Host-pathogen interactions in Campylobacter infections: The host perspective

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 505-518

  Janssen, Riny ^a   Krogfelt, Karen A ^b   Cawthraw, Shaun A ^c   Van Pelt, Wilfrid ^a   Wagenaar, Jaap A ^d,e,f,g   Owen, Robert J ^h  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^b STATENS SERUM INSTITUT   (Denmark)

^c VETERINARY LABORATORIES AGENCY   (United Kingdom)

^d UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^e WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^f WHO Collaborating Centre for Campylobacter   (Netherlands)

^g Centre collaborateur de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale   (Netherlands)

^h PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL VACCINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; CAMPYLOBACTER; CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; GRAM NEGATIVE INFECTION; GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME; HEREDITY; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNITY; IN VITRO STUDY; INCIDENCE; INNATE IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SYMPTOM; VACCINATION;

ANIMALS; BACTERIAL VACCINES; CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS; CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CAMPYLOBACTER;

EID: 47949123705     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00055-07     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. Abuoun, M., G. Manning, S. A. Cawthraw, A. Ridley, I. H. Ahmed, T. M. Wassenaar, and D. G. Newell. 2005. Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT)-negative Campylobacter jejuni strains and anti-CDT neutralizing antibodies are induced during human infection hut not during colonization in chickens. Infect. Immun. 73:3053-3062.
2. Al Salloom, F. S., A. Al Mahmeed, A. Ismaeel, G. A. Botta, and M. Bakhiet. 2003. Campylobacter-stimulated INT407 cells produce dissociated cytokine profiles. J. Infect. 47:217-224.
3. Altekruse, S. F., N. J. Stern, P. I. Fields, and D. L. Swerdlow. 1999. Campylobacter jejuni - an emerging foodborne pathogen. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:28-35.
4. Anders, B. J., B. A. Lauer, J. W. Paisley, and L. B. Reller. 1982. Double-blind placebo controlled trial of erythromycin for treatment of Campylobacter enteritis. Lancet i:131-132.
5. Andersen-Nissen, E., K. D. Smith, K. L. Strobe, S. L. Barrett, B. T. Cookson, S. M. Logan, and A. Aderem. 2005. Evasion of Toll-like receptor 5 by flagellated bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:9247-9252.
6. Ang, C. W., B. C. Jacobs, and J. D. Laman. 2004. The Guillain-Barre syndrome: a true case of molecular mimiery. Trends Immunol. 25:61-66.
7. Ang, C. W., J. D. Laman, H. J. Willison, E. R. Wagner, H. P. Endtz, M. A. De Klerk, A. P. Tio-Gillen, N. Van den Braak, B. C. Jacobs, and P. A. van Doorn. 2002. Structure of Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides determines antiganglioside specificity and clinical features of Guillain-Barre and Miller Fisher patients. Infect. Immun. 70:1202-1208.
8. Angulo, F. J., and D. L. Swerdlow. 1995. Bacterial enteric infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21(Suppl. 1):S84-S93.
9. Aspinall, G. O., A. G. McDonald, H. Pang, L. A. Kurjanczyk, and J. L. Penner. 1994. Lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:19: structures of core oligosaccharide regions from the serostrain and two bacterial isolates from patients with the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Biochemistry 33:241-249.
10. Autenrieth, I. B., A. Schwarzkopf, J. H. Ewald, H. Karch, and R. Lissner. 1995. Bactericidal properties of Campylobacter jejuni-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in commercial immunoglobulin preparations. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:1965-1969.
11. Backhed, F., and M. Hornef. 2003. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling by epithelial surfaces: necessity or threat? Microbes Infect. 5:951-959.
12. Baker, M., N. Wilson, R. Ikram, S. Chambers, P. Shoemack, and G. Cook. 2006. Regulation of chicken contamination is urgently needed to control New Zealand's serious campylobacteriosis epidemic. N. Z. Med. J. 119: U2264.
13. Baker, M. G., E. Sneyd, and N. A. Wilson. 2007. Is the major increase in notified campylobacteriosis in New Zealand real? Epidemiol. Infect. 135: 163-170.
14. Bakhiet, M., F. S. Al Salloom, A. Qareiballa, K. Bindayna, I. Farid, and G. A. Botta. 2004. Induction of alpha and beta chemokines by intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with Campylobacter jejuni. J. Infect. 48:236-244.
15. Baqar, S., L. A. Applebee, and A. L. Bourgeois. 1995. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a prototype Campylobacter killed whole-cell vaccine in mice. Infect. Immun. 63:3731-3735.
16. Baqar, S., A. L. Bourgeois, L. A. Applebee, A. S. Mourad, M. T. Kleinosky, Z. Mohran, and J. R. Murphy. 1996. Murine intranasal challenge model for the study of Campylobacter pathogenesis and immunity. Infect. Immun. 64:4933-4939.
17. Baqar, S., A. L. Bourgeois, P. J. Schultheiss, R. I. Walker, D. M. Rollins, R. L. Haberberger, and O. R. Pavlovskis. 1995. Safety and immunogenicity of a prototype oral whole-cell killed Campylobacter vaccine administered with a mucosal adjuvant in non-human primates. Vaccine 13:22-28.
18. Baqar, S., N. D. Pacheco, and F. M. Rollwagen. 1993. Modulation of mucosal immunity against Campylobacter jejuni by orally administered cytokines. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:2688-2692.
19. Baqar, S., B. Rice, L. Lee, A. L. Bourgeois, A. N. El Din, D. R. Tribble, G. P. Heresi, A. S. Mourad, and J. R. Murphy. 2001. Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33:901-905.
20. Bell, J. A., and D. D. Manning. 1990. A domestic ferret model of immunity to Campylobacter jejuni-induced enteric disease. Infect. Immun. 58:1848-1852.
