Second Giessen International Workshop on Interactions of Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreatic Diseases

Journal of the Pancreas

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 541-575

  Andréen Sandberg, Åke ^a   Hardt, Philip D ^b  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL GIESSEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Autoimmunity; Congresses as topic; Diabetes mellitus; Exocrine; Islets of langerhans; Pancreas; Pancreatitis

Indexed keywords

ALOGLIPTIN; AMYLASE; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; CARBOXYL ESTER LIPASE; CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTOR; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE; GENE PRODUCT; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; GLYCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 1BETA; INCRETIN; INSULIN; PANCREAS POLYPEPTIDE; PROTEIN IPF 1; PROTEIN KINASE R; PROTEIN PTF 1 A; SAXAGLIPTIN; SITAGLIPTIN; SOMATOMEDIN B; SOMATOSTATIN; TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VILDAGLIPTIN;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; AUTOIMMUNITY; CELIAC DISEASE; CHOLELITHIASIS; CHRONIC PANCREATITIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIABETES CONTROL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC MICROANGIOPATHY; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DNA SYNTHESIS; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC DISORDER; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENOMICS; GLUCAGON RELEASE; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE INHIBITION; HUMAN; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INSULIN DEFICIENCY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RELEASE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; PANCREAS EXOCRINE INSUFFICIENCY; PANCREAS INJURY; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PANCREAS RESECTION; PANCREAS TUMOR; PANCREATITIS; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PHASIC INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PREVALENCE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; SOMATOSTATIN BLOOD LEVEL; STEATORRHEA; VIRUS INFECTION;

AGED; ALCOHOL DRINKING; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET THERAPY; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GERMANY; HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 1-BETA; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INCRETINS; ISLETS OF LANGERHANS; JAPAN; LIPASE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MUTATION; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PANCREAS, EXOCRINE; PANCREATIC DISEASES; PREVALENCE; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 48949102366     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15908577     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (217)

1. Andren-Sandberg A, Hardt PD. Giessen international workshop on interactions of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic diseases. Castle of Rauischholzhausen of the Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany. March 18-19, 2005. JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2005; 6:382-405.
2. Lifson N, Kramlinger KG, Mayrand RR, Lender EJ. Blood flow to the rabbit pancreas with special reference to the islets of Langerhans. Gastroenterology 1980; 79:466-73.
3. Bertelli E, Bendayan M. Association between endocrine pancreas and ductal system. More than an epiphenomenon of endocrine differentiation and development? J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 53:1071-86.
4. Henderson JR, Daniel PM, Fraser PA. The pancreas as a single organ: the influence of the endocrine upon the exocrine part of the gland. Gut 1981; 22:158-67.
5. Greenberg GR, Mitznegg P, Bloom SR. Effect of pancreatic polypeptide on DNA-synthesis in the pancreas. Experientia 1977; 33:1332-3.
6. Salter JM, Davidson IW, Best CH. The pathologic effects of large amounts of glucagon. Diabetes 1957; 6:248-52.
7. Korc M, Owerbach D, Quinto C, Rutter WJ. Pancreatic islet-acinar cell interaction: amylase messenger RNA levels ar determined by insulin. Science 1981; 213:351-3.
8. Maclean N, Ogilvie RF. Observations on the pancreatic islet tissue of young diabetic subjects. Diabetes 1959; 8:83-91.
9. Gepts W. Pathologic anatomy of the pancreas in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1965; 14:619-33.
10. Rahier J, Wallon J, Loozen S, Lefevre A, Gepts W, Haot J. The pancreatic polypeptide cells in the human pancreas: the effects of age and diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 56:441-4.
11. Le Compte PM, Gepts W. The pathology of juvenile diabetes. In: Volk BW, Wellmann KF (eds). The diabetic pancreas. NY, Plenum Press, 1977:325-63.
12. Foulis AK, Stewart JA. The pancreas in recent-onset type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: insulin content of islets, insulitis and associated changes in the exocrine acinar tissue. Diabetologia 1984; 26:456-61.
13. Hardt PD, Hauenschild A, Nalop J, Marzeion AM, Jaeger C, Teichmann J, et, al. High prevalence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in diabetes mellitus. A multicenter study screening fecal elastase 1 concentrations in 1,021 diabetic patients. Pancreatology 2003; 3:395-402.
14. Cavalot F, Bonomo K, Perna P, Bacillo E, Salacone P, Gallo M, et al. Pancreatic elastase-1 in stools, a marker of exocrine pancreas function, correlates with both residual beta-cell secretion and metabolic control in type 1 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:2052-4.
15. Rathmann W, Haastert B, Icks A, Giani G, Hennings S, Mitchell J, et al. Low faccal elastase 1 concentrations in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36:1056-61.
16. Hardt PD, Hauenschild A, Jaeger C, Teichmann J, Bretzel RG, Kloer HU, et al. High prevalence of steatorrhea in 101 diabetic patients likely to suffer from exocrine pancreatic insufficiency according to low fecal elastase 1 concentrations: a prospective multicenter study. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48:1688-92.
17. Cavalot F, Bonomo K, Fiora E, Bacillo E, Salacone P, Chirio M, et al. Does pancreatic elastase-1 in stools predict steatorrhea in type 1 diabetes? Diabetes Care 2006 29:719-21.
18. Dooley CP, Bargen JA, Bellman JL, et al. The "diarrhea of diabetes" and steatorrhea of pancreatic insufficiency. Mayo Clin Proc 1936; 11:737-42.
