Effects of climate-induced coral bleaching on coral-reef fishes-ecological and economic consequences

Oceanography and Marine Biology

Volumn 46, Issue , 2008, Pages 251-296

  Pratchett, Morgan S ^a   Munday, Philip L ^a,b   Wilson, Shaun K ^c   Graham, Nicholas A J ^c   Cinner, Joshua E ^a   Bellwood, David R ^a,b   Jones, Geoffrey P ^a,b   Polunin, Nicholas V C ^c   McClanahan, Tim R ^d  

^a Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies   (Australia)

^b JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 49249116665     PISSN: 00783218     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (330)

1. Adger, W.N., Hughes, T.P., Folke, C, Carpenter, S.R. & Rockstrom, J. 2005. Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science 309, 1036-1039.
2. Allen, G.R. 1991. Damselfishes of the World. Melle, Germany: Mergus.
3. Allen, G.R., Steene, R. & Allen, M. 1998. A Guide to Angelfishes and Butterflyfishes. Perth: Odyssey.
4. Almany, G.R. 2003. Priority effects in coral reef fish communities of the Great Barrier Reef. Ecology 84, 1920-1935.
5. Almany, G.R. 2004. Does increased habitat complexity reduce predation and competition in coral reef fish assemblages? Oikos 106, 275-284.
6. Andersson, J.E.C. 2007. The recreational cost of coral bleaching - a stated and revealed preference study of international tourists. Ecological Economics 62, 704-715.
7. Aronson, R.B. & W. F. Precht. 2006. Conservation, precaution, and Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 25, 441-450.
8. Aronson, R.B., Precht, W.F., Toscano, M.A. & Koltes, K.H. 2002. The 1998 bleaching event and its aftermath on a coral reef in Belize. Marine Biology 141, 435-447.
9. Arthur, R., Done, T.J. & Marsh, H. 2005. Benthic recovery 4 years after an El Nin̄o-induced coral mass mortality in the Lakshadweep atolls. Current Science 89, 694-699.
10. Ayre, D.J. & Hughes, T.P. 2004. Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef-building corals. Ecology Letters 7, 273-278.
11. Baird, A.H., Campbell, S., Anggoro, A.W., Fadli, N., Herdiana, Y., Katawijaya, T., Legawa, R., Mahyiddin, D., Mukminin, A., Pratchett, M.S., Rudi, E., Siregar, A.M. & Trilestari, S. 2005. Achenese reefs in the wake of the tsunami. Current Biology 15, 1926-1930.
12. Baird, A.H. & Marshall, PA. 2002. Mortality, growth and reproduction in scleractinian corals following bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series 237, 133-141.
13. Baker, A.C. 2001. Reef corals bleach to survive change. Nature 411, 765-766.
14. Beger, M., Jones, G.R & Munday, PL. 2003. Conservation of coral reef biodiversity: a comparison of reserve selection procedures for corals and fishes. Biological Conservation 111, 53-62.
15. Bell, J.D. & Galzin, R. 1984. Influence of live coral cover on coral-reef fish communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 15, 265-274.
16. Bell, J.D., Harmelin-Vivien, M.L. & Galzin, R. 1985. Large scale spatial variation in abundance of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) on Polynesian reefs. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Symposium 5, 421-426.
17. Bellwood, D.R. 1988. Seasonal changes in the size and composition of the fish yield from reefs around Apo Island, Central Philippines, with notes on methods of yield estimation. Journal of Fish Biology 32, 881-893.
18. Bellwood, D.R., Hoey, A.S., Ackerman, J.L. & Depczynski, M. 2006a. Coral bleaching, reef fish community phase shifts and the resilience of coral reefs. Global Change Biology 12, 1-8.
19. Bellwood, D.R., Hoey, A.S. & Choat, J.H. 2003. Limited functional diversity in high diversity systems: resilience and ecosystem function on coral reefs. Ecology Letters 6, 281-285.
20. Bellwood, D.R., Hughes, T.P., Connolly, S.R. & Tanner, J. 2005. Environmental and geometric constraints on Indo-Pacific coral reef biodiversity. Ecology Letters 8, 643-651.
21. Bellwood, D.R., Hughes, T.P., Folke, C. & Nyström, M. 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429, 827-833.
22. Bellwood, D.R., Hughes, T.P. & Hoey, A.S. 2006b. Sleeping functional group drives coral reef recovery. Current Biology 16, 2434-2439.
23. Benton, M. J. & Twitchett, R.J. 2003. How to kill (almost) all life: the end-Permian extinction event. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18, 358-365.
24. Berkelmans, R., De'ath, G., Kininmonth, S. & Skirving, W.J. 2004. A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: spatial correlation, patterns, and predictions. Coral Reefs 23, 74-83.
25. Berkelmans, R. & Oliver, J.K. 1999. Large-scale bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 18, 55-60.
26. Berumen, M.L. & Pratchett, M.S. 2006. Recovery without resilience: persistent disturbance and long-term shifts in the structure of fish and coral communities at Tiahura Reef, Moorea. Coral Reefs 25, 647-653.
27. Berumen, M.L. & Pratchett, M.S. 2008. Trade-offs associated with dietary specialization in corallivorois butterfiyfishes (Chaetodontidae: Chaetodon). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology DOI: 10. 1007/s00265-007-0526-8.
28. Berumen, M.L., Pratchett, M.S. & McCormick, M.I. 2005. Within reef variation in the diet and condition of two coral feeding butterfly fish (Pisces: Chaetodontidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 287, 217-227.
29. Beukers, J.S. & Jones, G.P. 1997. Habitat complexity modifies the impact of piscivores on a coral reef population. Oecologia 114, 50-59.
30. Boersma, P.D. & Parrish, J.K. 1999. Limiting abuse: marine protected areas, a limited solution. Ecological Economics 31, 287-304.
31. Booth, D.J. 1992. Larval settlement patterns and preferences by domino damselfish Dascyllus albisella GilL. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 155, 85-104.
32. Booth, D.J. & Beretta, G.A. 1994. Seasonal recruitment, habitat associations and survival of pomacentrid reef fishes in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Coral Reef, 13, 81-89.
33. Booth, D.J. & Beretta, G.A. 2002. Changes in a fish assemblage after a coral bleaching event. Marine Ecology Progress Series 245, 205-212.
34. Bouchon-Navaro, Y. 1986. Partitioning of food and space resources by chaetodontid fishes on coral reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 103, 21-40.
35. Bouchon-Navaro, Y., Bouchon, C. & Harmelin-Vivien, M.L. 1985. Impact of coral degradation on a chaetodontid fish assemblage (Moorea, French Polynesia). Proceedings of the Fifth Coral Reef Symposium 5, 427-432.
36. Bozec, Y.M., Doledec, S. & Kulbicki, M. 2005. An analysis of fish-habitat associations on disturbed coral reefs: chaetodontid fishes in New Caledonia. Journal of Fish Biology 66, 966-982.
37. Brown, B.E. 1997. Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. Coral Reefs 16, S129-S138.
38. Brown, B.E., Dunne, R., Goodon, M. & Douglas, A. 2002. Experience shapes the susceptibility of a reef coral to bleaching. Coral Reefs 21, 119-126.
39. Brown, B.E. & Suharson O. 1990. Damage and recovery of coral reefs affected by El Nino related seawater warming in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia. Coral Reefs 8, 163-170.
40. Brown, J.H. 1984. On the relationship between abundance and distributions. American Naturalist 124, 255-279.
41. Brown, J.H., Valone, T.J. & Curtin, C.G. 1997. Reorganization of an arid ecosystem in response to recent climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 94, 9729-9733.