21. Berberian, L. S., Y. Valles-Ayoub, L. K. Gordon, S. R. Targan, and J. Braun. 1994. Expression of a novel autoantibody defined by the VH3-15 gene in inflammatory bowel disease and Campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis. J. Immunol. 153:3756-3763.
22. Berden, J. H., H. L. Muytjens, and L. B. van de Putte. 1979. Reactive arthritis associated with Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Br. Med. J. i:380-381.
23. Black, R. E., M. M. Levine, M. L. Clements, T. P. Hughes, and M. J. Blaser. 1988. Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 157:472-479.
24. Black, R. E., D. M. Perlman, M. L. Clements, M. M. Levine, and M. J. Blaser. 1992. Human volunteer studies with Campylobacter jejuni, p. 207-215. In I. Nachamkin, M. J. Blaser, and L. S. Tompkins (ed.), Campylobacter jejuni: current status and future trends. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
25. Blaser, M. J., R. E. Black, D. J. Duncan, and J. Amer. 1985. Campylobacter jejuni-specific serum antibodies are elevated in healthy Bangladeshi children. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:164-167.
26. Blaser, M. J., and D. J. Duncan. 1984. Human serum antibody response to Campylobacter jejuni infection as measured in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infect. Immun. 44:292-298.
27. Blaser, M. J., E. Sazie, and L. P. Williams, Jr. 1987. The influence of immunity on raw milk-associated Campylobacter infection. JAMA 257: 43-46.
28. Blaser, M. J., P. F. Smith, and P. F. Kohler. 1985. Susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates to the bactericidal activity of human serum. J. Infect. Dis. 151:227-235.
29. Reference deleted.
30. Blaser, M. J., D. N. Taylor, and P. Echeverria. 1986. Immune response to Campylobacter jejuni in a rural community in Thailand. J. Infect. Dis. 153:249-254.
31. Borleffs, J. C., J. F. Schellekens, E. Brouwer, and M. Rozenberg-Arska. 1993. Use of an immunoglobulin M containing preparation for treatment of two hypogammaglobulinemic patients with persistent Campylobacter jejuni infection. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 12:772-775.
32. Borsos, T., and H. J. Rapp. 1965. Complement fixation on cell surfaces by 19S and 7S antibodies. Science 150:505-506.
33. Boyd, Y., E. G. Herbert, K. L. Marston, M. A. Jones, and P. A. Barrow. 2005. Host genes affect intestinal colonisation of newly hatched chickens by Campylobacter jejuni. Immunogenetics 57:248-253.
34. Brandtzaeg, P. 1981. Transport models for secretory IgA and secretory IgM. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 44:221-232.
35. Brandtzaeg, P., D. E. Nilssen, T. O. Rognum, and P. S. Thrane. 1991. Ontogeny of the mucosal immune system and IgA deficiency. Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am. 20:397-439.
36. Burr, D. H., D. Rollins, L. H. Lee, D. L. Pattarini, S. S. Walz, J. H. Tian, J. L. Pace, A. L. Bourgeois, and R. I. Walker. 2005. Prevention of disease in ferrets fed an inactivated whole cell Campylobacter jejuni vaccine. Vaccine 23:4315-4321.
37. Caporale, C. M., F. Papola, M. A. Fioroni, A. Aureli, A. Giovannini, F. Notturno, D. Adorno, V. Caporale, and A. Uncini. 2006. Susceptibility to Guillain-Barre syndrome is associated to polymorphisms of CD1 genes. J. Neuroimmunol. 177:112-118.
38. Casanova, J. L., and L. Abel. 2002. Genetic dissection of immunity to mycobacteria: the human model. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20:581-620.
39. Cawthraw, S., R. Ayling, P. Nuijten, T. Wassenaar, and D. G. Newell. 1994. Isotype, specificity, and kinetics of systemic and mucosal antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni antigens, including flagellin, during experimental oral infections of chickens. Avian Dis. 38:341-349.
40. Cawthraw, S. A., R. A. Feldman, A. R. Sayers, and D. G. Newell. 2002. Long-term antibody responses following human infection with Campylobacter jejuni. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 130:101-106.
41. Cawthraw, S. A., L. Lind, B. Kaijser, and D. G. Newell. 2000. Antibodies, directed towards Campylobacter jejuni antigens, in sera from poultry abattoir workers. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 122:55-60.
42. Cawthraw, S. A., S. Park, B. W. Wren, J. M. Ketley, R. Ayling, and D. G. Newell. 1996. The usefulness of the chick colonisation model to investigate potential colonisation factors of campylobacters, p. 649-652. In D. G. Newell, J. M. Ketley, and R. A. Feldman (ed.), Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related organisms. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
43. Cawthraw, S. A., T. M. Wassenaar, R. Ayling, and D. G. Newell. 1996. Increased colonization potential of Campylobacter jejuni strain 81116 after passage through chickens and its implication on the rate of transmission within flocks. Epidemiol. Infect. 117:213-215.
44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted trough food-selected sites, United States, 2003. MMBR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 53:338-343.
45. Christenson, B., A. Ringner, C. Blucher, H. Billaudelle, K. N. Gundtoft, G. Eriksson, and M. Bottiger. 1983. An outbreak of campylobacter enteritis among the staff of a poultry abattoir in Sweden. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 15:167-172.
46. Clark, J. A., P. A. Callicoat, N. A. Brenner, C. A. Bradley, and D. M. Smith, Jr. 1983. Selective IgA deficiency in blood donors. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 80:210-213.
47. Coker, A. O., R. D. Isokpehi, B. N. Thomas, K. O. Amisu, and C. L. Obi. 2002. Human campylobacteriosis in developing countries. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:237-244.
