Toxin production by Campylobacter spp.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 466-476

  Wassenaar, Trudy M ^a  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL TOXIN; CYTOTOXIN; ENTEROTOXIN; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

BIOCHEMISTRY; CAMPYLOBACTER; CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI; CLASSIFICATION; NONHUMAN; PURIFICATION; REVIEW; STANDARDIZATION;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CAMPYLOBACTER; CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI;

EID: 0030812494     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.10.3.466     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Aguero-Rosenfeld, M. E., X.-H. Yang, and I. Nachamkin. 1990. Infection of adult Syrian hamsters with flagellar variants of Campylobacter jejuni. Infect. Immun. 58:2214-2219.
2. Akhtar, S. Q., and F. Huq. 1989. Effects of Campylobacter jejuni extracts and culture supernatants on cell culture. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92:80-85.
3. Arimi, S. M., R. W. A. Park, and C. R. Fricker. 1990. Study of haemolytic activity of some Campylobacter spp. on blood agar plates. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69:384-389.
4. Bag, P. K., T. Ramamurthy, and U. B. Nair. 1993. Evidence for the presence of a receptor for the cytolethal distending toxin (CLDT) of Campylobacter jejuni on CHO and HeLa cell membranes and development of a receptor-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detection of CLDT. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 114:285-292.
5. Baig, B. H., I. K. Wachsmuth, G. K. Morris, and W. E. Hill. 1986. Probing of Campylobacter jejuni with DNA coding for Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. J. Infect. Dis 154:542.
6. Belbouri, A., and F. Mégraud. 1988. Enterotoxin-like activity produced by C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from patients and healthy controls in Algeria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 51:25-28.
7. Beutin, L., L. Bode, M. Ozel, and R. Stephan. 1990. Enterohemolysin production is associated with a temperate bacteriophage in Escherichia coli serogroup O26 strains. J. Bacteriol. 172:6469-6475.
8. Beutin, L., J. Prada, S. Zimmerman, R. Stephan, I. Orskov, and F. Orskov. 1988. Enterohemolysin: a new type of hemolysin produced by some strains of enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC]. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg 1 Abt. Orig. A 267:576-588.
9. Beutin, L., U. H. Stroher, and P. A. Manning. 1993. Isolation of enterohemolysin (Ehly2)-associated sequences encoded on temperate phages of Escherichia coli. Gene 132:95-99.
10. Beutin, L. 1991. The different hemolysins of Escherichia coli. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 180:167-182.
11. Bhakdi, S., H. Bayley, A. Valeva, I. Walev, B. Walker, U. Weller, M. Kehoe, and M. Palmer. 1996. Staphylococcal alpha-toxin, streptolysin-O, and Escherichia coli hemolysin: prototypes of pore-forming bacterial cytolysins. Arch. Microbiol. 165:73-79.
12. Bhakdi, S., F. Grimminger, N. Suttorp, D. Walmrath, and W. Seeger. 1994. Proteinaceous bacterial toxins and pathogenesis of sepsis syndrome and septic shock: the unknown connection. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 183:119-144.
13. Black, R. E., M. M. Levine, M. L. Clements, T. P. Hughes, and M. J. Blaser. 1988. Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 157:472-479.
14. Blaser, M. J., and L. B. Reller. 1981. Campylobacter enteritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 305:1444-1452.
15. Bok, H. E., A. S. Greeff, and H. H. Crewe-Brown. 1991. Incidence of toxigenic Campylobacter strains in South Africa. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 1262-1264.
16. Braun, V., and T. Focareta. 1991. Pore-forming bacterial protein hemolysins (cytolysins). Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 18:115-158.
17. Calderwood, S. B., et al. 1996. Proposed new nomenclature for SLT (VT) family. ASM News 62:118-119.
18. Calva, E., J. Torres, M. Vazquez, V. Angeles, H. de la Vega, and G. M. Ruiz-Palacios. 1989. Campylobacter jejuni chromosomal sequences that hybridize to Vibrio cholera and Escherichia coli LT enterotoxin genes. Gene 75:243-251.