42. Cadoret, L., Aderjoud, M. & Tsuchiya, M. 1999. Spatial distribution of chaetodontid fish in coral reefs of the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, 725-735.
43. Caley, M.J. & St. John, J. 1996. Refuge availability structures assemblages of tropical reef fishes. Journal of Animal Ecology 65, 414-428.
44. Carlton, J.T. 1993. Neoextinctions in marine invertebrates. American Zoologist 33, 499-507.
45. Carpenter, K.E., Miclat, R.I., Albaladejo, V.D. & Corpuz, V.T. 1981. The influence of substrate structure on the local abundance and diversity of Philippine reef fishes. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium 2, 497-502.
46. Cesar, H. 2000. Coral reefs: their functions, threats and economic value. In Collected Essays on the Economics of Coral Reefs, H. Cesar (ed.). Kalmar, Sweden: Cordio, 14-39.
47. Cesar, H? Burke, L. & Pet-Soede, L. 2003. The Economics of Worldwide Coral Reef Degradation. Arnhem, Netherlands: Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting.
48. Chan, T.T.C. & Sadovy, Y. 1998. Profile of the marine aquarium fish trade in Hong Kong. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 2, 197-213.
49. Chapman, M.R. & Kramer, D.L. 2000. Movements of fishes within and among fringing coral reefs in Barbados. Environmental Biology of Fishes 57, 11-24.
50. Cheal, A.J., Coleman, G., Delean, S., Miller, I., Osborne, K. & Sweatman, H. 2002. Responses of coral and fish assemblages to a severe but short-lived tropical cyclone on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 21, 131-142.
51. Choat, J.H. 1991. The biology of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs. In The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs, P.F. Sale (ed.). London: Academic Press, 120-155.
52. Choat, J.H., Clements, K.D. & Robbins, W.D. 2002. The trophic status of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs I. Dietary analysis. Marine Biology 140, 613-623.
53. Choat, J.H., Robbins, W.D. & Clements, K.D. 2004. The trophic status of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs II. Food processing models and trophodynamics. Marine Biology 145, 445-454.
54. Cinner, J. 2007. Designing marine reserves to reflect local socioeconomic conditions: lessons from long-enduring customary management systems. Coral Reefs 26, 1035-1045.
55. Cinner, J. & McClanahan, T. 2006. Socioeconomic factors leading to overfishing in an artisanal coral reef fishery. Environmental Conservation 33, 73-80.
56. Cinner, J., Sutton, S. & Bond, T. 2007. Socioeconomic thresholds that affect use of customary fisheries management tools. Conservation Biology 21, 1603-1611.
57. Connell, J.H., Hughes, T.R & Wallace, C.C. 1997. A 30-year study of coral abundance, recruitment, and disturbance at several scales in space and time. Ecological Monographs 67, 461-488.
58. Crossman, D.J., Choat, J.H. & Clements, K.D. 2005. Nutritional ecology of nominally herbivorous fishes on coral reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 296, 129-142.
59. Dayton, RK. (1972). Toward an understanding of community resilience and the potential effects of enrichments to the benthos at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. In Proceedings of the Colloquium on Conservation Problems in Antarctica, B.C. Parker (ed.). Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press, 81-96.
60. De'ath, G. & Moran, P.J. 1998. Factors affecting the behaviour of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci L.) on the Great Barrier Reef: 2: feeding preferences. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology HQ, 107-126.
61. DeVantier, L.M. & Done, T.J. 2007. Inferring past outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns seastar from scar patterns on coral heads. In Geological Approaches to Coral Reef Ecology, R.B. Aronson (ed.). New York: Springer, 85-125.
62. Diaz-Pulido, G. & McCook, L.J. 2002. The fate of bleached corals: patterns and dynamics of algal recruitment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 232, 115-128.
63. Doherty, P.J. & Williams, D.M. 1988. The replenishment of coral reef fish populations. Oceanography and Marine Biology An Annual Review 26, 487-551.
64. Done, T.J. 1988. Simulation of recovery of pre-disturbance size structure in populations of Porites spp. damaged by the crown of thorns starfish Acanthaster planci. Marine Biology 100, 51-61.
65. Donner, S.D., Skirving, W.J., Little, CM., Oppenheimer, M. & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2005. Global assessment of coral bleaching requires rates of adaptation under climate change. Global Change Biology 11, 2251-2265.
66. Douglas, A.E. 2003. Coral bleaching - how and why? Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, 385-392.
67. Downing, N., Buckley, R., Stobart, B., Éclair, L. & Teleki, K. 2005. Reef fish diversity at Aldabara Atoll, Seychelles, during the 5 years following the 1998 coral bleaching event. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 363, 257-261.
68. Dulvy, N.K., Freckleton, R.P. & Polunin, N.V.C. 2004. Coral reef cascades and the indirect effects of predator removal by exploitation. Ecology Letters 7, 410-416.
69. Dulvy, N.K., Sadovy, Y. & Reynolds, J.D. 2003. Extinction vulnerability in marine populations. Fish and Fisheries 4, 25-64.
70. Ebersole, J.P. 1985. Niche separation of two damselfish species by aggression and differential microhabitat utilization. Ecology 66, 14-20.
71. Elmqvist, T., Folke, C, Nyström, M., Peterson, G., Bengtssson, J., Walker, B. & Norberg, J. 2003. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1, 488-494.
72. Fahrig, L. 2001. How much habitat is enough? Biological Conservation 100, 65-74.
73. Feary, D.A., Almany, G.R., Jones, G.P. & McCormick, M.I. 2007a. Coral degradation and the structure of tropical reef fish communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 333, 243-248.
74. Feary, D. A., Almany, G.R., McCormick, M.I. & Jones, G.P. 2007b. Habitat choice, recruitment and the responsr of coral reef fishes to coral degradation. Oecologia 153, 727-737.
75. Findley, J.S. & Findley, M.T. 1985. A search for pattern in butterflyfish communities. American Naturalist 1 800-816.
76. Floras, CD., Samways, M.J. & Armstrong, B. 2004. Taxonomic patterns of bleaching within a South Af coral assemblage. Biodiversity and Conservation 13, 1175-1194.
77. Fong, P. & Glynn, P.W. 2000. A regional model to predict coral population dynamics in response to El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Ecological Applications 10, 842-854.
78. Fowler, A.J. 1990. Spatial and temporal patterns of distribution and abundances of chaetodontid fishes at One Tree Reef, southern GBR. Marine Ecology Progress Series 64, 39-53.
79. Friedlander, A.M.& Parrish, J.D. 1998. Habitat characteristics affecting fish assemblages on Hawaiian coral reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 224, 1-30.
80. Gardiner, N.M.& Jones, G.P. 2005. Habitat specialisation and overlap in a guild of coral reef cardinal fishes (Apogonidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 305, 163-175.
81. Gardner, T. A., Gill, J.A., Grant, A., Watkinson, A.R.& Côté I.M. 2005. Hurricanes and Caribbean coral reefs: immediate impacts, recovery trajectories and contribution to long-term decline. Ecology 86, 174-184.
82. Garpe, K.C. & Öhman, M.C. 2003. Coral and fish distribution patterns in Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania: fish-habitat interactions. Hydrobiologia 498, 191-211.
83. Garpe, K.C, Yahya, S.A.S., Lindahl, U.& Öhman, M.C. 2006. Long-term effects of the 1998 coral bleaching event on reef fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 315, 237-247.
84. Gaston, K.J. 1994. Rarity. London: Chapman& HalL.
85. Gaston, K.J. 1998. Species-range size distributions: products of speciation, extinction and transformation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 353, 219-230.