48. Coote, J. G., D. E. Stewart-Tull, R. J. Owen, F. J. Bolton, B. L. Siemer, D. Candlish, D. H. Thompson, A. C. Wardlaw, S. L. On, A. Candlish, B. Billcliffe, P. J. Jordan, K. Kristiansen, and P. Borman. 2007. Comparison of virulence-associated in vitro properties of typed strains of Campylobacter jejuni from different sources. J. Med. Microbiol. 56:722-732.
49. Dalpke, A., J. Frank, M. Peter, and K. Heeg. 2006. Activation of Toll-like receptor 9 by DNA from different bacterial species. Infect. Immun. 74:940-946.
50. Doorduyn, Y., W. E. Van Den Brandhof, Y. T. van Duynhoven, W. J. Wannet, and W. Van Pelt. 2006. Risk factors for Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium (DT104 and non-DT104) infections in The Netherlands: predominant roles for raw eggs in Enteritidis and sandboxes in Typhi-murium infections. Epidemiol. Infect. 134:617-626.
51. Doorduyn, Y., W. Van Pelt, C. L. Siezen, F. van der Horst, Y. T. van Duynhoven, B. Hoebee, and R. Janssen. 2007. Novel insight in the association between salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis and chronic illness, and the role of host genetics in susceptibility to these diseases. Epidemiol. Infect. [Epub ahead of print.] doi:10.1017/S095026880700996X.
52. Dunlop, S. P., D. Jenkins, K. R. Neal, and R. C. Spiller. 2003. Relative importance of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia, anxiety, and depression in postinfectious IBS. Gastroenterology 125:1651-1659.
53. Eastmond, C. J., J. A. Rennie, and T. M. Reid. 1983. An outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis - a rheumatological followup survey. J. Rheumatol. 10:107-108.
54. EFSA. 2006. The community summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents, antimicrobial resistance and foodborne outbreaks in the European Union in 2005. EFSA J. 94:1-236.
55. Elsinghorst, E. A. 1994. Measurement of invasion by gentamicin resistance. Methods Enzymol. 236:405-420.
56. Emonts, M., R. H. Veenhoven, S. P. Wiertsema, J. J. Houwing-Duistermaat, V. Walraven, R. de Groot, P. W. Hermans, and E. A. Sanders. 2007. Genetic polymorphisms in immunoresponse genes TNFA, IL6, IL10, and TLR4 are associated with recurrent acute otitis media. Pediatrics 120:814-823.
57. Engberg, J., P. Gerner-Smidt, F. Scheutz, N. E. Moller, S. L. On, and K. Molbak. 1998. Water-borne Campylobacter jejuni infection in a Danish town - a 6-week continuous source outbreak. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 4:648-656.
58. Ethelberg, S., J. Simonsen, P. Gerner-Smidt, K. E. Olsen, and K. Molbak. 2005. Spatial distribution and registry-based case-control analysis of Campylobacter infections in Denmark, 1991-2001. Am. J. Epidemiol. 162: 1008-1015.
59. Everest, P. H., H. Goossens, J. P. Butzler, D. Lloyd, S. Knutton, J. M. Ketley, and P. H. Williams. 1992. Differentiated Caco-2 cells as a model for enteric invasion by Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. J. Med. Microbiol. 37:319-325.
60. Fauchere, J. L., A. Rosenau, M. Veron, E. N. Moyen, S. Richard, and A. Pfister. 1986. Association with HeLa cells of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from human feces. Infect. Immun. 54:283-287.
61. Fischer, A. 2004. Human primary immunodeficiency diseases: a perspective. Nat. Immunol. 5:23-30.
62. Fox, J. G., J. I. Ackerman, N. Taylor, M. Claps, and J. C. Murphy. 1987. Campylobacter jejuni infection in the ferret: an animal model of human campylobacteriosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 48:85-90.
63. Fox, J. G., A. B. Rogers, M. T. Whary, Z. Ge, N. S. Taylor, S. Xu, B. H. Horwitz, and S. E. Erdman. 2004. Gastroenteritis in NF-κB-deficient mice is produced with wild-type Campylobacter jejuni but not with C. jejuni lacking cytolethal distending toxin despite persistent colonization with both strains. Infect. Immun. 72:1116-1125.
64. Friedman, C. R., J. Neimann, H. C. Wegener, and R. V. Tauxe. 2000. Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations, p. 121-139. In I. Nachamkin and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
65. Friis, L. M., C. Pin, B. M. Pearson, and J. M. Wells. 2005. In vitro cell culture methods for investigating Campylobacter invasion mechanisms. J. Microbiol. Methods 61:145-160.
66. Gauci, A., and A. Ammon. 2007. The First European Communicable Disease Epidemiological Report. European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden.
67. Geboes, K. 2001. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or indeterminate colitis - how important is it to differentiate? Acta Gastroenterol. Belg. 64:197-200.
68. Geleijns, K., M. Emonts, J. D. Laman, W. van Rijs, P. A. van Doorn, P. W. Hermans, and B. C. Jacobs. 2007. Genetic polymorphisms of macrophage-mediators in Guillain-Barre syndrome. J. Neuroimmunol. 190:127-130.
69. Geleijns, K., B. C. Jacobs, W. van Rijs, A. P. Tio-Gillen, J. D. Laman, and P. A. van Doorn. 2004. Functional polymorphisms in LPS receptors CD14 and TLR4 are not associated with disease susceptibility or Campylobacter jejuni infection in Guillain-Barre patients. J. Neuroimmunol. 150:132-138.
70. Geleijns, K., A. Roos, J. J. Houwing-Duistermaat, W. van Rijs, A. P. Tio-Gillen, J. D. Laman, P. A. van Doorn, and B. C. Jacobs. 2006. Mannose-binding lectin contributes to the severity of Guillain-Barre syndrome. J. Immunol. 177:4211-4217.