19. Collins, S., E. O'Loughlin, J. O'Rourke, Z. Li, A. Lee, and M. Howden. 1992. A cytotonic, cholera toxin-like protein produced by C. jejuni. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 103:299-303.
20. Coote, J. G., and T. Arain. 1996. A rapid, colourimetric assay for cytotoxin activity in Campylobacter jejuni. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 13:65-70.
21. Daikoku, T., M. Kawaguchi, K. Takama, and S. Suzuki. 1990. Partial purification and characterization of the enterotoxin produced by Campylobacter jejuni. Infect. Immun. 58:2414-2419.
22. Daikoku, T., S. Suzuki, S. Oka, and K. Takama. 1989. Profiles of enterotoxin and cytotoxin production in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 58:33-36.
23. DeMélo, M. A., G. Gabbiani, and J.-C. Péchère. 1989. Cellular events and intracellular survival of Campylobacter jejuni during infection of HEp-2 cells. Infect. Immun. 57:2214-2222.
24. DeMélo, M. A., and J.-C. Péchère. 1990. Identification of Campylobacter jejuni surface proteins that bind to eukaryotic cells in vitro. Infect. Immun. 58:1749-1756.
25. Dillon, S. T., E. J. Rubin, I. M. Yakubovich, C. Pothoulakis, J. T. LaMont, L. A. Feig, and R. J. Gilbert. 1995. Involvement of Ras-related Rho proteins in the mechanisms of action of Clostridium difficile toxin A and toxin B. Infect. Immun. 63:1421-1426.
26. Doig, P., R. Yao, D. H. Burr, P. Guerry, and T. J. Trust. 1996. An environmentally regulated pilus-like appendage involved in Campylobacter pathogenesis. Mol. Microbiol. 20:885-894.
27. Endo, Y., K. Tsurugi, T. Yutsudo, Y. Takeda, K. Ogasawara, and K. Igashi. 1988. Site of action of a Vero toxin (VT2) from E. coli O157:H7 and of Shiga toxin on eukaryotic ribosomes. RNA N-glycosidase activity of the toxins. Eur. J. Biochem. 171:45-50.
28. Everest, P. H., H. Goossens, J.-P. Butzler, D. Lloyd, S. Knutton, J. M. Ketley, and P. H. Williams. 1992. Differentiated Caco-2 cells as a model for enteric invasion by Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. J. Med. Microbiol. 37:319-325.
29. Everest P. H., A. T. Cole, C. J. Hawkey, S. Knutton, H. Goossens, J.-P. Butzler, J. M. Ketley, and P. H. Williams. 1993. Roles of leukotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, and cyclic AMP in Campylobacter jejuni-induced intestinal fluid secretion. Infect. Immun. 61:4885-4887.
30. Everest, P. H., H. Goossens, P. Sibbons, D. R. Lloyd, S. Knutton, R. Leece, J. M. Ketley, and P. H. Williams. 1993. Pathological changes in the rabbit ileal loop model caused by Campylobacter jejuni from human colitis. J. Med. Microbiol. 38:316-321.
31. Fauchère, J.-L., M. Kervella, A. Rosenau, K. Mohanna, and M. Véron. 1989. Adhesion to HeLa cells of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli outer membrane components. Res. Microbiol. 140:379-392.
32. Fernandez, H., U. F. Neto, F. Fernandes, M. de Almeida Pedra, and L. R. Trabulsi. 1983. Culture supernatants of Campylobacter jejuni induce a secretory response in jejunal segments of adult rats. Infect. Immun. 40:429-431.
33. Florin, I., and F. Antillon. 1992. Production of enterotoxin and cytotoxin in Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated in Costa Rica. J. Med. Microbiol. 37:22-29.
34. Gillespie, M. J., J. Smutko, G. G. Haraszthy, and J. J. Zambon. 1993. Isolation and partial characterization of the Campylobacter rectus cytotoxin. Microb. Pathog. 14:203-215.