86. Gladfelter, W.B., Ogden, J.C.& Gladfelter, E.H. 1980. Similarity and diversity among coral reef fish communities: a comparison between tropical western Atlantic (Virgin Islands) and tropical central Pacific (Marchall Islands) patch reefs. Ecology 61, 1156-1168.
87. Glynn, P.W. 1985. El-Nino associated disturbance to coral reefs and post disturbance mortality by Acanthaster planci. Marine Ecology Progress Series 26, 295-300.
88. Glynn, P.W. 1991. Coral reef bleaching in the 1980s and possible connections with global warming. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6, 175-179.
89. Glynn, P.W. 1997. Bioerosion and coral reef growth: a dynamic balance. In Life and Death of Coral Reefs, C. Birkeland New (ed.). New York: Chapman & Hall, 68-95.
90. Glynn, P.W. 2006. Fish utilization of simulated coral reef frameworks versus eroded rubble substrates off Panama, eastern Pacific. Proceedings of the Tenth International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa 1, 250-256.
91. Golbuu, Y., Victor, S., Penland, L., Idip, D., Jr., Emaurois, C, Okaji, K., Yukihira, H., Iwase, A. & van Woesik, R. 2007. Palau's coral reefs show differential habitat recovery following the 1998-bleaching event. Coral Reefs 26, 319-332.
92. Goreau, T.F., McClanahan, T., Hayes, R.L.& Strong, A. 2000. Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event. Conservation Biology 14, 5-15.
93. Graham, N.A.J., McClanahan, T.R., Letourneur, Y. & Galzin, R. 2007a. Anthropogenic stressors, inter-specific competition and ENSO effects on a Mauritian coral reef. Environmental Biology of Fishes 78, 57-69.
94. Graham, N.A.J., Wilson, S.K., Jennings, S., Polunin, N.V.C., Bijoux, J.P.& Robinson, J. 2006. Dynamic fragility of oceanic coral reef ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 8425-8429.
95. Graham, N.A.J., Wilson, S.K., Jennings, S., Polunin, N.V.C., Robinson. J., Bijoux, J.P. & Daw, T.M. 2007b. Lag effects in the impacts of mass coral bleaching on coral reef fish, fisheries, and ecosystems. Conservation Biology 21, 1291-1300.
96. Graham, T, Idechong, N. & Sherwood, K. 2000. The value of dive tourism and the impacts of coral bleaching on diving in Palau. Report prepared for the Palau Conservation Society, Koror, Palau.
97. Grandcourt, E.M. & Cesar, H.S.J. 2003. The bio-economic impact of mass coral mortality on the coastal reef fisheries of the Seychelles. Fisheries Research 60, 539-550.
98. Gratwicke, B. & Speight, M.R. 2005. Effects of habitat complexity on Caribbean marine fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 292, 301-310.
99. Gray, J.S. 1997. Marine biodiversity: patterns, threats and conservation needs. Biodiversity and Conservation 6, 153-175.
100. Grigg, R.W. 1994. Effects of sewage discharge, fishing pressure and habitat complexity on coral ecosystems and reef fishes in Hawaii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 103, 25-34.
101. Gutierrez, L. 1998. Habitat selection by recruits establishes local patterns of adult distribution in two species of damselfishes: Stegastes dorsopunicans and S. planifrons. Oecologia 115, 268-277.
102. Halford, A., Cheal, A.J., Ryan, D. & Williams, D.Mc.B. 2004. Resilience to large-scale disturbance in coral and fish assemblages on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Ecology 85, 1892-1905.
103. Halpern, B.S., Gaines, S.D. & Warner, R.R. 2005. Habitat size, recruitment, and longevity as factors limiting population size in stage-structured species. American Naturalist 165, 82-94.
104. Halpern, B.S. & Warner, R.R. 2002. Marine reserves have rapid and lasting effects. Ecology Letters 5, 361-366.
105. Harmelin-Vivien, M.L. 1989. Implications of feeding specialization on the recruitment processes and community structure of butterflyfishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 25, 101-110.
106. Harmelin-Vivien, M.L. & Bouchon-Navaro, Y. 1983. Feeding diets and significance of coral feeding among chaetodontid fishes in Moorea (French Polynesia). Coral Reefs 2, 119-127.
107. Harrington, L., Fabricius, K., De'ath, G. & Negri, A. 2004. Recognition and selection of settlement substrata determine post-settlement survival in corals. Ecology 85, 3428-3437.
108. Hart, A.M., Klumpp, D.W. & Russ, G.R. 1996. Response of herbivorous fishes to crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci outbreaks. II. Density and biomass of selected species of herbivorous fish and fish- habitat correlations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 132, 21-30.
109. Hawkins, J.P., Roberts, C.M. & Clark, V. 2000. The threatened status of restricted-range coral reef fish species. Animal Conservation 3, 81-88.
110. Hawkins, J.P., Roberts, C.M., Dytham, C, Schelten, C. & Nugues, M.M. 2006. Effects of habitat characteristics and sedimentation on performance of marine reserves in St. Lucia. Biological Conservation 127, 487-499.
111. Henderson-Sellers, A., Zhang, H., Berz, G., Emanuel, K., Gray, W, Landsea, C, Holland, G., Lighthill, J., Shieh, S., Webster, P. & McGuffie, K. 1998. Tropical cyclones and global climate change: a post-IPCC assessment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79, 19-38.
112. Hixon, M.A. & Beets, J.P. 1993. Predation, prey refuges, and the structure of coral-reef fish assemblages. Ecological Monographs 63, 77-101.
113. Hixon, M.A. & Jones, G.P. 2005. Competition, predation, and density-dependent mortality in demersal marine fishes. Ecology 86, 2847-2859.
114. Hobbs, J.P. & Munday, P.L. 2004. Intraspecific competition controls spatial distribution and social organisation of the coral dwelling goby, Gobiodon histrio. Marine Ecology Progress Series 278, 253-259.
115. Hobson, E.S. 1974. Feeding relationships of teleostean fishes on coral reefs in Kona, Hawaii. Fisheries Bulletin 72, 915-1013.
116. Hodgson, G. 1999. A global assessment of human effects on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38, 345-355.
117. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 50, 839-866.
118. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2004. Coral reefs in a century of rapid environmental change. Symbiosis 37, 1-31.
119. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. & Salvat, B. 1995. Periodic mass-bleaching and elevated sea temperatures - bleaching of outer reef slope communities in Moorea, French-Polynesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 121, 181-190.
120. Holbrook, S.J., Brooks, A.J. & Schmitt, R.J. 2002. Predictability of fish assemblages on coral patch reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 53, 181-188.
121. Holbrook, S.J., Brooks, A.J. & Schmitt, R.J. 2006. Relationships between live coral cover and reef fishes: implications for predicting effects of environmental disturbances. Proceedings of the 10th International Coral Reef Symposium 1, 241-249.
122. Holbrook, S.J., Forrester, G.E. & Schmitt, R.J. 2000. Spatial patterns in abundance of a damselfish reflect availability of suitable habitat. Oecologia 122, 109-120.
123. Houghton, J. 2005. Global warming. Reports on Progress in Physics 68, 1343-1403.
124. Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y, Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K. & Johnson, C.A. 2001. IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
125. Høye, T.T., Post, E., Meltofte, H., Schmidt, N.M. & Forchhammer, M.C 2007. Rapid advancement of spring in the high Arctic. Current Biology 17, R449-R451.
126. Hughes, T.P. 1985. Life histories and population dynamics of early successional corals. Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti 4, 101-106.