71. Geleijns, K., G. M. Schreuder, B. C. Jacobs, K. Sintnicolaas, R. van Koningsveld, J. Meulstee, J. D. Laman, and P. A. van Doorn. 2005. HLA class II alleles are not a general susceptibility factor in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Neurology 64:44-49.
72. Gewirtz, A. T., T. A. Navas, S. Lyons, P. J. Godowski, and J. L. Madara. 2001. Cutting edge: bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression. J. Immunol. 167:1882-1885.
73. Godschalk, P. C., A. P. Heikema, M. Gilbert, T. Komagamine, C. W. Ang, J. Glerum, D. Brochu, J. Li, N. Yuki, B. C. Jacobs, A. van Belkum, and H. P. Endtz. 2004. The crucial role of Campylobacter jejuni genes in anti-ganglioside antibody induction in Guillain-Barre syndrome. J. Clin. Investig. 114:1659-1665.
74. Green, C. G., D. Krause, and J. Wylie. 2006. Spatial analysis of Campylobacter infection in the Canadian province of Manitoba. Int. J. Health Geogr. 5:2.
75. Grimbacher, B., A. Hutloff, M. Schlesier, E. Glocker, K. Warnatz, R. Drager, H. Eibel, B. Fischer, A. A. Schaffer, H. W. Mages, R. A. Kroczek, and H. H. Peter. 2003. Homozygous loss of ICOS is associated with adult-onset common variable immunodeficiency. Nat. Immunol. 4:261-268.
76. Guerry, P., P. M. Pope, D. H. Burr, J. Leifer, S. W. Joseph, and A. L. Bourgeois. 1994. Development and characterization of recA mutants of Campylobacter jejuni for inclusion in attenuated vaccines. Infect. Immun. 62:426-432.
77. Hammarstrom, V., C. I. Smith, and L. Hammarstrom. 1993. Oral immunoglobulin treatment in Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Lancet 341:1036.
78. Hannu, T., L. Mattila, H. Rautelin, P. Pelkonen, P. Lahdenne, A. Siitonen, and M. Leirisalo-Repo. 2002. Campylobacter-triggered reactive arthritis: a population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 41:312-318.
79. Havelaar, A. H., M. A. de Wit, R. van Koningsveld, and E. van Kempen. 2000. Health burden in The Netherlands due to infection with thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Epidemiol. Infect. 125:505-522.
80. Havelaar, A. H., M. Nauta, M. J. Mangen, E. Katsma, M. J. Boogaardt, J. Wagenaar, and the CARMA Projectgroep. 2005. Kosten en baten van Campylobacter bestrijding-integratie van risico-analyse, epidemiologie en economie. RIVM report 250911008. RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
81. Helms, M., J. Simonsen, and K. Molbak. 2006. Foodborne bacterial infection and hospitalization: a registry-based study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42:498-506.
82. Hickey, T. E., S. Baqar, A. L. Bourgeois, C. P. Ewing, and P. Guerry. 1999. Campylobacter jejuni-stimulated secretion of interleukin-8 by INT407 cells. Infect. Immun. 67:88-93.
83. Hu, L., M. D. Bray, M. Osorio, and D. J. Kopecko. 2006. Campylobacter jejuni induces maturation and cytokine production in human dendritic cells. Infect. Immun. 74:2697-2705.
84. Hu, L., and T. E. Hickey. 2005. Campylobacter jejuni induces secretion of proinflammatory chemokines from human intestinal epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 73:4437-4440.
85. Hu, L., and D. J. Kopecko. 2000. Interactions of Campylobacter with eukaryotic cells: gut luminal colonization and mucosal invasion mechanisms, p. 191-215. In I. Nachamkin and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 2nd ed. ASM, Washington, DC.
86. Hughes, R. A., and D. R. Cornblath. 2005. Guillain-Barre syndrome. Lancet 366:1653-1666.
87. Jones, F. R., S. Baqar, A. Gozalo, G. Nunez, N. Espinoza, S. M. Reyes, M. Salazar, R. Meza, C. K. Porter, and S. E. Walz. 2006. New World monkey Aotus nancymae as a model for Campylobacter jejuni infection and immunity. Infect. Immun. 74:790-793.
88. Jones, M. A., S. Totemeyer, D. J. Maskell, C. E. Bryant, and P. A. Barrow. 2003. Induction of proinflammatory responses in the human monocytic cell line THP-1 by Campylobacter jejuni. Infect. Immun. 71:2626-2633.
89. Kapperud, G., J. Lassen, S. M. Ostroff, and S. Aased. 1992. Clinical features of sporadic Campylobacter infections in Norway. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 24:741-749.
90. Kazmi, S. U., B. S. Roberson, and N. J. Stern. 1984. Animal-passed, virulence-enhanced Campylobacter jejuni causes enteritis in neonatal mice. Curr. Microbiol. 11:159-164.
91. Keat, A., and I. Rowe. 1991. Reiter's syndrome and associated arthritides. Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 17:25-42.
92. Kemmeren, J. M., M. J. Mangen, Y. T. van Duynhoven, and A. H. Havelaar. 2005. Priority setting of foodborne pathogens. RIVM report 330080001. RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
93. Kist, M. 2002. Impact and management of Campylobacter in human medicine - European perspective. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 6:S44-S47.
94. Klipstein, F. A., R. F. Engert, H. Short, and E. A. Schenk. 1985. Pathogenic properties of Campylobacter jejuni: assay and correlation with clinical manifestations. Infect. Immun. 50:43-49.