35. Goossens, H., J.-P. Butzler, and Y. Takada. 1985. Demonstration of cholera-like enterotoxin production by C. jejuni. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 29:73-76.
36. Goossens, H., E. Rummens, S. Cadranel, J.-P. Butzler, and Y. Takeda. 1985. Cytotoxic activity on Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture filtrates of Campylobacter jejuni/coli. Lancet ii:511.
37. Grant, C. C., M. E. Konkel, W. Cieplak, and L. S. Tompkins. 1993. Role of flagella in adherence, internalization and translocation of Campylobacter jejuni in nonpolarized and polarized epithelial cell cultures. Infect. Immun. 61:1765-1771.
38. Guerrant, R. L., G. Fang, R. A. Pennie, and R. D. Pearson. 1992. In vitro models for studying Campylobacter jejuni infections, p. 160-167. In I. Nachamkin, M. J. Blaser, and L. S. Tompkins (ed.), Campylobacter jejuni: current status and future trends. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
39. Guerrant, R. L., C. A. Wanke, R. A. Pennie, L. J. Barrett, A. A. M. Lima, and A. D. O'Brien. 1987. Production of a unique cytotoxin by Campylobacter jejuni. Infect. Immun. 55:2526-2530.
40. Guerry, P., R. Yao, R. A. Alm, D. H. Burr, and T. J. Trust. 1994. Systems of experimental genetics for Campylobacter species. Methods Enzymol. 235: 474-481.
41. Honda, T., T. Miwatani, S. Mizuno, and S. Maki. 1986. Serum antibodies reacting with Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin in sera of patients suffering from Campylobacter jejuni infection. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 36: 53-55.
42. Hossain, A., D. E. S. Stewart-Tull, and J. H. Freer. 1993. Heat-labile and heat-stable haemolysis of C. jejuni. FEMS Immun. Med. Microbiol. 6:331-340.
43. Ichinose, Y., K. Yamamoto, N. Nakasone, M. J. Tanabe, T. Takeda, T. Miwatani, and M. Iwanaga. 1987. Entcrotoxicity of El Tor-like hemolysin of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 55:1090-1093.
44. Johnson, W. M., and H. Lior. 1984. Toxins produced by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Lancet i:229-230.
45. Johnson, W. M., and H. Lior. 1986. Cytotoxic and cytotonic factors produced by Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter laridis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:275-281.
46. Johnson, W. M., and H. Lior. 1988. A new heat-labile cytolethal distending toxin (CLDT) produced by Campylobacter spp. Microb. Pathog. 4:115-126.
47. Just, I., J. Selzer, M. Wilm, C. von Eichel Streiber, M. Mann, and K. Aktories. 1995. Glucosylation of Rho proteins by Clostridium difficile toxin B. Nature 375:500-503.
48. - and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport in vitro, in rat ileum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 124:381-386.
49. Kaur, R., N. K. Ganguly, L. Kumar, and B. N. Walia. 1993. Studies on the pathophysiological mechanism of Campylobacter jejuni-induced fluid secretion in rat ileum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 111:327-330.
50. Kawaguchi, M., K. Takama, and S. Suzuki. 1989. Distribution and solubilization of Campylobacter jejuni toxins. Microbios Lett. 42:113-118.
51. Ketley, J. M. 1996. Virulence of Campylobacter species: a molecular genetic approach. J. Med. Microbiol. 42:312-327.
52. Khalil, K., G. B. Lindblom, K. Mazhar, E. Sjögren, and B. Kaijser. 1993. Frequency and enterotoxigenicity of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in domestic animals in Pakistan as compared to Sweden. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96:35-40.
53. Kita, E., F. Nishikawa, N. Kamikaidou, A. Nakano, N. Katsui, and S. Kashiba. 1992. Mononuclear cell response in the liver of mice infected with hepatotoxigenic Campylobacter jejuni. J. Med. Microbiol. 37:326-331.