127. Hughes, T.P., Baird, A.H., Bellwood, D.R., Card, M., Connolly, S.R., Folke, C, Grosberg, R., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jackson, J.B.C., Kleypas, J., Lough, J.M., Marshall, P., Nystrom, M., Palumbi, S.R., Pandolfi, J.M., Rosen, B. & Roughgarden, J. 2003. Climate change, human impacts and the resilience of coral reefs. Science 301, 929-933.
128. Hughes, T.P., Baird, A.H., Dinsdale, E.A., Moltschaniwskyj, N.A., Pratchett, M.S., Tanner, J.E. & Willis, B.L. 2000. Supply-side ecology works both ways: the link between benthic adults and larval recruits. Ecology 81, 2241-2249.
129. Hughes, T.P., Bellwood, D.R. & Connolly, S.R. 2002. Biodiversity hotspots, centres of endemicity, and the conservation of coral reefs. Ecology Letters 5, 775-784.
130. Hughes, T.P., Bellwood, D.R., Folke, C, Steneck, R.S. & Wilson, J. 2005. New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20, 380-386.
131. Hughes, T.P. & Connell, J.H. 1999. Multiple stressors on coral reefs: a long-term perspective. Limnology and Oceanography 44, 932-940.
132. Hughes, T.P., Rodrigues, M.J., Bellwood, D.R., Ceccarelli, D., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., McCook, L., Moltschaniwskyj, N., Pratchett, M.S., Steneck, R.S. & Willis, B. 2007. Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Current Biology 17, 360-365.
133. Hutchings, P.A. 1986. Biological destruction of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 4, 239-252.
134. Irons, D.K. 1989. Temporal and areal feeding behaviour of the butterfly fish, Chaetodon trifascialis, at Johnston AtolL. Environmental Biology of Fishes 25, 187-193.
135. Jackson, J.B.C., Kirby, M.X., Berger, W.H., Botsford, L.W, Bourque, B.J., Bradbury, R.H., Cooke, R., Erlandson, J., Estes, J.A., Hughes, T.P., Kidwell, S., Lange, C.B., Lenihan, H.S., Pandolfi, J.M., Peterson, C.H., Steneck, R.S., Tegner, M.J. & Warner, R.R. 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293, 629- 637.
136. Jennings, S., Boulle, D.P. & Polunin, N.V.C. 1996. Habitat correlates of the distribution and biomass of Seychelles' reef fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 46, 15-25.
137. Jennings, S., Brierley, A.S. & Walker, J.W 1994. The inshore fish assemblages of the Galapagos Archipelago. Biological Conservation 70, 49-57.
138. Jokiel, P.L. & Coles, S.L. 1990. Response of Hawaiian and other Indo-Pacific reef corals to elevated temperature. Coral Reefs 8, 155-162.
139. Jones, G.P. 1988. Experimental evaluation of the effects of habitat structure and competitive interactions on the juveniles of two coral reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 123, 115-126.
140. Jones, G.P. 1991. Post-recruitment processes in the ecology of coral reef fish populations: A multifactorial prespective. In The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs, P.F. Sale (ed.). San Diego, California: Academic Press, 294-237.
141. Jones, G.P., Caley, M.J. & Munday, P.L. 2002. Rarity in coral reef fish communities. In Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem, P.F. Sale (ed.). San Diego, California: Academic Press, 81-101.
142. Jones, G.P., McCormick, M.I., Srinivasan, M. & Eagle, J.V. 2004. Coral decline threatens fish biodiversity in marine reserves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 8251-8253.
143. Jones, G.P., Srinivasan, M. & Almany, G.R. 2007. Population connectivity and conservation of marine biodiversity. Oceanography 20, 100-111.
144. Jones, G.P. & Syms, C. 1998. Disturbance, habitat structure and the ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Australian Journal of Ecology 23, 287-297.
145. Jones, P.D. & Moberg, A. 2003. Hemispheric and large scale surface air temperature variations: an extensive revision and an update to 2001. Journal of Climate 16, 206-223.
146. Julliard, R., Jiguet, F. & Couvet, D. 2003. Common birds facing global changes: what makes a species at risk? Global Change Biology 10, 148-154.
147. Kaiser, M.J., Spencer, B.E.& Hart, P.J.B. 2000. Fishing-gear restrictions and conservation of benthic habitat complexity. Conservation Biology 14, 1512-1525.
148. Khalaf, M.A. & Abdallah, M. 2005. Community structure of butterflyfishes in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15, S77-S89.
149. Kleypas, J.A., Buddemeier, R.W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J., Langdon, C. & Opdyke, B.N. 1999. Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs. Science 284, 118-120.
150. Kleypas, J.A., Buddemeier, R.W. & Gattuso, J. 2001. The future of coral reefs in an age of global change. International Journal of Earth Sciences 90, 426-437.
151. Kokita, T. & Nakazono, A. 2001. Rapid response of an obligately corallivorous filefish Oxymonacanthus longirostris (Monacanthidae) to a mass coral bleaching event. Coral Reefs 20, 155-158. 289-291
152. Kolm, N. & Berglund, A. 2003. Wild populations of a reef fish suffer from the 'non destructive' aquarium trade fishery. Conservation Biology 17, 910-914.
153. Kulbicki, M., Bozec, Y.M. & Green, A. 2005. Implications of biogeography in the use of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) as indicators for western and central Pacific areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15, S109-S126.
154. Kuwamura, T., Yogo, Y. & Nakashima, Y. 1994. Population dynamics of goby Paragobiodon echinocephalus and host coral Stylophora pistillata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 103, 17-23. (Pubitemid 24417237)
155. Larson, H.K. 1985. A revision of the gobiid genus Bryaninops (Pisces), with a description of six new species. The Beagle 2, 57-93.
156. Larson, H.K. 1987. A new species of Bryaninops (Pisces: Gobiidae) with notes on new records of three species of the genus. The Beagle 4, 139-145.
157. Lawson, G.L., Kramer, D.L. & Hunte, W. 1999. Size-related habitat use and schooling behaviour in two species of surgeonfish (Acanthurus bahianus and A. coeruleus) on a fringing reef in Barbados, West Indies. Environmental Biology of Fishes 54, 19-33.
158. Lawton, J.H. 1999. Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos 84, 177-192.
159. Lecchini, D., Shima, J., Banaigs, B. & Galzin, R. 2005. Larval sensory abilities and mechanisms of habitat selection of a coral reef fish during settlement. Oecologia 143, 326-334.
160. Ledlie, M.H., Graham, N.A.J., Bythell, J.C., Wilson, S.K., Jennings, S., Polunin, N.V.C. & Hardcastle, J. 2007. Phase shifts and the role of herbivory in the resilience of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 26, 641-653.
161. Lee, S.C. 2006. Habitat complexity and consumer-mediated positive feedbacks on a Caribbean coral reef. Oikos 112, 442-447.
162. Lesser, M.P. 2004. Experimental biology of coral reef ecosystems. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 346, 217-252.
163. Letourneur, Y., Harmelin-Vivien, M. & Galzin, R. 1993. Impact of Hurricane Firinga on fish community structure on fringing reefs of Reunion Island, SW Indian Ocean. Environmental Biology of Fishes 37, 109-120.
164. Lewis, A.R. 1997. Effects of experimental coral disturbance on the structure of fish communities on large patch reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 161, 37-50.
165. Lewis, A.R. 1998. Effects of experimental coral disturbance on the population dynamics of fishes on large patch reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 230, 91-110.
166. Lindahl, U., Öhman, M.C. & Schelten, C.K. 2001. The 1997/1998 mass mortality of corals: effects on fish communities on a Tanzanian coral reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42, 127-131.