19. Bytzer P, Talley NJ, Leemon M, Young LJ, Jones MP, Horowitz M. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with diabetes mellitas: a population-based survey of 15,000 adults. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:1989-96.
20. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of longterm complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:977-86.
21. Tesfaye S, Stevens LK, Stephenson JM, Fuller JH, Plater M, Ionescu-Tirgoviste C, et al. Prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its relation to glycaemic control and potential risk factors: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications , Study. Diabetologia 1996; 39:1377-84.
22. Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SE, Ward JD, Manes C, Ionescu-Tirgovisto C, et al. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:341-50.
23. Holmes GK. Coeliac disease and Type 1 diabetes mellitus - the case for screening. Diabet Med 2001; 18:169-77.
24. Sanders DS, Patel D, Stephenson TJ, Ward AM, McCloskey EV, Hadjivassiliou M, Lobo AJ. A primary care cross-sectional study of undiagnosed adult coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15:407-13.
25. Dreiling DA. The pancreatic secretion in the malabsorption syndrome and related malnutrition states. J Mt Sinai Hosp NY 1957; 24:243-50.
26. DiMagno EP, Go WL, Summerskill WH. Impaired cholecystokinin-pancreozymin secretion, intraluminal dilution, and maldigestion of fat in sprue. Gastroenterology 1972; 63:25-32.
27. Deprez P, Sempoux C, Van Beers BE, Jouret A, Robert A, Rahier J, et al. Persistent decreased plasma cholecystokinin levels in celiac patients under gluten-free diet: respective roles of histological changes and nutrient hydrolysis. Regul Pept 2002; 110:55-63.
28. Wahab PJ, Hopman WP, Jansen JB. Basal and fat-stimulated plasma peptide YY levels in celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46:2504-9.
29. Carroccio A, Iacono G, Montalto G, Cavataio F, Lorello D, Soresi M, et al. Pancreatic insufficiency in celiac disease is not dependent on nutritional status. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39:2235-42.
30. Leeds JS, Hopper AD, Hurlstone DP, Edwards SJ, McAlindon ME, Lobo AJ, et al. Is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in adult coeliac disease a cause of persisting symptoms? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25:265-71.
31. Williams JA, Goldfine ID. The insulin-pancreatic acinar axis. Diabetes 1985; 34:980-6.
32. Korc M. Islet growth factors: curing diabetes and preventing chronic pancreatitis? J Clin Invest 1993; 92:11134.
33. Lazarus SS, Volk BW. Pancreas in maturity-onset diabetes. Pathogenetic considerations. Arch Pathol 1961; 71:44-59.
34. Adler G, Kern HF. Regulation of exocrine pancreatic secretory process by insulin in vivo. Horm Metab Res 1975; 7:290-6.
35. el Newihi H, Dooley CP, Saad C, Staples J, Zeidler A, Valenzuela JE. Impaired exocrine pancreatic function in diabetics with diarrhea and peripheral neuropathy. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33:705-10.
36. Warren S, LeCompte PM. The Pathology of Diabetes Mellitus. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lea and Iger, 1952.
37. Vacca JB, Henke WJ, Knight WA Jr. The exocrine pancreas in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1964; 61:242-7.
38. Volk W, Lazarus SS. The effect of various diabetogenic hormones on the structure of the rabbit pancreas. Am J Pathol 1958; 34:121-35.
39. Dyck WP, Rudick J, Hoexter B, Janowitz HD. Influence of glucagon on pancreatic exocrine secretion. Gastroenterology 1969; 56:531-7.
40. Unger RH, Aguilar-Parada E, Müller WA, Eisentraut AM. Studies of pancreatic alpha cell function in normal and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 1970; 49:837-48.
41. Patel YC, Weir GC. Increased somatostatin content of islets from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1976; 5:191-4.
42. Gamble DR. Viral and epidemiological studies. Proc R Soc Med 1975; 68:256-8.
43. Sanvito F, Nichols A, Herrera PL, Huarte J, Wohlwend A, Vassalli JD, Orci L. TGF-beta 1 overexpression in murine pancreas induces chronic pancreatitis and, together with TNF-alpha, triggers insulin-dependent diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 217:1279-86.
44. Mally MI, Cirulli V, Hayek A, Otonkoski T. ICA69 is expressed equally in the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Diabetologia 1996; 39:474-80.
45. Kobayashi T, Nakanishi K, Kajio H, Morinaga S, Sugimoto T, Murase T, Kosaka K. Pancreatic cytokeratin: an antigen of pancreatic exocrine cell autoantibodies in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1990; 33:363-70.
46. Taniguchi T, Okazaki K, Okamoto M, Seko S, Tanaka J, Uchida K, et al. High prevalence of autoantibodies against carbonic anhydrase II and lactoferrin in type 1 diabetes: concept of autoimmune exocrinopathy and endocrinopathy of the pancreas. Pancreas 2003; 27:26-30.
47. Raeder H, Johansson S, Holm PI, Haldorsen IS, Mas E, Sbarra V, et al. Mutations in the CEL VNTR cause a syndrome of diabetes and pancreatic exocrine dysfunction. Nat Genet 2006; 38:54-62.
48. Chey WY, Shay H, Shuman CR. External pancreatic secretion in diabetes mellittis. Ann Intern Med 1963; 59:812-21.
49. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997; 20:1183-97.