95. Koga, M., N. Yuki, K. Kashiwase, K. Tadokoro, T. Juji, and K. Hirata. 1998. Guillain-Barre and Fisher's syndromes subsequent to Campylobacter jejuni enteritis are associated with HLA-B54 and Cw1 independent of anti-ganglioside antibodies. J. Neuroimmunol. 88:62-66.
96. Krause-Gruszczynska, M., M. Rohde, R. Hartig, H. Genth, G. Schmidt, T. Keo, W. Konig, W. G. Miller, M. E. Konkel, and S. Backert. 2007. Role of the small Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 in host cell invasion of Campylobacter jejuni. Cell. Microbiol. 9:2431-2444.
97. Kuroki, S., T. Saida, M. Nukina, T. Haruta, M. Yoshioka, Y. Kobayashi, and H. Nakanishi. 1993. Campylobacter jejuni strains from patients with Guillain-BaTre syndrome belong mostly to Penner serogroup 19 and contain beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues. Ann. Neurol. 33:243-247.
98. Kuusi, M., J. P. Nuorti, M. L. Hanninen, M. Koskela, V. Jussila, E. Kela, I. Miettinen, and P. Ruutu. 2005. A large outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with a municipal water supply in Finland. Epidemiol. Infect. 133:593-601.
99. Lane, E. M., R. A. Batchelor, A. L. Bourgeois, D. H. Burr, and J. G. Olson. 1987. Urine and faecal IgA response during naturally acquired infection with Campylobacter jejuni. Lancet i:1141.
100. Lee, L. H., E. Burg III, S. Baqar, A. L. Bourgeois, D. H. Burr, C. P. Ewing, T. J. Trust, and P. Guerry. 1999. Evaluation of a truncated recombinant flagellin subunit vaccine against Campylobacter jejuni. Infect. Immun. 67: 5799-5805.
101. Locht, H., and K. A. Krogfelt. 2002. Comparison of rheumatological and gastrointestinal symptoms after infection with Campylobacter jejuni/coli and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61:448-452.
102. Ma, J. J., M. Nishimura, H. Mine, S. Kuroki, M. Nukina, M. Ohta, H. Saji, H. Obayashi, H. Kawakami, T. Saida, and T. Uchiyama. 1998. Genetic contribution of the tumor necrosis factor region in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 44:815-818.
103. Ma, J. J., M. Nishimura, H. Mine, S. Kuroki, M. Nukina, M. Ohta, H. Saji, H. Obayashi, T. Saida, H. Kawakami, and T. Uchiyama. 1998. HLA and T-cell receptor gene polymorphisms in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Neurology 51:379-384.
104. MacCallum, A. J., D. Harris, G. Haddock, and P. H. Everest. 2006. Campylobacter jejuni-infected human epithelial cell lines vary in their ability to secrete interleukin-8 compared to in vitro-infected primary human intestinal tissue. Microbiology 152:3661-3665.
105. Mandal, B. K., M. E. Ellis, E. M. Dunbar, and K. Whale. 1984. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin in the treatment of clinical Campylobacter infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 13:619-623.
106. Mansfield, L. S., J. A. Bell, D. L. Wilson, A. J. Murphy, H. M. Elsheikha, V. A. Rathinam, B. R. Fierro, J. E. Linz, and V. B. Young. 2007. C57BL/6 and congenic interleukin-10-deficient mice can serve as models of Campylobacter jejuni colonization and enteritis. Infect. Immun. 75:1099-1115.
107. Martin, P. M., J. Mathiot, J. Ipero, M. Kirimat, A. J. Georges, and M. C. Georges-Courbot. 1989. Immune response to Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in a cohort of children from birth to 2 years of age. Infect. Immun. 57:2542-2546.
108. Megraud, F., G. Boudraa, K. Bessaoud, S. Bensid, F. Dabis, R. Soltana, and M. Touhami. 1990. Incidence of Campylobacter infection in infants in western Algeria and the possible protective role of breast feeding. Epidemiol. Infect. 105:73-78.
109. Melby, K., O. P. Dahl, L. Crisp, and J. L. Penner. 1990. Clinical and serological manifestations in patients during a waterborne epidemic due to Campylobacter jejuni. J. Infect. 21:309-316.
110. Miller, G., G. M. Dunn, T. M. Reid, I. D. Ogden, and N. J. Strachan. 2005. Does age acquired immunity confer selective protection to common serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni? BMC Infect. Dis. 5:66.
111. Millson, M., M. Bokhout, J. Carlson, L. Spielberg, R. Aldis, A. Borczyk,and H. Lior. 1991. An outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis linked to meltwater contamination of a municipal well. Can. J. Public Health 82:27-31.
112. Morrow, A. L., G. M. Ruiz-Palacios, M. Altaye, X. Jiang, M. L. Guerrero, J. K. Meinzen-Derr, T. Farkas, P. Chaturvedi, L. K. Pickering, and D. S. Newburg. 2004. Human milk oligosaccharides are associated with protection against diarrhea in breast-fed infants. J. Pediatr. 145:297-303.
113. Mostov, K. E., M. Verges, and Y. Altschuler. 2000. Membrane traffic in polarized epithelial cells. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12:483-490.
114. Moura, A. C., and M. Mariano. 1997. Lipids from Mycobacterium leprae cell wall suppress T-cell activation in vivo and in vitro. Immunology 92:429-436.
115. Myhr, K. M., K. S. Vagnes, T. H. Maroy, J. H. Aarseth, H. I. Nyland, and C. A. Vedeler. 2003. Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. J. Neuroimmunol. 139:81-83.