167. Lough, J.M. 2000. 1997-98: Unprecedented thermal stress to coral reef? Geophysical Research Letters 27, 3901-3904.
168. Loya, Y., Sakai, K., Yamazato, K., Nakano, Y, Sambali, H. & van Woesik, R. 2001. Coral bleaching: the winners and the losers. Ecology Letters 4, 122-131.
169. Luckhurst, B.E. & Luckhurst, K. 1978. Analysis of the influence of substrate variables on coral reef fish communities. Marine Biology 49, 317-323.
170. Lunn, K.E. & Moreau, M.A. 2004. Unmonitored trade in marine ornamental fishes: the case of Indonesia's Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni). Coral Reefs 24, 344-351.
171. Madin, J.S. & Connolly, S.R. 2006. Ecological consequences of major hydrodynamic disturbances on coral reefs. Nature 444, 447-180.
172. Mantyka, C.S. & Bellwood, D.R. 2007. Direct evaluation of macroalgal removal by herbivorous coral reef fishes. Coral Reefs 26, 435-442.
173. Marnane, M.J. 2000 Site fidelity and homing behaviour in coral reef cardinalfishes. Journal of Fish Biology 57, 1590-1600.
174. Marshall, P. & Schuttenberg, H. 2006a. A Reef Manager's Guide to Coral Bleaching. Townsville, Australia: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
175. Marshall, P. & Schuttenberg, H. 2006b. Adapting coral reef management in the face of climate change. Coastal and Esluarine Studies 61, 223-241.
176. Marshall, P.A. & Baird, A.H. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa. Coral Reefs 19, 155-163.
177. McClanahan, T. & Cinner, J. 2007. A framework for adaptive gear based fisheries management in Papua New Guinea. Aquatic Conservation in press.
178. McClanahan, T.R. 1994. Kenyan coral reef lagoon fish: effects of fishing, substrate complexity, and sea urchins. Coral Reefs 13, 231-241.
179. McClanahan, T.R. 1995. Fish predators and scavengers of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei in Kenyan coral- reef marine parks. Environmental Biology of Fishes 43, 187-193.
180. McClanahan, T.R. 2000. Recovery of the coral reef keystone predator, Balistapus undulatus, in East African marine parks. Biological Conservation 94, 191-198.
181. McClanahan, T.R., Ateweberhan, M., Graham, N.A.J., Wilson, S.K., Sebastian, C.R., Guillaume, M.M.M. & Bruggeman, J.H. 2007a. Western Indian Ocean coral communities, bleaching responses and susceptibility to extinction. Marine Ecology Progress Series 337, 1-13.
182. McClanahan, T.R., Anteweberhan, M., Ruiz Sebastian, C, Graham, N.A.J., Wilson, S.K., Bruggemann, J.H. & Guillaume, M.M.M. 2007b. Predictability of coral bleaching from synoptic satellite and in situ temperature observations. Coral Reefs 26, 695-701.
183. McClanahan, T.R., Baird, A.H., Marshall, P.A. & Toscano, M.A. 2004. Comparing bleaching and mortality responses of hard corals between southern Kenya and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48, 327-335.
184. McClanahan, T.R., Bergman, K., Huitric, M., McField, T, Elfwing, M., Nyström, M. & Nordemar, I. 2000. Response of fishes to algae reduction on Glovers Reef, Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series 206, 273-282.
185. McClanahan, T.R., Hendrick, V., Rodrigues, M.J. & Polunin, N.V.C. 1999. Varying responses of herbivorous and invertebrate-feeding fishes to macroalgal reduction on a coral reef. Coral Reefs 18, 195-203.
186. McClanahan, T.R. & Maina, J. 2003. Response of coral assemblages to the interaction between natural temperature variation and rare warm-water events. Ecosystems 6, 551-563.
187. McClanahan, T.R., Maina, J., Moothien-Pillay, R. & Baker, A.C. 2005. Effects of geography, taxa, water flow, and temperature variation on coral bleaching intensity in Mauritius. Marine Ecology Progress Series 298, 131-142.
188. McClanahan, T.R., Maina, J. & Pet-Soede, L. 2002a. Effects of the 1998 coral mortality event on Kenyan coral reefs and fisheries. Ambio 31, 543-550.
189. McClanahan, T.R. & Mangi, S. 2004. Gear-based management of a tropical artisanal fishery based on species selectivity and capture size. Fisheries Management and Ecology 11, 51-60.
190. McClanahan, T.R., McField, M., Huitric, M., Bergman, K., Sala, E., Nystrom, M., Nordemer, I., Elfwing, T. & Muthiga, N.A. 2001a. Responses of algae, corals and fish to the reduction of macroalgae in fished and unfished patch reefs of Glovers Reef Atoll, Belize. Coral Reefs 19, 367-379.
191. McClanahan, T.R., Muthiga, N.A. & Mangi, S. 2001 b. Coral and algal changes after the 1998 coral bleaching: interaction with reef management and herbivores on Kenyan reefs. Coral Reefs 19, 380-391.
192. McClanahan, T.R. & Shafir, S.H. 1990. Causes and consequences of sea urchin abundance and diversity in Kenyan coral reef lagoons. Oecologia 83, 362-370.
193. McClanahan, T.R., Uku, J.N. & Machano, H. 2002b. Effect of macroalgal reduction on coral-reef fish in the Watamu Marine National Park, Kenya. Marine and Freshwater Research S3, 223-231.
194. McClanahan, T.R., Verheij, E. & Maina, J. 2006. Comparing management effectiveness of a marine park and a multiple-use collaborative fisheries management area in East Africa. Aquatic Conservation 16, 147-165.
195. McCormick, M.I. 2003. Consumption of coral propagules after mass spawning enhances larval quality of damselfish through maternal effects. Oecologia 136, 37-45.
196. McKinney, M.L. 1997. Extinction vulnerability and selectivity: combining ecological and paleontological views. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28, 495-516.
197. McManus, J.W., Reyes, R.B., Jr. & Nanola, C.L., Jr. 2004. Effects of some destructive fishing methods on coral cover and potential rates of recovery. Environmental Management 21, 69-78.
198. Michael, S.W. 2004. Angelfishes and Butterflyfishes. Neptune City, New Jersey: T.E.H. Publications.
199. Mumby, P.J., Dahlgren, C.P., Harborne, A.R., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F., Brumbaugh, D.R., Holmes, K.E., Mendes, J.M., Broad, K., Sanchirico, J.N., Buch, K., Box, S., Stoffle, R.W. & Gill, A.B. 2006. Fishing, trophic cascades, and the process of grazing on coral reefs. Science 311, 98-101.
200. Mumby, P.J., Edwards, A.J., Arias-Gonzalez, J.E. Lindeman, K.C., Blackwell, P.G., Gall, A., Gorczynska, M.I., Harborne, A.R., Pescod, C.L., Renken, H., Wabnitz, C.C.C. & Llewellyn, G. 2004. Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature 427, 533-536.
201. Munday, P.L. 2000. Interactions between habitat use and patterns of abundance in coral-dwelling fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 58, 355-369.
202. Munday, P.L. 2001. Fitness consequences of habitat selection and competition among coral-dwelling fish. Oecologia 128, 585-593.
203. Munday, P.L. 2002. Does habitat availability determine the geographical-scale abundance of coral-dwelling fishes? Coral Reefs 21, 105-116.
204. Munday, P.L. 2004a. Habitat loss, resource specialisation, and extinction on coral reefs. Global Change Biology 10, 1642-1647.