50. Alberti KGMM. Diabetes secondary to pancreatopathy: an example of brittle diabetes. In: Tiengo A, Alberti KGMM, DelPrato S, Vranic M, eds. Diabetes Secondary to Pancreatopathy International Congress Series 762. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:Excerpta Medica, 1988.
51. Günther O. Zur Ätiologie des Diabetes mellitus. Berlin, Germany:Akademie-Verlag, 1961.
52. Okuno G, Oki A, Kawakami F, Doi K, Baba S. Prevalence and clinical features of diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis in Japan; a study by questionnaire. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1990; 10:65-71.
53. Warren KW, Fallis LS, Barron J. Acute pancreatitis and diabetes. Ann Surg 1950; 132:1103-10.
54. Scuro LA. Clinical classification of pancreatitis. Ric Clin Lab 1984; 14:361-5.
55. Bank S, Marks IN, Vinik AI. Clinical and hormonal aspects of pancreatic diabetes. Am J Gastroenterol 1975; 64:13-22.
56. Gullo L, Fontana G, Costa PL, Bolondi L, Ventrucci M, Caletti GC, et al. Etiopathogenetic aspects of chronic pancreatitis. Minerva Med 1977; 68:2057-61.
57. Andersen BN, Pedersen NT, Scheel J, Worning H. Incidence of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis in Copenhagen. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982; 17:247-52.
58. Lankisch PG, Assmus C, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB. Epidemiology of pancreatic diseases in Lüneburg County. A study in a defined german population. Pancreatology 2002; 2:469-77.
59. Rothenbacher D, Löw M, Hardt PD, Klör HU, Ziegler H, Brenner H. Prevalence and determinants of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency among older adults: results of a population-based study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40:697-704.
60. Blumenthal HT, Probstein JG, Berns AW. Interrelationship of Diabetes Mellitusa and Pancreatitis. Arch Surg 1963; 87:844-50.
61. Olsen TS. The incidence and clinical relevance of chronic inflammation in the pancreas in autopsy material. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [A] 1978; 86A:361-5.
62. Stoffers DA, Zinkin NT, Stanojevic V, Clarke WL, Habener JF. Pancreatic agenesis attributable to a single nucleotide deletion in the human IPF1 gene coding sequence. Nat Genet 1997; 15:106-10.
63. Bellanné-Chantelot C, Chauveau D, Gautier JF, Dubois-Laforgue D, Clauin S, Beaufils S, et al. Clinical spectrum associated with hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta mutations. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140:510-7.
64. Sellick GS, Barker KT, Stolte-Dijkstra I, Fleischmann C, Coleman RJ, Garrett C, et al. Mutations in PTF1A cause pancreatic and cerebellar agenesis. Nat Genet 2004; 36:1301-5.
65. Delépine M, Nicolino M, Barrett T, Golamaully M, Lathrop GM, Julier C. EIF2AK3, encoding translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, is mutated in patients with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome. Nat Genet 2000; 25:406-9.
66. Senée V, Vattern KM, Delépine M, Rainbow LA, Haton C, Lecoq A, et al. Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome: clinical, genetic, and functional study of EIF2AK3 mutations and suggestion of genetic heterogeneity. Diabetes 2004; 53:1876-83.
67. Henderson JR. Why are the islets of Langerhans? Lancet 1969; 2:469-70.
68. Vesterhus M, Raeder H, Johansson S, Molven A, Njølstad PR. Pancreatic exocrine dysfunction in maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:306-10.
69. Icks A, Haastert B, Giani G, Rathmann W. Low fecal elastasc-1 in type I diabetes mellitus. Z Gastroenterol 2001; 39:823-30.
70. Stormon MO, Durie PR. Pathophysiologic basis of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction in childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 35:8-21.
71. Lanng S, Hansen A, Thorsteinsson B, Nerup J, Koch C. Glucose tolerance in patients with cystic fibrosis: five year prospective study. BMJ 1995; 311:655-9.
72. Heremans Y, Van De Casteele M, in't Veld P, Gradwohl G, Serup P, Madsen O, et al. Recapitulation of embryonic neuroendocrine differentiation in adult human pancreatic duct cells expressing neurogenin 3. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:303-12.
73. Street CN, Lakey JR, Shapiro AM, Imes S, Rajotte RV, Ryan EA, et al. Islet graft assessment in the Edmonton Protocol: implications for predicting longterm clinical outcome. Diabetes 2004; 53:3107-14.
74. Zhao M, Amiel SA, Christie MR, Rela M, Heaton N, Huang GC. Insulin-producing cells derived from human pancreatic non-endocrine cell cultures reverse streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia in mice. Diabetologia 2005; 48:2051-61.
75. Todorov I, Omori K, Pascual M, Rawson J, Nair I, Valiente L, et al. Generation of human islets through expansion and differentiation of non-islet pancreatic cells discarded (pancreatic discard) after islet isolation. Pancreas 2006; 32:130-8.
76. Hao E, Tyrberg B, Itkin-Ansari P, Lakey JR, Geron I, Monosov EZ, et al. Beta-cell differentiation from nonendocrine epithelial cells of the adult human pancreas. Nat Med 2006; 12:310-6.
77. Hui H, Wright C, Perfetti R. Glucagon-like peptide 1 induces differentiation of islet duodenal homeobox-1-positive pancreatic ductal cells into insulin-secreting cells. Diabetes 2001; 50:785-96.