116. Nachamkin, I., B. M. Alios, and T. W. Ho. 2000. Campylobacter jejuni infection and the association with Guillain-Barré syndrome, p. 155-178. In I. Nachamkin and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
117. Nachamkin, I., H. Ung, A. P. Moran, D. Yoo, M. M. Prendergast, M. A. Nicholson, K. Sheikh, T. Ho, A. K. Asbury, G. M. McKhann, and J. W. Griffin. 1999. Ganglioside GM1 mimicry in Campylobacter strains from sporadic infections in the United States. J. Infect. Dis. 179:1183-1189.
118. Nachamkin, I., and X. H. Yang. 1989. Human antibody response to Campylobacter jejuni flagellin protein and a synthetic N-terminal flagellin peptide. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2195-2198.
119. Nachamkin, I., and X. H. Yang. 1992. Local immune responses to the Campylobacter flagellin in acute Campylobacter gastrointestinal infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:509-511.
120. Nadeau, E., S. Messier, and S. Quessy. 2003. Comparison of Campylobacter isolates from poultry and humans: association between in vitro virulence properties, biotypes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clusters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:6316-6320.
121. Neal, K. R., H. M. Scott, R. C. Slack, and R. F. Logan. 1996. Omeprazole as a risk factor for Campylobacter gastroenteritis: case-control study. BMJ 312:414-415.
122. Newell, D. G. 2001. Animal models of Campylobacter jejuni colonization and disease and the lessons to be learned from similar Helicobacter pylori models. Symp. Ser. Soc. Appl. Microbiol. 2001:57S-67S.
123. Newell, D. G., H. McBride, F. Saunders, Y. Dehele, and A. D. Pearson. 1985. The virulence of clinical and environmental isolates of Campylobacter jejuni. J. Hyg. (London) 94:45-54.
124. Newell, D. G., and I. Nachamkin. 1992. Immune responses directed against Campylobacter jejuni, p. 201-206. In I. Nachamkin, M. J. Blaser, and L. S. Tompkins (ed.), Campylobacter jejuni: current status and future trends. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
125. Newell, D. G., and J. A. Wagenaar. 2000. Poultry infections and their control at farm level, p. 497-509. In I. Nachamkin and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
126. Nolan, C. M., K. E. Johnson, M. B. Coyle, and K. Faler. 1983. Campylobacter jejuni enteritis: efficacy of antimicrobial and antimotility drugs. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 78:621-626.
127. Oberhelman, R. A., and D. N. Taylor. 2000. Campylobacter infections in developing countries, p. 139-154. In I. Nachamkin and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
128. Ottenhoff, T. H., F. A. Verreck, E. G. Lichtenauer-Kaligis, M. A. Hoeve, O. Sanal, and J. T. van Dissel. 2002. Genetics, cytokines and human infectious disease: lessons from weakly pathogenic mycobacteria and salmonellae. Nat. Genet. 32:97-105.
129. Panigrahi, P., G. Losonsky, L. J. DeTolla, and J. G. Morris, Jr. 1992. Human immune response to Campylobacter jejuni proteins expressed in vivo. Infect. Immun. 60:4938-4944.
130. Parkhill, J., B. W. Wren, K. Mungall, J. M. Ketley, C. Churcher, D. Basham, T. Chillingworth, R. M. Davies, T. Feltwell, S. Holroyd, K. Jagels, A. V. Karlyshev, S. Moule, M. J. Pallen, C. W. Penn, M. A. Quail, M. A. Rajandream, K. M. Rutherford, A. H. van Vliet, S. Whitehead, and B. G. Barrell. 2000. The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences. Nature 403:665-668.
131. Pazzaglia, G., A. L. Bourgeois, K. el Diwany, N. Nour, N. Badran, and R. Hablas. 1991. Campylobacter diarrhoea and an association of recent disease with asymptomatic shedding in Egyptian children. Epidemiol. Infect. 106: 77-82.
132. Pei, Z. H., R. T. Ellison III, and M. J. Blaser. 1991. Identification, purification, and characterization of major antigenic proteins of Campylobacter jejuni. J. Biol. Chem. 266:16363-16369.
133. Pennie, R. A., R. D. Pearson, L. J. Barrett, H. Lior, and R. L. Guerrant. 1986. Susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni to strain-specific bactericidal activity in sera of infected patients. Infect. Immun. 52:702-706.
134. Perlman, D. M., N. M. Ampel, R. B. Schifman, D. L. Cohn, C. M. Patton, M. L. Aguirre, W. L. Wang, and M. J. Blaser. 1988. Persistent Campylobacter jejuni infections in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann. Intern. Med. 108:540-546.
135. Prendergast, M. M., D. R. Tribble, S. Baqar, D. A. Scott, J. A. Ferris, R. I. Walker, and A. P. Moran. 2004. In vivo phase variation and serologic response to lipooligosaccharide of Campylobacter jejuni in experimental human infection. Infect. Immun. 72:916-922.
136. Pritchard, J., R. A. Hughes, J. H. Rees, H. J. Willison, and J. A. Nicoll. 2003. Apolipoprotein E genotypes and clinical outcome in Guillain-Barre syndrome. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74:971-973.
137. Prokhorova, T. A., P. N. Nielsen, J. Petersen, T. Kofoed, J. S. Crawford, C. Morsczeck, A. Boysen, and P. Schrotz-King. 2006. Novel surface polypeptides of Campylobacter jejuni as traveller's diarrhoea vaccine candidates discovered by proteomics. Vaccine 24:6446-6455.
138. Rees, J. H., S. E. Soudain, N. A. Gregson, and R. A. Hughes. 1995. Campylobacter jejuni infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 333:1374-1379.
139. Richardson, G., D. R. Thomas, R. M. Smith, L. Nehaul, C. D. Ribeiro, A. G. Brown, and R. L. Salmon. 2007. A community outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection from a chlorinated public water supply. Epidemiol. Infect. 135:1151-1158.
140. Robinson, D. A. 1981. Infective dose of Campylobacter jejuni in milk. BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.) 282:1584.