205. Munday, P.L. 2004b. Competition among coral-dwelling fishes: the lottery model revisited. Ecology 85, 623-628.
206. Munday, P.L., Caley, M.J. & Jones, G.P. 1998. Bi-directional sex change in a coral dwelling goby. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 43, 371-377.
207. Munday, P.L., Harold, A.S. & Winterbottom, R. 1999. Guide to coral-dwelling gobies (genus Gobiodon) of Papua New Guinea and the Great Barrier Reef. Revue Française d'Aquariologie 26, 49-54.
208. Munday, P.L. & Jones, G.P. 1998. The ecological implications of small body size among coral-reef fishes. Oceanography and Marine Biology An Annual Review 36, 373-411.
209. Munday, P.L., Jones, G.P. & Caley, M.J. 1997. Habitat specialisation and the distribution and abundance of coral-dwelling gobies. Marine Ecology Progress Series 152, 227-239.
210. Munday, P.L., Jones, G.P. & Caley, M.J. 2001. Interspecific competition and coexistence in a guild of coraldwelling gobies. Ecology 82, 2177-2189.
211. Munday, P.L., Jones, G.P., Pratchett, M.S. & Williams, A.J. 2008. Climate change and the future for coral reef fishes. Fish and Fisheries in press.
212. Munday, P.L., Jones, G.P., Sheaves, M., Williams, A.J. & Goby, G. 2007. Vulnerability of fishes on the Great Barrier Reef to climate change. In Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef J. Johnson & P. Marshall (eds). Townsville, Australia: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, 357-391.
213. Myers, N. & Knoll, A.H. 2001. The biotic crisis and the future of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 5389-5392.
214. Naeem, S., Thompson, L.J., Lawler, S.P., Lawton, J.H. & Woodfin, R.M. 1994. Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature 368, 734-737. (Pubitemid 24153411)
215. Nagelkerken, I., Roberts, C.M., van der Velde, G., Dorenbosch, M., van Riel, M.C., Cocheret de la Morinière, E. & Nienhuis, PH. 2002. How important are mangroves and seagrass beds for coral-reef fish? The nursery hypothesis tested on an island scale. Marine Ecology Progress Series 244, 299-305.
216. Nagelkerken, I., van der Velde, G., Gorissen, M.W., Meijer, G.J., Van't Hoft, T. & den Hartog, C. 2000. Importance of mangroves, seagrass beds and the shallow coral reef as a nursery for important coral reef fishes, using a visual census technique. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 51, 31-44.
217. Nakamura, T. & Van Woesik, R. 2001. Water-flow rates and passive diffusion partially explain differential survival of corals during the 1998 bleaching event. Marine Ecology Progress Series 212, 301-304.
218. Ngazy, Z., Jiddawi, N. & Cesar, H. 2002. Coral bleaching and the demand for coral reefs: a marine recreation case in Zanzibar. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Economic and Policy Priorities for Sustainable Management of Coral Reefs 1, 10-12.
219. Nyström, M. & Folke, C. 2001. Spatial resilience of corals reefs. Ecosystems 4, 406-417.
220. Nyström, M., Folke, C. & Moberg, F. 2000. Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15, 413-417.
221. Odum, H.T. & Odum, E.P. 1955. Trophic structure and productivity of windward coral reef community on Eniwetok AtolL. Ecological Monographs 25, 291-320.
222. Öhman, M.C, Munday, P.L., Jones, G.P. & Caley, M.J. 1998. Settlement strategies and distribution patterns of coral-reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 225, 219-238.
223. Öhman, M.C. & Rajasuriya, A. 1998. Relationships between habitat structure and fish communities on coral and sandstone reefs. Environmental Biology of Fishes 53, 19-31.
224. Ollerton, J., McCollin, D., Fautin, D.G. & Allen, G.R. 2007. Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutu-alistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 111, 591-598.
225. Orpin, A.R., Ridd, P.V., Thomas, S., Anthony, K.R.N., Marshall, P. & Oliver, J. 2004. Natural turbidity variability and weather forecasts in risk management of anthropogenic sediment discharge near sensitive environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49, 602-612.
226. Orr, J.C., Fabry, V.J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S.C., Feely, R.A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F, Key, R.M., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R.G., Planner, G., Rodgers, K.B., Sabine, C.L., Sarmiento, J.L., Schlitzer, R.,Slater, R.D., Totterdell, I.J., Weirig, M., Yamanaka, Y. & Yool, A. 2005. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437, 681-686.
227. Osenberg, C.W., Shima, J.S. & St. Mary, CM. 2006. Habitat degradation and settlement behaviour: effects on fish settlement, survival, and recruitment. Proceedings of the 10th International Coral Reef Symposium 1, 257-263.
228. Ostrander, G.K., Armstrong, K.M., Knobbe, E.T., Gerace, D. & Scully, E.P. 2000. Rapid transition in the structure of a coral reef community: the effects of coral bleaching and physical disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 5297-5302.
229. Owens, I.P.F. & Bennett, P.M. 2000. Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds: Habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 12144-12148.
230. Pandolfi, J.M., Bradbury, R.H., Sala, E., Hughes, T.P., Bjorndal, K.A. , Cooke, R.G., McArdle, D., McClenachan, L., Newman, M.J.H., Paredes, G., Warner, R.R. & Jackson, J.B.C. 2003. Global trajectories of the long- term decline of coral reef systems. Science 301, 955-958.
231. Parmesan, C. 2006. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 37, 637-669.
232. Parmesan, C. & Yohe, G. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421, 37-42.
233. Patton, W.K. 1994. Distribution and ecology of animals associated with branching corals (Acropora spp.) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Bulletin of Marine Science 55, 193-211.
234. Pelejero, C, Calvo, A., McCullock, M.T., Marshall, J.F., Gagam, M.K., Lough, J.M. & Opdyke, B.N. 2005. Pre-industrial to modern inter-decadal variability on coral reef pH. Science 309, 2204-2207.
235. Penin, L., Adjeroud, M., Schrimm, M. & Lenihan, H.S. 2007. High variability in coral bleaching around Moorea (French Polynesia): patterns across locations and water depths. Comptes Rendus Biologies 330, 171-181. (Pubitemid 46237413)
236. Perry, A.L., Low, P.J., Ellis, J.R. & Reynolds, J.D. 2005. Climate change and distribution shifts in marine fishes. Science 308, 1912-1915.
237. Pimm, S.L., Jones, H.L. & Diamond, J. 1988. On the risk of extinction. American Naturalist 132, 757-785.
238. Pitts, PA. 1991. Comparative use of food and space by three Bahamian butterflyfishes. Bulletin of Marine Science 48, 749-756.
239. Poloczanska, E.S., Babcock, R.C., Butler, A., Hobday, A.J., Hoech-Guldberg, O., Kunz, T.J., Matear, R., Milton, D., Okey, T.A. & Richardson, A.J. 2007. Climate change and Australian marine life. Oceanography and Marine Biology An Annual Review 45, 409-480.
240. Pratchett, M.S. 2001. Dynamics of outbreak populations of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci L), and their effects on coral reef ecosystems. Ph.D. thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
241. Pratchett, M.S. 2005. Dietary overlap among coral-feeding butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) at Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef. Marine Biology 148, 373-382.
242. Pratchett, M.S. 2007a. Dietary selection by coral-feeding butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 14, S161-S166.
243. Pratchett, M.S. 2007b. Feeding preferences of Acanthaster planci (L.) under controlled conditions of food availability. Pacific Science 61, 113-120
244. Pratchett, M.S., Gust, N., Goby, G. & Klanten, S.O. 2001. Consumption of coral propagules represents a significant trophic link between corals and reef fish. Coral Reefs 20, 13-17.