54. Kita, E., D. Oku, A. Hammuro, F. Nishikawa, M. Emoto, Y. Yagyu, N. Katsui, and S. Kashiba. 1990. Hepatotoxic activity of Campylobacter jejuni. J. Med. Microbiol. 33:171-183.
55. Klipstein, F. A., and R. F. Engert. 1984. Properties of crude Campylobacter jejuni heat-labile enterotoxin. Infect. Immun. 45:314-319.
56. Klipstein, F. A., and R. F. Engert. 1984. Purification of Campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin. Lancet i:1123-1124.
57. Klipstein, F. A., and R. F. Engert. 1985. Immunological relationship of the B subunits of Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins. Infect. Immun. 48:629-633.
58. Klipstein, F. A., R. F. Engert, H. Short, and E. A. Schenk. 1985. Pathogenic properties of Campylobacter jejuni: assay and correlation with clinical manifestations. Infect. Immun. 58:43-49.
59. Klipstein, F. A., R. F. Engert, and H. Short 1986. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for virulence properties of Campylobacter jejuni clinical isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:1039-1043.
60. Konkel, M. E., M. D. Corwin, L. A. Joens, and W. Cieplak. 1992. Factors that influence the interaction of Campylobacter jejuni with mammalian cells. J. Med. Microbiol. 37:30-37.
61. Konkel, M. E., S. F. Hayes, L. A. Joens, and W. Cieplak. 1992. Characteristics of the internalization and intracellular survival of Campylobacter jejuni in human epithelial cell cultures. Microb. Pathog. 13:357-370.
62. Konkel, M. E., and L. A. Joens. 1989. Adhesion to and invasion of HEp-2 cells by Campylobacter spp. Infect. Immun. 57:2984-2990.
63. Konkel, M. E., Y. Lobet, and W. Cieplak. 1992. Examination of multiple isolates of Campylobacter jejuni for evidence of cholera toxin-like activity, p. 193-198. In I. Nachamkin, M. J. Blaser, and L. S. Tompkins (ed.), Campylobacter jejuni: current status and future trends. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
64. Lindblom, G.-B., L.-E. Cervantes, E. Sjögren, B. Kaijser, and G. Ruiz-Palacios. 1990. Adherence, enterotoxigenicity, invasiveness and serogroups in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains from adult humans with acute enterocolitis. APMIS 98:179-184.
65. Lindblom, G.-B., M. Johny, K. Khalil, K. Mazbar, G. M. Ruiz-Palacios, and B. Kaijser. 1990. Enterotoxigenicity and frequency of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter laridis in human and animal stool isolates from different countries. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 66:163-168.
66. Lindblom, G.-B., B. Kaijser, and E. Sjögren. 1989. Enterotoxin production and serogroups of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from patients with diarrhoea and from healthy laying hens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:1272-1276.
67. Lyerly, D. M., H. C. Krivan, and T. D. Wilkins. 1988. Clostridium difficile: its disease and toxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1:1-18.
68. Mahajan, S., and F. G. Rodgers. 1990. Isolation, characterization and host-cell-binding properties of a cytotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1314-1320.
69. Martin, P. M. V., J. Mathiot, J. Ipero, A. J. Georges, and M. C. Georges-Courbot. 1988. Antibody response to Campylobacter coli in children during intestinal infection and carriage. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1421-1424.
70. Martin, P. M. V., J. Mathiot, J. Ipero, M. Kirimat, A. J. Georges, and M. C. Georges-Courbot. 1989. Immune response to Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in a cohort of children from birth to 2 years of age. Infect. Immun. 57:2542-2546.
71. Mathan, V. I., D. P. Rajan, F. A. Klipstein, and R. F. Engert. 1984. Enterotoxigenic Campylobacter jejuni among children in South India. Lancet ii:981.
72. McCardell, B. A., J. M. Madden, and E. C. Lee. 1984. Production of cholera-like toxin by Campylobacter jejuni/coli. Lancet i:448-449.
73. McCardell, B. A., J. M. Madden, and E. C. Lee. 1984. Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli production of a cytotonic toxin immunologically similar to cholera toxin. J. Food Prot. 47:943-949.