141. Rollwagen, F. M., N. D. Pacheco, J. D. Clements, O. Pavlovskis, D. M. Rollins, and R. I. Walker. 1993. Killed Campylobacter elicits immune response and protection when administered with an oral adjuvant. Vaccine 11:1316-1320.
142. Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., J. J. Calva, L. K. Pickering, Y. Lopez-Vidal, P. Volkow, H. Pezzarossi, and M. S. West. 1990. Protection of breast-fed infants against Campylobacter diarrhea by antibodies in human milk. J. Pediatr. 116:707-713.
143. Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., L. E. Cervantes, P. Ramos, B. Chavez-Munguia, and D. S. Newburg. 2003. Campylobacter jejuni binds intestinal H(O) antigen (Fuc alpha 1, 2Gal beta 1, 4GlcNAc), and fucosyloligosaccharides of human milk inhibit its binding and infection. J. Biol. Chem. 278:14112-14120.
144. Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., E. Escamilla, and N. Torres. 1981. Experimental Campylobacter diarrhea in chickens. Infect. Immun. 34:250-255.
145. Russell, R. G., M. J. Blaser, J. I. Sarmiento, and J. Fox. 1989. Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in Macaca nemestrina. Infect. Immun. 57: 1438-1444.
146. Sahin, O., N. Luo, S. Huang, and Q. Zhang. 2003. Effect of Campylobacterspecific maternal antibodies on Campylobacter jejuni colonization in young chickens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:5372-5379.
147. Salazar-Lindo, E., R. B. Sack, E. Chea-Woo, B. A. Kay, Z. A. Piscoya, R. Leon-Barua, and A. Yi. 1986. Early treatment with erythromycin of Campylobacter jejuni-associated dysentery in children. J. Pediatr. 109:355-360.
148. Samuel, M. C., D. J. Vugia, S. Shallow, R. Marcus, S. Segler, T. McGivern, H. Kassenborg, K. Reilly, M. Kennedy, F. Angulo, and R. V. Tauxe. 2004. Epidemiology of sporadic Campylobacter infection in the United States and declining trend in incidence, FoodNet 1996-1999. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38(Suppl. 3):S165-S174.
149. Schiellerup, P., K. A. Krogfelt, and H. Locht. 2008. A comparison of self-reported joint symptoms following infection with different enteric pathogens: effect of HLA-B27. J. Rheumatol. 35:480-487.
150. Sizemore, D. R., B. Warner, J. Lawrence, A. Jones, and K. P. Killeen. 2006. Live, attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vectoring Campylobacter antigens. Vaccine 24:3793-3803.
151. Skirrow, M. B., and M. J. Blaser. 2000. Clinical aspects of Campylobacter infection, p. 69-88. In I. Nachamkin and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
152. Skirrow, M. B., D. M. Jones, E. Sutcliffe, and J. Benjamin. 1993. Campylobacter bacteraemia in England and Wales, 1981-91. Epidemiol. Infect. 110:567-573.
153. Smith, A., M. Reacher, W. Smerdon, G. K. Adak, G. Nichols, and R. M. Chalmers. 2006. Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 134:1141-1149.
154. Smith, C. K., P. Kaiser, L. Rothwell, T. Humphrey, P. A. Barrow, and
155. Sorvillo, F. J., L. E. Lieb, and S. H. Waterman. 1991. Incidence of campylobacteriosis among patients with AIDS in Los Angeles County. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 4:598-602.
156. Spiller, R. C. 2007. Role of infection in irritable bowel syndrome. J. Gastroenterol. 42(Suppl. 17):41-47.
157. Strid, M. A., J. Engberg, L. B. Larsen, K. Begtrup, K. Molbak, and K. A. Krogfelt. 2001. Antibody responses to Campylobacter infections determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: 2-year follow-up study of 210 patients. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8:314-319.
158. Taylor, D. N., P. Echeverria, C. Pitarangsi, J. Seriwatana, L. Bodhidatta, and M. J. Blaser. 1988. Influence of strain characteristics and immunity on the epidemiology of Campylobacter infections in Thailand. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:863-868.
159. Teunis, P., W. Van den Brandhof, M. Nauta, J. Wagenaar, K. H. Van den, and W. Van Pelt.2005. A reconsideration of the Campylobacter dose-response relation. Epidemiol. Infect. 133:583-592.
160. Teunis, P. F., and A. H. Havelaar. 2000. The beta Poisson dose-response model is not a single-hit model. Risk Anal. 20:513-520.
161. Thompson, J. S., F. E. Cahoon, and D. S. Hodge. 1986. Rate of Campylobacter spp. isolation in three regions of Ontario, Canada, from 1978 to 1985. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:876-878.
162. Thomley, J. P., D. Jenkins, K. Neal, T. Wright, J. Brough, and R. C. Spiller. 2001. Relationship of Campylobacter toxigenicity in vitro to the development of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. J. Infect. Dis. 184:606-609.
163. Tsukada, S., D. C. Saffran, D. J. Rawlings, O. Parolini, R. C. Allen, I. Klisak, R. S. Sparkes, H. Kubagawa, T. Mohandas, and S. Quan. 1993. Deficient expression of a B cell cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase in human X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Cell 72:279-290.
164. van de Putte, L. B., J. H. Berden, M. T. Boerbooms, W. H. Muller, J. J. Rasker, A. Reynvaan-Groendijk, and S. M. van der Linden. 1980. Reactive arthritis after Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. J. Rheumatol. 7:531-535.
165. van der Pol, W. L., L. H. Van den Berg, R. H. Scheepers, J. G. van der Bom, P. A. van Doorn, R. van Koningsveld, M. C. van den Broek, J. H. Wokke, and J. G. van de Winkel. 2000. IgG receptor IIa alleles determine susceptibility and severity of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Neurology 54:1661-1665.