245. Pratchett, M.S., Wilson; S.K. & Baird, A.H. 2006. Declines in the abundance of Chaetodon butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) following extensivecoral depletion. Journal of Fish Biology 69, 1269-1280.
246. Pratchett, M.S., Wilson, S.K., Berumen, M.L. & McCormick, M.I. 2004. Sub-lethal effects of coral bleaching on an obligate coral feeding butterflyfish. Coral Reefs 23, 352-356.
247. Pratchett, M.S., Wilson, S.K., Graham, N.A.J., Munday, P.L., Jones, G.P. & Polunin, N.V.C. 2008. Multi- scale temporal effects of climate-induced coral bleaching on motile reef organisms. In Coral Bleaching: Patterns and Processes, Causes and Consequences, M. van Oppen & J.M. Lough (eds). New York: Springer, in press.
248. Purvis, A., Gittleman, J.L., Cowlishaw, G. & Mace, G.M. 2000 Predicting extinction risk in declining species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267, 1947-1952.
249. Randall, J.E. 1974. The effect of fishes on coral reefs. Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium 1, 166-169.
250. Randall, J.E., Allen, G.R. & Steene, R.C. 1997. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Bathurst, Australia: Crawford House.
251. Riegl, B. & Piller, W.E. 2003. Possible refugia for reefs in times of environmental stress. International Journal of Earth Science 92, 520-531.
252. Risk, M.J. 1972. Fish diversity on a coral reef in the Virgin Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 153, 1-6.
253. Roberts, CM., Andelman, S., Branch, G., Bustamante, R.H., Castilla, J.C., Dugan, J., Halpern, B.S., Lafferty, K.D., Leslie, H., Lubchenco, J., McArdle, D., Possingham, H.P., Ruckelshaus, M. & Warner, R.R. 2003. Ecological criteria for evaluating candidate sites for marine reserves. Ecological Applications 13, S199-S214.
254. Roberts, CM., McClean, C.J., Veron, J.E.N., Hawkins, J.P., Allen, G.R., McAllister, D.E., Mittermeier, C.G., Schueler, F.W., Spalding, M., Wells, E, Vynne, C. & Werner, T.B. 2002. Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295, 1280-1284.
255. Roberts, CM., Ormond, R.F.G. & Shepherd, A.R.D. 1988. The usefulness of butterflyfishes as environmental indicators on coral reefs. Proceedings of the Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium 2, 331-336.
256. Roessig, J.M., Woodley, CM., Cech, J.J. & Hansen, L.J. 2004. Effects of global climate change on marine and estuarine fishes and fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14, 251-275.
257. Russ, G.R. 2002. Marine reserves as reef fisheries management tools: yet another review. In Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem, P.F. Sale (cd.). San Diego, California: Academic Press, 421-444.
258. Sadovy, Y.J. 2005. Humphead wrasse listed on CITES. SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin 13, 42-43.
259. Sadovy, Y.J. & Vincent, A.C.J. 2002. Ecological issues and the trades in live reef fishes. In: Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem, P. F. Sale (ed.). San Diego, California: Academic Press, 391-340.
260. Saji, N.H., Goswami, B.N., Vinayachandran, P.N. & Yamagata, T. 1999. A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature 401, 360-363.
261. Sale, P.F. 1971. Extremely limited home range in a coral reef fish, Dascyllus aruanus (Pisces: Pomacentridae). Copeia 1971, 325-327.
262. Sale, P.F. 1972. Influence of corals in the dispersion of the pomacentrid fish, Dascyllus aruanus. Ecology 53, 741-744.
263. Sale, P.F. 1991. Habitat structure and recruitment in coral reef fishes. In Habitat Structure, the Physical Arrangement of Objects in Space, S.S. Bell et aL. (eds). London: Chapman & Hall, 197-210.
264. Sale, P.F. & Dybdahl, R. 1975. Determinants of community structure for coral reef fishes at settlement. Ecology 56, 1343-1355.
265. Sale, P.F., Guy, J.A. & Steel, W.J. 1994. Ecological structure of assemblages of coral reef fishes on isolated patch reefs. Oecologia 98, 83-99.
266. Salm, R. V., Done, T. & McLeod, E. 2006. Marine protected area planning in a changing climate. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 61, 207-221.
267. Samways, M.J. 2005. Breakdown of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) territories associated with the onset of a mass coral bleaching event. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15, S101-S107.
268. Sano, M. 1989. Feeding habits of Japanese butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 25, 195-203.
269. Sano, M. 2004. Short-term effects of a mass coral bleaching event on a reef fish assemblage at Iriomote island, Japan. Fisheries Science 70, 41-46.
270. Sano, M., Shimizu, M. & Nose, Y. 1984. Changes in structure of coral-reef fish communities by destruction of hermatypic corals - observational and experimental views. Pacific Science 38, 51-79.
271. Sano, M., Shimizu, M. & Nose, Y. 1987. Long-term effects of destruction of hermatypic corals by Acanthaster planci infestation on reef fish communities at Iriomote Island, Japan. Marine Ecology Progress Series 37, 191-199.
272. Schmitt, R.J. & Holbrook, S.J. 2000. Habitat-limited recruitment of coral reef damselfish. Ecology 81, 3479-3494.
273. Schoener, T.W. 1974. Resource partitioning in ecological communities. Science 185, 27-39.
274. Sepkoski, J.J., Jr. 1998. Rates of speciation in the fossil record. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London 5353, 315-326.
275. Sheppard, C, Dixon, D., Gourlay, M., Sheppard, A. & Payet, R. 2005. Coral mortality increases wave energy reaching shores protected by reef flats: examples from the Seychelles. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 64, 223-234.
276. Sheppard, C.R.C. 2003. Predicted recurrences of mass coral mortality in the Indian Ocean. Nature 425, 294-297.
277. Sheppard, C.R.C, Spalding, S., Bradshaw, C. & Wilson, S. 2002. Erosion vs. recovery of coral reefs after 1998 El Nino: Chagos reefs, Indian Ocean. Ambio 31, 40-48.
278. Shibuno, T., Hashimoto, K., Abe, O. & Takada, Y. 1999. Short-term changes in structure of a fish community following coral bleaching at Ishigaki Island, Japan. Galaxea 1, 51-58.
279. Shokri, M.R., Fatemi, S.M.R. & Crosby, M.P. 2005. The status of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) in the northern Persian Gulf, I.R. Iran. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15, S91-S99.
280. Smith, L.W., Barshis, D. & Birkeland, C. 2007. Phenotypic plasticity for skeletal growth, density and calcification of Pontes lobata in response to habitat type. Coral Reefs 26, 559-567.
281. Smith, S.V. & Buddemeier, R.W. 1992. Global change and coral reef ecosystems. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 23, 89-118.
282. Soong, K. & Lang, J.C 1992. Reproductive integration in reef corals. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole) 183, 418-431.
283. Spalding, M.D. & Jarvis, G.E. 2002. The impact of the 1998 coral mortality on reef fish communities in the Seychelles. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, 309-321.
284. Spalding, M.D., Ravilious, C. & Green, E.P. 2001. World Atlas of Coral Reefs. Berkeley: University of California Press.
285. Spurgeon, J.P.G. & Lindahl, U. 2000. Economics of reef restoration. In Collected Essays on the Economics of Coral Reefs, H.S.J. Cesar (ed.). Kalmar, Sweden: Cordio, 125-136.