78. Horb MEE, Shen CN, Tosh D, Slack JM. Experimental conversion of liver to pancreas. Curr Biol 2003; 13:105-15.
79. Kojima I. Organogenesis and regeneration of pancreas. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2000; 45:2243-9.
80. Cheung AT, Dayanandan B, Lewis JT, Korbutt GS, Rajotte RV, Bryer-Ash M, et al. Glucose-dependent insulin release from genetically engineered K cells. Science 2000; 290:1959-62.
81. Wang RN, Klöppel G, Bouwens L. Duct- to islet-cell differentiation and islet growth in the pancreas of duct-ligated adult rats. Diabetologia 1995; 38:1405-11.
82. Bouwens L, Pipeleers DG. Extra-insular beta cells associated with ductules are frequent in adult human pancreas. Diabetologia 1998; 41:629-33.
83. Cawley T. A singular case of diabetes, consisting entirely in the quality of the urine; with an inquiry into the different theories of that disease. London Medical J, 1788; 9:286-308.
84. Klöppel G, Bommer G, Commandeur G, Heitz P. The endocrine pancreas in chronic pancreatitis. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 1978; 377:157-74.
85. Larsen S. Diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis. Dan Med Bull 1993; 40:153-62.
86. Sjoberg RJ, Kidd GS. Pancreatic diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1989; 12:715-24.
87. Larsen S, Hilsted J, Philipsen EK, Tronier B, Christensen NJ, Damkjaer Nielsen M, Worning H. Glucose counterregulation in diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis. Metabolism 1990; 39:138-43.
88. Ebert R, Creutzfeldt W. Reversal of impaired GIP and insulin secretion in patients with pancreatogenic steatorrhea following enzyme substitution. Diabetologia 1980; 19:198-204.
89. Andersen DK. Mechanisms and emerging treatments of the metabolic complications of chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 2007; 35:1-15.
90. Sjoberg RJ, Kidd GS. Pancreatic diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1989; 12:715-24.
91. Lankisch PG, Nauck M. Diabetes und chronische Pankreatitis: Wann, wie oft und wie zu therapieren? Dtsch Arztebl 2000; 97:A-1894/B-1627/ C-1511.
92. Lankisch PG, Löhr-Happe A, Otto J, Creutzfeldt W. Natural course in chronic pancreatitis. Pain, exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency and prognosis of the disease. Digestion 1993; 54:148-55.
93. Linde J, Nilsson LH, Barany FR. Diabetes and hypoglycemia in chronic pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1977; 12:369-73.
94. Jethwa P, Sodergren M, Lala A, Webber J, Buckels JA, Bramhall SR, Mirza DF. Diabetic control after total pancreatectomy. Dig Liver Dig 2006; 38:415-9.
95. O'Keefe SJ, Cariem AK, Levy M. The exacerbation of pancreatic endocrine dysfunction by potent pancreatic exocrine supplements in patients with chronic pancreatifis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 32:319-23.
96. Mohan V, Poongothai S, Pitchumoni CS. Oral pancreatic enzyme therapy in the control of diabetes mellitus in tropical calculous pancreatitis. Int J Pancreatol 1998; 24:19-22.
97. Glasbrenner B, Malfertheiner P, Kerner W, Scherbaum WA, Ditschuneit,H. Effect of pancreatin on diabetes mellitus in chronic pancreatitis. Z Gastroenterol 1990; 28:275-9.
98. Teichmann J, Mann ST, Stracke H, Lange U, Hardt PD, Klör HU, Bretzel RG. Alterations of vitamin D3 metabolism in young women with various grades of chronic pancreatitis. Eur J Med Res 2007; 12:347-50.
99. Vilsbøll T, Agersø H, Krarup T, Holst JJ. Similar elimination rates of glucagon-like peptide-1 in obese type 2 diabetic patients and healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:220-4.
100. Knop FK, Vilsbøll T, Larsen S, Højberg PV, Vølund A, Madsbad S, et al. Increased postprandial responses of GLP-1 and GIP in patients with chronic pancreatitis and steatorrhea following pancreatic enzyme substitution. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E324-30.
101. Knop FK, Vilsbøll T, Højberg PV, Larsen S, Madsbad S, Vølund A, et al. Reduced incretin effect in type 2 diabetes: cause or consequence of the diabetic state? Diabetes 2007; 56:1951-9.
102. Knop FK, Vilsbøll T, Højberg PV, Larsen S, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, Krarup T. The insulinotropic effect of GIP is impaired in patients with chronic pancreatitis and secondary diabetes mellitus as compared to patients with chronic pancreatitis - and normal glucose tolerance. Regul Pept 2007; 144:123-30.
103. Mentlein R, Gallwitz B, Schmidt WE. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV hydrolyses gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide, peptide histidine methionine and is responsible for their degradation in human serum. Eur J Biochem 1993; 214:829-35.
104. Gallwitz B, Witt M, Paetzold G, Morys-Wortmann C, Zimmermann B, Eckart K, et al. Structure/activity characterization of glucagon-like peptide-1. Eur J Biochem 1994; 225:1151-6.
105. Evans DM. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. IDrugs 2002; 5:577-85.
106. Drucker DJ. Therapeutic potential of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 12:87-100.
107. Rasmussen HB, Branner S, Wiberg FC, Wagtmann N. Crystal structure of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26 in complex with a substrate analog. Nat Struct Biol 2003; 10:19-25.