74. McCardell, B. A., J. M. Madden, and J. T. Stanfield. 1986. Effect of iron concentration on toxin production in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. Can. J. Microbiol. 32:395-401.
75. McCardell, B. A., J. M. Madden, and J. T. Stanfield. 1986. Production of cytotoxins by Campylobacter. Lancet i:1031.
76. McFarland, B. A., and S. D. Neill. 1992. Profiles of toxin production by thermophilic Campylobacter of animal origin. Vet. Microbiol. 30:257-266.
77. McSweegan, E., and R. I. Walker. 1986. Identification and characterization of two Campylobacter jejuni adhesins for cellular and mucous substrates. Infect. Immun. 53:141-148.
78. Misawa, N., K. Hirayama, K. Itoh, and E. Takahashi. 1995. Detection of alpha- and beta-hemolytic-like activity from Campylobacter jejuni. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:729-731.
79. Misawa, N., T. Ohnishi, K. Itoh, and E. Takahashi. 1994. Development of a tissue culture assay system for Campylobacter jejuni cytotoxin and the influence of culture conditions on cytotoxin production. J. Med. Microbiol. 41:224-230.
80. Misawa, N., T. Ohnishi, K. Itoh, and E. Takahashi. 1995. Cytotoxin detection in Campylobacter jejuni strains of human and animal origin with three tissue culture assay systems. J. Med. Microbiol. 43:354-359.
81. Mizuno, K., K. Takama, and S. Suzuki. 1994. Characteristics of cytotoxin produced by Campylobacter jejuni strains. Microbios 78:215-228.
82. Moore, M. A., M. J. Blaser, G. I. Perez-Perez, and A. D. O'Brien. 1988. Production of a shiga-like cytotoxin by Campylobacter. Microb. Pathog. 4:455-462.
83. Morooka, T., A. Umeda, and K. Amako. 1985. Motility as an intestinal colonization factor for Campylobacter jejuni. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:1973-1980.
84. Morris, G. K., M. H. Merson, D. A. Sack, J. G. Wells, W. T. Martin, W. E. Dewitt, J. C. Feeley, R. B. Sack, and D. M. Bessudo. 1976. Laboratory investigation of diarrhea in travellers to Mexico: evaluation of methods for detecting enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 3:486-495.
85. Newell, D. G., H. McBride, and J. M. Dolby. 1985. Investigations on the role of flagella in the colonization of infant mice with Campylobacter jejuni and attachment of Campylobacter jejuni to human epithelial cell lines. J. Hyg. Camb. 95:217-227.
86. Nishibuchi, M., A. Fasano, R. G. Russel, and J. B. Kaper. 1992. Enterotoxigenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with and without genes encoding thermostable direct hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 60:3539-3545.
87. Obrig, T. G. 1994. Toxins that inhibit host protein synthesis. Methods Enzymol. 235:647-656.
88. Ohya, T., K. Tominaga, and M. Nakazawa. 1993. Production of cytolethal distending toxin (CLDT) by Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus isolated from calves. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 55:507-509.
89. Olsnes, S., R. Reisbig, and K. Eiklid. 1981. Subunit structure of Shigella cytotoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 256:8732-8738.
90. Olsvik, Ø., K. Wachsmuth, G. Morris, and J. C. Feeley. 1984. Genetic probing of Campylobacter jejuni for cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Lancet i:449.
91. Pang, T., P. Y. Wong, S. D. Puthucheary, K. Sihotang, and W. K. Chang. 1987. In vivo and in vitro studies of a cytotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni. J. Med. Microbiol. 23:193-198.
92. Park, S. F., and P. T. Richardson. 1995. Molecular characterization of a Campylobacter jejuni lipoprotein with homology to periplasmic siderophore-binding proteins. J. Bacteriol. 177:2259-2264.
93. Perez-Perez, G. I., D. L. Cohn, R. I. Guerrant, C. M. Patton, L. B. Reller, and M. J. Blaser. 1989. Clinical and immunologic significance of cholera-like toxin and cytotoxin production by Campylobacter species in patients with acute inflammatory diarrhea in the USA. J. Infect. Dis. 160:460-468.