286. Srinivasan, M. 2007. Recruitment in time and space: the dynamics and structure of fish communities on a lowlatitude coral reef. Ph.D. thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
287. Steele, J.H. 1991. Marine functional diversity. Bioscience 41, 470-474.
288. Stone, L., Huppert, A., Rajagopalan, B., Bhasin, H. & Loya, Y. 1999. Mass coral reef bleaching: a recent out come of increased El Nino activity? Ecology Letters 2, 325-330.
289. Sweatman, H.P.A. 1985. The timing of settlement by larval Dascyllus aruanus: some consequences for larval habitat selection. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress 5, 367-371.
290. Sweatman, H.P.A. 1988. Field evidence that settling coral reef fish larvae detect resident fishes using dissolved chemical cues. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 124, 163-174.
291. Syms, C. 1998. Disturbance and the structure of coral reef fish communities on the reef slope. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 230, 151-167.
292. Syms, C. & Jones, G.P. 2000. Disturbance, habitat structure, and the dynamics of a coral-reef fish community. Ecology 81, 2714-2729.
293. Thomas, CD., Cameron, A., Green, R.E., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L.J., Collingham, Y.C. Erasmus, B.F.N., de Siqueira, M.F., Grainger, A., Hannah, L., Hughes, L., Huntley, B., van Jaarsveld, A.S., Midgley, G.F., Miles, L., Ortega-Huerta, M.A., Townsend Peterson, T., Phillips, O.L. & Williams, S.E. 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427, 145-147.
294. Thompson, V.J., Munday, P.L. & Jones, G.P. 2007. Habitat patch size and mating system as determinants of social group size in coral-dwelling fishes. Coral Reefs 26, 165-174.
295. Tilman, D. 2000. Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. Nature 405, 208-211.
296. Tilman, D. & Downing, J.A. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367, 363-365.
297. Tissot, B.N. & Hallacher, L.E. 2003. Effects of aquarium collectors on coral reef fishes in Kona, Hawaii. Conservation Biology 17, 1759-1768.
298. Tolimieri, N. 1995. Effects of microhabitat characteristics on the settlement and recruitment of a coral reef fish at two spatial scales. Oecologia 102, 52-63.
299. Tricas, T.C. 1985. The economics of foraging in coral-feeding butterflyfishes of Hawaii. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress 5, 409-414.
300. Tricas, T.C. 1989. Determinants of feeding territory size in the corallivorous butterfly fish, Chaetodon multicinctus. Animal Behaviour 37, 830-841.
301. Tsuchiya, M., Yamauchi, Y., Moretzsohn, F. & Tsukiji, M. 1992. Species composition and some population traits of obligate symbiotic xanthid crabs, Trapezia and Tetralia, associated with bleached corals. Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium 1, 56-63.
302. Tyler, J.C. 1971. Habitat preferences of the fishes that dwell in shrub corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 123, 1-26.
303. Uyarra, M.C., Côté, I.M., Gill, J.A., Tinch, R.R.T., Viner, D. & Watkinson, A. 2005. Island-specific preferences of tourists for environmental features: implications of climate change for tourism-dependent states. Environmental Conservation 31, 1-9.
304. Walsh, K. 2004. Tropical cyclones and climate change: unresolved issues. Climate Research 27, 78-83.
305. Walsh, W.J. 1983. Stability of a coral reef fish community following a catastrophic storm. Coral Reefs 2, 49-63.
306. Walther, G.R., Berger, S. & Sykes, M.T. 2005. An ecological 'footprint' of climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 272, 1427-1432.
307. Walther, G.R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menze, A., Parmesan, C, Beebee, T.J.C., Fromentin, J.M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. & Bairlein, F. 2002. Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416, 389-395.
308. Warner, R.R. & Hughes, T.P. 1988. The population dynamics of reef fishes. Proceedings of the Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium 1, 149-155.
309. Webster, M.S. 2002. Role of predators in the early post-settlement demography of coral-reef fishes. Oecologia 131, 52-60.
310. Webster, P.J., Holland, G.J., Curry, J.A. & Chang, H. 2005. Changes in tropical cyclone number and intensity in a warming environment. Science 309, 844-1846.
311. West, J.M. & Salm, R.V. 2003. Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: Implications for coral reef conservation and management. Conservation Biology 17, 956-957.
312. Westmacott, S., Cesar, H., Pet-Soede, L. & Linden, O. 2000a. Coral bleaching in the Indian Ocean: socioeconomic assessment of effects. In Collected Essays on the Economics of Coral Reefs, H. Cesar (ed.). Kalmar, Sweden: Cordio, 94-106.
313. Westmacott, S., Teleki, K., Wells, S.M. & West, J. 2000b. Management of Bleached and Severely Damaged Coral Reefs. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
314. Wild, C, Huettel, M, Klueter, A., Kremb, S.G., Rasheed, M.Y.M. and Jørgensen, B.B. 2004. Coral mucus functions as an energy carrier and particle trap in the reef ecosystem. Nature 428, 66-70.
315. Wilkinson, C. 1998. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 1998. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
316. Wilkinson, C.R. 1999. Global and local threats to coral reef functioning and existence: review and predictions. Marine and Freshwater Research 8, 867-878.
317. Wilkinson, C.R. 2000a. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
318. Wilkinson, C.R. 2000b. World-wide coral reef bleaching and mortality during 1998: a global climate change warning for the new millennium? In Seas at the Millennium: An Environmental Evaluation. 3. Global Issues and Processes, C.R.C. Sheppard (ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 43-57.
319. Wilkinson, C.R. 2004. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2004. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
320. Williams, D.M. 1986. Temporal variation in the structure of reef slope fish communities (central Great Barrier Reef): short term effects of Acanthaster planci infestation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 28, 157-164.
321. Williams, E.H., Jr. & Bunkley-Williams, L. 1990. The world-wide coral reef bleaching cycle and related sources of coral mortality. Atoll Research Bulletin 335, 1-71.
322. Williams, I.D., Polunin, N.V.C. & Hendrick, V.J. 2001. Limits to grazing by herbivorous fishes and the impact of low coral cover on macroalgal abundance on a coral reef in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series 222, 187-196.
323. Williams, S.E., Bolitho, E.E. & Fox, S. 2003. Climate change in Australian tropical rainforests: an impending environmental catastrophe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270, 1887-1892.
324. Williams, Y.M., Williams, S.E., Alford, R.A., Waycott, M. & Johnson, C.N. 2006. Niche breadth and geographical range: ecological compensation for geographical rarity in rainforest frogs. Biology Letters 2, 532-535.
325. Wilson, S.K., Bellwood, D.R., Choat, J.H. & Furnas, M. 2003. Detritus in the epilithic algal matrix and its use by coral reef fishes. Oceanography and Marine Biology An Annual Review 41, 279-309.
326. Wilson, S.K., Graham, N.A.J. & Polunin, N.V.C. 2007. Appraisal of visual assessments of habitat complexity and benthic composition on coral reefs. Marine Biology 151, 1069-1076.
327. Wilson, S.K., Graham, N.A.J., Pratchett, M.S., Jones, G.P. & Polunin, N.V.C. 2006. Multiple disturbances and the global degradation of coral reefs: are reef fishes at risk or resilient? Global Change Biology 12, 2220-2234.
328. Wong, M., Munday, P.L. & Jones, G.P. 2005. Habitat patch size, facultative monogamy and sex change in a coral-dwelling reef fish. Environmental Biology of Fishes 74, 141-150.
329. Wood, E. 2004. Global advances in conservation and management of marine ornamental resources. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3, 65-77.
330. Zekeria, Z.A., Dawit, Y., Ghebremedhin, S., Naser, M. & Videler, J.J. 2002. Resource partitioning among four butterflyfish species in the Red Sea. Marine and Freshwater Research 53, 163-168.