108. Barnett A. DPP-4 inhibitors and their potential role in the management of type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract 2006; 60:1454-70.
109. Iglesias-Garcia J, Abdulkader I, Lariǹo-Noia J, Forteza J, Dominguez-Muǹoz JE. Histological evaluation of chronic pancreatitis by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy. Gut 2006; 55:1661-2.
110. Smith RC, Talley NJ, Dent OF, Jones M, Waller SL. Exocrine pancreatic function and chronic unexplained dyspepsia. A case-control study. Int J Pancreatol 1991; 8:253-62.
111. Giovannini M, Pesenti Ch, Bories E, Caillol F. Interventional EUS: difficult pancreaticobiliary access. Endoscopy 2006; 38:S93-5.
112. Lee YT, Lai AC, Hui Y, Wu JC, Leung VK, Chan FK, et al. EUS in the management of uninvestigated dyspepsia. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56:842-8.
113. Lévy P, Barthet M, Mollard BR, Amouretti M, Marion-Audibert AM, Dyard F, Estimation of the prevalence and incidence of chronic pancreatitis and its complications. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2006; 30:838-44.
114. Kamisawa T, Yoshiike M, Egawa N, Nakajima H, Tsuruta K, Okamoto A, Nakamura T. Chronic pancreatitis in the elderly in Japan. Pancreatology 2004; 4:223-7.
115. Jesnowski R, Fürst D, Ringel J, Chen Y, Schrödel A, Kleeff J, et al. Immortalization of pancreatic stellate cells as an in vitro model of pancreatic fibrosis: deactivation is induced by matrigel and Nacetylcysteine. Lab Invest 2005; 85:1276-91.
116. Trautmann B, Schlitt HJ, Hahn EG, Löhr M. Isolation, culture, and characterization of human pancreatic duct cells. Pancreas 1993; 8:248-54.
117. Emmrich J, Weber I, Nausch M, Sparmann G, Koch K, Seyfarth M, et al. Immunohistochemical characterization of the pancreatic cellular infiltrate in normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. Digestion 1998; 59:192-8.
118. LöhrM, Fischer B, Weber H, Emmrich J,Nizze H, Liebe S, Klöppel G. Release of hyaluronan and laminin into pancreatic secretions. Digestion 1999; 60:48-65.
119. Fehring V, Wandschneider S, Löhr M. Physical markers for landmarking fluorescently stained gels that facilitate automated spot-picking. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2903-7.
120. Wandschneider S, Fehring V, Jacobs-Emeis S, Thiesen HJ, Löhr M. Autoimmune pancreatic disease: preparation of pancreatic juice for proteome analysis. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:4383-90.
121. Hruban RH, Wilentz RE, Kern SE. Genetic progression in the pancreatic ducts. Am J Pathol 2000; 156:1821-5.
122. Ito D, Fujimoto K, Doi R, Koizumi M, Toyoda E, Mori T, et al. Chronic exposure of transforming growth factor beta 1 confers a more aggressive tumor phenotype through downregulation of p2l(WAF1/CIP1) in conditionally immortalized pancreatic epithelial cells. Surgery 2004; 136:364-74.
123. Löhr M, Klöppel G, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB, Lüttges J. Frequency of K-ras mutations in pancreatic intraductal neoplasias associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Neoplasia 2005; 7:17-23.
124. Löhr M, Müller P, Mora J, Brinkmann B, Ostwald C, Farré A, et al. p53 and K-ras mutations in pancreatic juice samples from patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53:734-43.
125. Löhr M, Klöppel G. Residual insulin positivity and pancreatic atrophy in relation to duration of chronic type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and microangiopathy. Diabetologia 1987; 30:757-62.
126. Laugier R, Bernard JP, Berthezene P, Dupuy P. Changes in pancreatic exocrine secretion with age: pancreatic exocrine secretion does decrease in the elderly. Digestion 1991; 50:202-11.
127. Detlefsen S, Sipos B, Feyerabend B, Klöppel G. Fibrogenesis in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis: the role of tissue necrosis, macrophages, myofibroblasts and cytokines. Mod Pathol 2006; 19:1019-26.
128. Detlefsen S, Sipos B, Feyerabend B, Klöppel G. Pancreatic fibrosis associated with age and ductal papillary hyperplasia. Virchows Arch 2005; 447:800-5.
129. Janssen J, Schlörer E, Greiner L. EUS elastography of the pancreas: feasibility and pattern description of the normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, and focal pancreatic lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65:971-8.
130. Löhr M, Spies B, Heptner G, Domschke S, Hahn EG. Parameters of connective tissue metabolism as markers in acute and chronic pancreatitis. A retrospective study with a cohort of normal subjects. Z Gastroenterol 1991; 29:231-6.
131. Schneider A, Löhr JM, Singer MV. The MANNHEIM classification of chronic pancreatitis: introduction of a unifying classification system based on a review of previous classifications of the disease. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42:101-19.
132. Tsang SW, Cheng CH, Leung PS. The role of the pancreatic renin-angiotensin system in acinar digestive enzyme secretion and in acute pancreatitis. Regul Pept 2004; 119:213-9.
133. Lau T, Carlsson PO, Leung PS. Evidence for a local angiotensin-generating system and dose-dependent inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release by angiotensin II in isolated pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 2004; 47:240-8.
