants
    • Schmitz, O.J., Hambäck, P.A. and Beckerman, A.P. 2000 Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants. Am. Nat. 155, 141-153.
    • (2000) Am. Nat , vol.155 , pp. 141-153
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Hambäck, P.A.2    Beckerman, A.P.3
  • 47
    • 33745112886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative dynamic regimes and trophic control of plant succession
    • Schmitz, O.J., Kalies, E.L. and Booth, M.G. 2006 Alternative dynamic regimes and trophic control of plant succession. Ecosystems. 9, 659-672.
    • (2006) Ecosystems , vol.9 , pp. 659-672
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Kalies, E.L.2    Booth, M.G.3
  • 48
    • 1342333392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades: The primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions
    • Schmitz, O.J., Krivan, V. and Ovadia, O. 2004 Trophic cascades: the primacy of trait-mediated indirect interactions. Ecol. Lett. 7, 153-163.
    • (2004) Ecol. Lett , vol.7 , pp. 153-163
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Krivan, V.2    Ovadia, O.3
  • 50
    • 0028162620 scopus 로고
    • Ungulate herbivory of willows on Yellowstone's northern winter range
    • Singer, F.J., Mack, L.C. and Cates, R.C. 1994 Ungulate herbivory of willows on Yellowstone's northern winter range. J. Range Manag. 47, 435-443.
    • (1994) J. Range Manag , vol.47 , pp. 435-443
    • Singer, F.J.1    Mack, L.C.2    Cates, R.C.3
  • 51
    • 0032449992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elk, multiple factors, and persistence of willows in national parks
    • Singer, F.J., Zeigenfuss, L.C., Cates, R.G. and Barnett, D. T. 1998 Elk, multiple factors, and persistence of willows in national parks. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 26, 419-428.
    • (1998) Wildl. Soc. Bull , vol.26 , pp. 419-428
    • Singer, F.J.1    Zeigenfuss, L.C.2    Cates, R.G.3    Barnett, D.T.4
  • 52
    • 0003449321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • YCR-NR-98-2. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY
    • Smith, D.W. 1998 Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 1997. YCR-NR-98-2. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY.
    • (1998) Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 1997
    • Smith, D.W.1
  • 53
    • 0003449321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • YCR-NR-2002-04. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY
    • Smith, D.W. and Guernsey, D.S. 2002 Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 2001. YCR-NR-2002-04. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY.
    • (2002) Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 2001
    • Smith, D.W.1    Guernsey, D.S.2
  • 54
    • 0003449321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • YCR-NR-99-1. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY
    • Smith, D.W., Murphy, K.M. and Guernsey, D.S. 1999 Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 1998. YCR-NR-99-1. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY.
    • (1999) Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 1998
    • Smith, D.W.1    Murphy, K.M.2    Guernsey, D.S.3
  • 55
    • 0003449321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • YCR-NR-2000-01. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY
    • Smith, D.W., Murphy, K.M. and Guernsey, D.S. 2000 Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 1999. YCR-NR-2000-01. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY.
    • (2000) Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 1999
    • Smith, D.W.1    Murphy, K.M.2    Guernsey, D.S.3
  • 56
    • 0003449321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • YCR-NR-2001-02. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY
    • Smith, D.W., Murphy, K.M. and Guernsey, D.S. 2001 Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 2000. YCR-NR-2001-02. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY.
    • (2001) Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 2000
    • Smith, D.W.1    Murphy, K.M.2    Guernsey, D.S.3
  • 57
    • 0003449321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • YCR-NR-2003-04. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY
    • Smith, D.W., Stahler, D.R. and Guernsey, D.S. 2003 Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 2002. YCR-NR-2003-04. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY.
    • (2003) Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 2002
    • Smith, D.W.1    Stahler, D.R.2    Guernsey, D.S.3
  • 58
    • 0003449321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • YCR-NR-2004-04. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY
    • Smith, D.W., Stahler, D.R., and Guernsey, D.S. 2004 Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 2003. YCR-NR-2004-04. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY.
    • (2004) Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 2003
    • Smith, D.W.1    Stahler, D.R.2    Guernsey, D.S.3
  • 59
    • 49949114999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stock, M.R. 1936 Winter Game Studies Report - 1935-1936. USFS Report. Gallatin National Forest, Gallatin District, pp. 85.
    • Stock, M.R. 1936 Winter Game Studies Report - 1935-1936. USFS Report. Gallatin National Forest, Gallatin District, pp. 85.
  • 60
    • 49949101404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stock, M.R., Howard, C.P., Stefanich, F., Gambs, H. B. and White, E.P. 1937 Cumulative winter game studies report. 1934-35, 1935-36, 1936-37. USFS Report. Gallatin National Forest, Gallatin District, Bozeman, MT. pp. 48.
    • Stock, M.R., Howard, C.P., Stefanich, F., Gambs, H. B. and White, E.P. 1937 Cumulative winter game studies report. 1934-35, 1935-36, 1936-37. USFS Report. Gallatin National Forest, Gallatin District, Bozeman, MT. pp. 48.
  • 62
    • 33645070274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation dynamics of predatorfree land-bridge islands
    • Terborgh, J., Feeley, K., Silman, M., Nunez, P. and Balukjian, B. 2006 Vegetation dynamics of predatorfree land-bridge islands. J. Ecol. 96, 253-263.
    • (2006) J. Ecol , vol.96 , pp. 253-263
    • Terborgh, J.1    Feeley, K.2    Silman, M.3    Nunez, P.4    Balukjian, B.5
  • 64
    • 49949083573 scopus 로고
    • Upper Gallatin Conservation Committee
    • Upper Gallatin Conservation Committee 1946 Minutes of the Annual Spring Meeting. pp. 5.
    • (1946) Minutes of the Annual Spring Meeting , pp. 5
  • 65
    • 0001844620 scopus 로고
    • A study of beaver in the Yancey region of Yellowstone National Park
    • Warren, E.R. 1926 A study of beaver in the Yancey region of Yellowstone National Park. Roos. Wildl. Ann. 1, 1-191.
    • (1926) Roos. Wildl. Ann , vol.1 , pp. 1-191
    • Warren, E.R.1
  • 66
    • 0032449881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen, elk, and fire in the Rocky Mountain national parks of North America
    • White, C.A., Olmsted, C.E. and Kay, C.E. 1998 Aspen, elk, and fire in the Rocky Mountain national parks of North America. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 26, 449-462.
    • (1998) Wildl. Soc. Bull , vol.26 , pp. 449-462
    • White, C.A.1    Olmsted, C.E.2    Kay, C.E.3
  • 67
    • 49949090985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White, E.P. 1924 Annual Elk and Game Report-Spring-1924. Fall and Winter Patrol Studies. USFS Report. Gallatin National Forest, Bozeman, MT. pp. 78.
    • White, E.P. 1924 Annual Elk and Game Report-Spring-1924. Fall and Winter Patrol Studies. USFS Report. Gallatin National Forest, Bozeman, MT. pp. 78.
  • 68
    • 0003412139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yellowstone National Park, U.S. Department of Interior, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY
    • Yellowstone National Park 1997 Yellowstone's Northern Range: Complexity and Change in a Wildland Ecosystem. U.S. Department of Interior, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY.
    • (1997) Yellowstone's Northern Range: Complexity and Change in a Wildland Ecosystem


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.