166. Van Pelt, W., M. A. de Wit, W. J. Wannet, E. J. Ligtvoet, M. A. Widdowson, and Y. T. van Duynhoven. 2003. Laboratory surveillance of bacterial gastroenteric pathogens in The Netherlands, 1991-2001. Epidemiol. Infect. 130:431-441.
167. Van Pelt, W., W. J. Wannet, A. W. van de Giessen, D. J. Mevius, and Y. T. van Duynhoven. 2004. Trends in gastro-enteritis van 1996-2003. Infect. Bull. 9:335-341.
168. Van Rhijn, I., L. H. Van den Berg, C. W. Ang, J. Admiraal, and T. Logtenberg. 2003. Expansion of human gammadelta T cells after in vitro stimulation with Campylobacter jejuni. Int. Immunol. 15:373-382.
169. van Sorge, N. M., W. L. van der Pol, M. D. Jansen, K. P. Geleijns, S. Kalmijn, R. A. Hughes, J. H. Rees, J. Pritchard, C. A. Vedeler, K. M. Myhr, C. Shaw, I. N. van Schaik, J. H. Wokke, P. A. van Doorn, B. C. Jacobs, J. G. van de Winkel, and L. H. Van den Berg. 2005. Severity of Guillain-Barre syndrome is associated with Fc gamma receptor III polymorphisms. J. Neuroimmunol. 162:157-164.
170. Vedeler, C. A., G. Raknes, K. M. Myhr, and H. Nyland. 2000. IgG Fc-receptor polymorphisms in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Neurology 55:705-707.
171. Vellinga, A., and F. Van Loock. 2002. The dioxin crisis as experiment to determine poultry-related campylobacter enteritis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:19-22.
172. Vetrie, D., I. Vorechovsky, P. Sideras, J. Holland, A. Davies, F. Flinter, L. Hammarstrom, C. Kinnon, R. Levinsky, and M. Bobrow. 1993. The gene involved in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia is a member of the src family of protem-tyrosine kinases. Nature 361:226-233.
173. Wassenaar, T. M. 1997. Toxin production by Campylobacter spp. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10:466-476.
174. Wassenaar, T. M., M. Kist, and A. de Jong. 2007. Re-analysis of the risks attributed to ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 30:195-201.
175. Watson, R. O., and J. E. Galan. 2005. Signal transduction in Campylobacter jejuni-induced cytokine production. Cell. Microbiol. 7:655-665.
176. Watson, R. O., and J. E. Galan. 2008. Campylobacter jejuni survives within epithelial cells by avoiding delivery to lysosomes. PLoS Pathog. 4:e14.
177. Watson, R. O., V. Novik, D. Hofreuter, M. Lara-Tejero, and J. E. Galan. 2007. A MyD88-deficient mouse model reveals a role for Nramp1 in Campylobacter jejuni infection. Infect. Immun. 75:1994-2003.
178. Weber, P., M. Koch, W. R. Heizmann, M. Scheurlen, H. Jenss, and F. Hartmann. 1992. Microbic superinfection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 14:302-308.
179. Wheeler, J. G., D. Sethi, J. M. Cowden, P. G. Wall, L. C. Rodrigues, D. S. Tompkins, M. J. Hudson, P. J. Roderick, et al. 1999. Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance. BMJ 318:1046-1050.
180. Williams, M. D., J. B. Schorling, L. J. Barrett, S. M. Dudley, I. Orgel, W. C. Koch, D. S. Shields, S. M. Thorson, J. A. Lohr, and R. L. Guerrant. 1989. Early treatment of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:248-250.
181. Willison, H. J. 2005. The immunobiology of Guillain-Barre syndromes. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 10:94-112.
182. Willison, H. J., and G. M. O'Hanlon. 2000. Anti-glycosphingolipid antibodies and Guillain-Barre syndrome, p. 241-258. In I. Nachamkin and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
183. World Health Organization. 2001. The increasing incidence of human campylobacteriosis, p. 19-25. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
184. Young, K. T., L. M. Davis, and V. J. Dirita. 2007. Campylobacter jejuni: molecular biology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5:665-679.
185. Young, V. B., D. B. Schauer, and J. G. Fox. 2000. Animal models of Campylobacter infection, p. 287-302. In I. Nachamkin and M. J. Blaser (ed.), Campylobacter, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
186. Yrios, J. W., and E. Balish. 1986. Pathogenesis of Campylobacter spp. in athymic and euthymic germfree mice. Infect. Immun. 53:384-392.
187. Yuki, N. 1997. Molecular mimicry between gangliosides and lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome and Miller Fisher syndrome. J. Infect. Dis. 176(Suppl. 2):S150-S153.
188. Yuki, N., M. Takahashi, Y. Tagawa, K. Kashiwase, K. Tadokoro, and K. Saito. 1997. Association of Campylobacter jejuni serotype with antiganglioside antibody in Guillain-Barre syndrome and Fisher's syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 42:28-33.
189. Yuki, N., T. Taki, F. Inagaki, T. Kasama, M. Takahashi, K. Saito, S. Handa, and T. Miyatake. 1993. A bacterium lipopolysaccharide that elicits Guillain-Barre syndrome has a GM1 ganglioside-like structure. J. Exp. Med. 178: 1771-1775.
190. Zilbauer, M., N. Dorrell, A. Elmi, K. J. Lindley, S. Schuller, H. E. Jones, N. J. Klein, G. Nunez, B. W. Wren, and M. Bajaj-Elliott. 2007. A major role for intestinal epithelial nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) in eliciting host bactericidal immune responses to Campylobacter jejuni. Cell. Microbiol. 9:2404-2416.