134. Leung PS. The physiology of a local renin-angiotensin system in the pancreas. J Physiol 2007; 580:31-7.
135. Ip SP, Tsang SW, Wong TP, Che CT, Leung PS. Saralasin, a nonspecific angiotensin II receptor antagonist, attenuates oxidative stress and tissue injury in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2003; 26:224-9.
136. Liu WB, Wang XP, Wu K, Zhang RL. Effects of angiotensin II receptor antagonist, Losartan on the apoptosis, proliferation and migration of the human pancreatic stellate cells. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6489-94.
137. Kuno A, Yamada T, Masuda K, Ogawa K, Sogawa M, Nakamura S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor attenuates pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis in male Wistar Bonn/Kobori rats. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:1010-9.
138. Ko SH, Hong OK, Kim JW, Alin YB, Song KH, Cha BY, et al. High glucose increases extracellular matrix production in pancreatic stellate cells by activating the renin-angiotensin system. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:343-55.
139. Abuissa H, Jones PG, Marso SP, O'Keefe JH Jr. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers for prevention of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:821-6.
140. Ziegler O, Candiloros H, Guerci B, Got I, Crea T, Drouin P. Lower-extremity arterial disease in diabetes mellitus due to chronic pancreatitis. Diabete Metab 1994; 20:540-5.
141. Oliver MF. Diet and coronary heart disease. Br Med Bull 1981; 37:49-58.
142. Vessby B, Karlström B, Ohrvall M, Järvi A, Andersson A, Basu S. Diet, nutrition and diabetes mellitus. Ups J Med Sci 2000; 105:151-60.
143. Ito T. Can measurement of chemokines become useful biological and functional markers of early-stage chronic pancreatitis? J Gastroenterol 2007; 42 Suppl 17:72-7.
144. Harada M, Marotta F, Sha SH, Minelli E. YHK, a novel herbal remedy with effective antifibrotic action, in chronic liver disease: a pilot clinical study aiming to a successful integrative medicine development. First JSH Single Topic Conference Therapy of Viral Hepatitis and Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Yamanashi, Japan, November 14-15, 2002.
145. Marotta F, Bertuccelli J, Albergati F, Harada M, Safran P, Yanaihara N, Idéo G. Ischemia-reperfusion liver injury: effect of a nutritional approach with K-17.22 on hepatic antioxidant defense system. Biomed Res 2001; 22:221-227.
146. Marotta F, Rouge A, Harada M, Anzuloyic H, Idéo GM, Yanaihara N, et al. Beneficial effect of a controlled chinese herbal remedy, K-17.22, in CC14-induced liver toxicity: an in vivo and in vitro study. Biomed Res 2001; 22:167-174.
147. Hébuteme X, Hastier P, Péroux JL, Zeboudj N, Delmont JP, Rampal P. Resting energy expenditure in patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41:533-9.
148. Sakorafas GH, Famell MB, Farley DR, Rowland CM, Sarr MG. Long-term results after surgery for chronic pancreatitis. Int J Pancreatol 2000; 27 131-42.
149. Stanga Z, Giger U, Marx A, DeLegge MH. Effect of jejunal long-term feeding in chronic pancreatitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2005; 29:12-20.
150. Domínguez-Muñoz JE, Iglesias-Garcia J, Vilarino-Insua M, Iglesias -Rey M. 13C-mixed triglyceride breath test to assess oral enzyme substitution therapy in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5:484-8.
151. Gullo L, Stella A, Labriola, E, Costa PL, Descovich G, Labò G. Cardiovascular lesions in chronic pancreatitis: a prospective study. Dig Dis Sci 1982; 27:716-22.
152. Toskes PP, Dawson W, Curington C, Levy NS, Fitzgerald C. Non-diabetic retinal abnormalities in chronic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1979; 300:942-6.
153. Dickerson RN, Vehe KL, Mullen JL, Feurer ID. Resting energy expenditure in patients with pancreatitis. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:484-90.
154. Goebell H, Hotz J, Hoffmeister H. Hypercaloric nutrition as aetiological factor in chronic pancreatitis. Z Gastroenterol 1980; 18:94-7.
155. Nakamura T, Arai Y, Terada A, Kudoh K, Imamura K, Machida K, et al. Dietary analysis of Japanese patients with chronic pancreatitis in stable conditions. J Gastroenterol 1994; 29:756-62.
156. Vaona B, Armellini F, Bovo P, Rigo L, Zamboni M, Brunori MP, et al. Food intake of patients with chronic pancreatitis after onset of the disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65:85174.
157. Winter TA, Marks T, Callanan M, O'Keefe SJ, Bridger S. Impaired pancreatic secretion in severely malnourished patients is a consequence of primary pancreatic dysfunction. Nutrition 2001; 17:230-5.
158. Tandon BN, George PK, Sama SK, Ramachandran K, Gandhi PC. Exocrine pancreatic function in protein-calorie malnutrition disease of adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1969; 22:1476-82.
159. Montalto G, Soresi M, Carroccio A, Scafidi E, Barbagallo CM, Ippolito S, Notarbartolo A. Lipoproteins and chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 1994; 9:137-8.
160. Meier R, Ockenga J, Pertkiewicz M, Pap A, Milinic N, Macfie J, et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Pancreas. Clin Nutr 2006; 25:275-84.
161. Bhardwaj P, Thareja S, Prakash S, Saraya A. Micronutrient antioxidant intake in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Trop Gastroenterol 2004; 25:69-72.
162. Morris-Stiff GJ, Bowrey DJ, Oleesky D, Davies M, Clark GW, Puntis MC. The antioxidant profiles of patients with recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94:2135-40.
163. Long WB, Weiss JB. Rapid gastric emptying of fatty meals in pancreatic insufficiency. Gastroenterology 1974; 67:920-5.
164. Layer P, von der Ohe MR, Holst JJ, Jansen JB, Grandt D, Holtmann G, Goebell H. Altered postprandial motility in chronic pancreatitis: role of malabsorption. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:1624-34.
165. Chowdhury RS, Forsmark CE, Davis RR, Toskes PP, Verne GN. Prevalence of gastroparesis in patients with small duct chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 2003; 26:235-8.
166. Nakamura T, Takeuchi T, Tando Y. Pancreatic dysfunction and treatment options. Pancreas 1998; 16:329-36.
167. Spiller RC, Trotman IF, Higgins BE, Ghatei MA, Grimble GK, Lee YC, et al. The ileal brake-inhibition of jejunal motility after ileal fat perfusion in man. Gut 1984; 25:365-74.
168. Van Citters GW, Lin HC. The ileal brake: a fifteen-year progress report. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 1999; 1:404-9.
169. Brunner H, Northfield TC, Hofmann AF, Go VL, Summerskill WH. Gastric emptying and secretion of bile acids, cholesterol, and pancreatic enzymes during digestion. Duodenal perfusion studies in healthy subjects. Mayo Clin Proc 1974; 49:851-60.
170. Malagelada JR, Go VL, Summerskill WH. Different gastric, pancreatic, and biliary responses to solid-liquid or homogenized meals. Dig Dis Sci 1979; 24:101-10.
171. Boivin M, Lanspa SJ, Zinsmeister AR, Go VL, DiMagno EP. Are diets associated with different rates of human interdigestive and postprandial pancreatic enzyme secretion? Gastroenterology 1990; 99:1763-71.
172. Malagelada JR, DiMagno EP, Summerskill WH, Go VL. Regulation of pancreatic and gallbladder functions by intraluminal fatty acids and bile acids in man. J Clin Invest 1976; 58:493-9.
173. Nakano I, Funakoshi A, Shinozaki H, Sakai K. Plasma cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide responses after ingestion of a liquid test meal rich in medium-chain fatty acids in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49:247-51.
174. Isaksson G, Lundquist I, Ihse I. Effect of dietary fiber on pancreatic enzyme activity in vitro. Gastroenterology 1982; 82:918-24.
175. Hopman WP, Jansen JB, Rosenbusch G, Lamers CB. Effect of equimolar amounts of long-chain triglycerides and medium-chain triglycerides on plasma cholecystokinin and gallbladder contraction. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 39:356-9.
176. Holtmann G, Kelly DG, Sternby B, DiMagno EP. Survival of human pancreatic enzymes during small bowel transit: effect of nutrients, bile acids, and enzymes. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:G553-8.
177. Suzuki A, Mizumoto A, Rerknimitr R, Sarr MG, DiMango EP. Effect of bacterial or porcine lipase with low- or high-fat diets on nutrient absorption in pancreatic-insufficient dogs. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:431-7.
178. DiMagno EP, Go VL, Surnmerskill WH. Relations between pancreatic enzyme
179. Jansen JB, Jebbink MC, Mulders HJ, Lamers CB. Effect of pancreatic enzyme supplementation on postprandial plasma cholecystokinin secretion in patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Regul Pept 1989; 25:333-42.
180. Nustede R, Kölhler H, Fölsch UR, Schafmayer A. Plasma concentrations of neurotensin and CCK in patients with chronic pancreatitis with and without enzyme substitution. Pancreas 1991; 6:260-5.
181. Layer P, Jansen JB, Cherian L, Lamers CB, Goebell H. Feedback regulation of human pancreatic secretion. Effects of protease inhibition on duodenal delivery and small intestinal transit of pancreatic enzymes. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:1311-9.
182. Brown A, Hughes M, Tenner S, Banks PA. Does pancreatic enzyme supplementation reduce pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92:2032-5.
183. Malfertheiner P, Mayer D, Büchler M, Domínguez-Muñoz JE, Schiefer B, Ditschuneit H. Treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis by inhibition of pancreatic secretion with octreotide. Gut 1995; 36:450-4.
184. Manes G, Büchler M, Pieramico O, Di Sebastiano P, Malfertheiner P. Is increased pancreatic pressure related to pain in chronic pancreatitis? Int J Pancreatol 1994; 15: 113-7.
185. Hamvas J, Schwab R, Pap A. Jejunal feeding in chronic pancreatitis with severe necrosis. JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2001; 2:112-6.
186. Yoder AJ, Parrish CR, Yeaton P. A retrospective review of the course of patients with pancreatitis discharged on jejunal feedings. Nutr Clin Pract 2002; 17:314-20.
187. Gonzales C, Silverman WB. The impact of prolonged nasojejunal feeding in patients with refractory pancreatitis and recurrent abdominal pain. A five year retrospective review. AGA abstracts 2003; A- 401 (abstract).
188. Freedman SD. Peptamen: a novel therapy in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:A267.
189. Zhao L, Burt AD. The diffuse stellate cell system. J Mol Hist 2007; 38:53-64.
190. Hayden MR, Karuparthi PR, Habibi J, Wasekar C, Lastra G, Manrique C, et al. Ultrastructural islet study of early fibrosis in the Ren2 rat model of hypertension. Emerging role of the islet pancreatic pericyte-stellate cell. JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2007; 8:725-38.
191. Yoshida K, Toki F, Takeuchi T, Watanabe S, Shiratori K, Hayashi N. Chronic pancreatitis caused by an autoimmune abnormality. Proposal of the concept of autoimmune pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40:1561-8.
192. Hamano H, Kawa S, Horiuchi A, Unno H, Furuya N, Akamatsu T, et al. High serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with sclerosing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:732-8.
193. Tanaka S, Kobayashi T, Nakanishi K, Okubo M, Murase T, Hashimoto M, et al. Evidence of primary beta-cell destruction by T-cells and beta-cell differentiation from pancreatic ductal cells in diabetes associated with active autoimmune chronic pancreatitis. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:1661-7.
194. Tanaka S, Kobayashi T, Nakanishi K, Okubo M, Murase T, Hashimoto M, Takeuchi K. Corticosteroid-responsive diabetes mellitus associated with autoinumme pancreatitis. Lancet 2000; 356:910-1.
195. Comfort MW, Steinberg AG. Pedigree of a family with hereditary chronic relapsing pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1952; 21:54-63.
196. Whitcomb DC, Gorry MC, Preston RA, Furey W, Sossenheimer MJ, Ulrich CD, et al. Hereditary pancreatitis is caused by a mutation in the cationic trypsinogen gene. Nat Genet 1996; 14:141-5.
197. Gorry MC, Gabbaizedeh D, Furey W, Gates LK Jr, Preston RA, Aston CE, et al. Mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene are associated with recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1997; 113:1063-8.
198. Witt H, Luck W, Becker M. A signal peptide cleavage site mutation in the cationic trypsinogen gene is strongly associated with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:7-10.
199. Férec C, Raguénès O, Salomon R, Roche C, Bernard JP, Guillot M, et al. Mutations in the cationic trpsinogen gene and evidence for genetic heterogeneity in hereditary pancreatitis. J Med Genet 1999; 36:228-32.
200. Teich N, Ockenga J, Hoffmeister A, Manns M, Mössner J, Keim V. Chronic pancreatitis associated with an activation peptide mutation that facilitates trypsin activation. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:461-5.
201. Howes N, Greenhalf W, Rutherford S, O'Donnell M, Mountford R, Ellis I, et al. A new polymorphism for the RI22H mutation in hereditary pancreatitis. Gut 2001; 48:247-50.
202. Pfützer R, Myers E, Applebaum-Shapiro S, Finch R, Ellis I, Neoptolemos J, et al. Novel cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) N29T and R122C mutations cause autosomal dominant hereditary pancreatitis. Gut 2002; 50:271-2.
203. Cohn JA, Friedman KJ, Noone PG, Knowles MR, Silverman LM, Jowell PS. Relation between mutations of the cystic fibrosis gene and idiopathic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:653-8.
204. Sharer N, Schwarz M, Malone G, Howarth A, Painter J, Super M, Braganza J. Mutations of the cystic fibrosis gene in patients with chronic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:645-52.
205. Witt H, Luck W, Hennies HC, Classen M, Kage A, Lass U, et al. Mutations in the gene encoding the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 are associated with chronic pancreatitis. Nat Genet 2000; 25:213-6.
206. Pfützer RH, Barmada MM, Brunskill AP, Finch R, Hart PS, Neoptolemos J, et al. SPINK1/PSTI polymorphisms act as disease modifiers in familial and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:615-23.
207. Witt H, Sahin-Tóth M, Landt O, Chen JM, Kähne T, Drenth JP, et al. A degradation-sensitive anionic trypsinogen (PRSS2) variant protects against chronic pancreatitis. Nat Genet 2006; 38:668-73.
208. Rosendahl J, Witt H, Szmola R, Bhatia E, Ozsvári B, Landt O, et al. Chymotrypsin C (CTRC) variants that diminish activity or secretion are associated with chronic pancreatitis. Nat Genet 2008; 40:78-82.
209. Jaakkola M, Nordback I. Pancreatitis in Finland between 1970 and 1989. Gut 1993; 34:1255-60.
210. Gumaste VV. Alcoholic pancreatitis: unraveling the mystery. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:297-9.
211. Yen S, Hsieh CC, MacMahon B. Consumption of alcohol and tobacco and other risk factors for pancreatitis. Am J Epiderniol 1982; 116:407-14.
212. Bourliere M, Barthet M, Berthezene P, Durbec JP, Sarles H. Is tobacco a risk factor for chronic pancreatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis? Gut 1991; 32:1392-5.
213. Talamini G, Bassi C, Falconi M, Sartori N, Salvia R, Rigo L, et al. Alcohol and smoking as risk factors in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44:1303-11.
214. Haber PS, Wilson JS, Pirola RC. Smoking and alcoholic pancreatitis. Pancreas 1993; 8:568-72.
215. Dani R, Antunes LJ, Rocha WM, Nogueira CE. AW23 and AW24 associated with chronic calcifying pancreatitis of alcoholic origin (author's transt). Arq Gastroenterol 1978; 15:163-6.
216. Gosselin M, Fauchet R, Genetet B, Gastard J. HLA A and B antigens in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis (author's transl). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1978; 2:883-6.
217. Fauchet R, Genetet B, Gosselin M, Gastard J. HLA antigens in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. Tissue Antigens 1979; 13:163-6.