94. Perez-Perez, G. I., D. N. Taylor, P. D. Echeverria, and M. J. Blaser. 1992. Lack of evidence of enterotoxin involvement in pathogenesis of Campylobacter diarrhea, p. 184-192. In I. Nachamkin, M. J. Blaser, and L. S. Tompkins (ed.), Campylobacter jejuni: current status and future trends. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
95. Pickett, C. L., T. Auffenberg, E. C. Pesci, V. L. Sheen, and S. S. D. Jusuf. 1992. Iron acquisition and hemolysin production by Campylobacter jejuni. Infect. Immun. 60:3872-3877.
96. Pickett, C. L., D. L. Cottle, E. C. Pesci, and G. Bikah. 1994. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the Escherichia coli cytolethal distending toxin genes. Infect. Immun. 62:1046-1051.
97. Pickett, C. L., E. C. Pesci, D. L. Cottle, G. Ressell, A. N. Erdem, and H. Zeytin. 1996. Prevalence of cytolethal distending toxin production in Campylobacter jejuni and relatedness of Campylobacter sp. cdtB genes. Infect. Immun. 64:2070-2078.
98. Raimondi, F., J. P. Y. Kao, J. B. Kaper, S. Guandalini, and A. Fasano. 1995. Calcium-dependent intestinal chloride secretion by Vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin in a rabbit model. Gastroenterology 109: 381-386.
99. Reisbig, R., S. Olsnes, and K. Eiklid. 1981. The cytotoxic activity of Shigella toxin. Evidence for catalytic inactivation of the 60 S ribosomal subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 256:8739-8744.
100. Rowe, G. E., and R. A. Welch. 1994. Assays of hemolytic toxins. Methods Enzymol. 235:657-667.
101. Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., Y. Lopez-Vidal, J. Torres, and N. Torres. 1985. Serum antibodies to heat-labile enterotoxin of Campylobacter jejuni. J. Infect. Dis. 152:413-416.
102. Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., J. Torres, N. I. Torres, E. Escamilla, B. R. Ruiz-Palacios, and J. Tamayo. 1983. Cholera-like enterotoxin produced by Campylobacter jejuni. Lancet ii:250-253.
103. Saha, S. K., S. Saha, and S. C. Sanyal. 1991. Recovery of injured Campylobacter jejuni cells after animal passage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57: 3388-3389.
104. Saha, S. K., N. P. Singh, and S. C. Sanyal. 1988. Enterotoxigenicity of chicken isolates of Campylobacter jejuni in ligated ileal loops of rats. J. Med. Microbiol. 26:87-91.
105. Scott, D. A., and J. B. Kaper. 1994. Cloning and sequencing of the genes encoding Escherichia coli cytolethal distending toxin. Infect. Immun. 62: 244-251.
106. Sears, C. L., and J. B. Kaper. 1996. Enteric bacterial toxins: mechanisms of action and linkage to intestinal secretion. Microbiol. Rev. 60:167-215.
107. Skirrow, M. B., and M. J. Blaser. 1992. Clinical and epidemiologic considerations, p. 3-8. In I. Nachamkin, M. J. Blaser, and L. S. Tompkins (ed.), Campylobacter jejuni: current status and future trends. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
108. Spangler, B. D. 1992. Structure and function of cholera toxin and the related E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Microbiol. Rev. 56:622-647.
109. Spira, W. M., R. B. Sack, and J. L. Froehlich. 1981. Simple adult rabbit model for Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea. Infect. Immun. 32:739-747.
110. Stroher, U. H., L. Bode, L. Beutin, and P. A. Manning. 1993. Characterization and sequence of a 33-kDa enterohemolysin (Ehly 1)-associated protein in Escherichia coli. Gene 132:89-94.
111. Suzuki, S., M. Kawaguchi, K. Mizuno, K. Takama, and N. Yuki. 1994. Immunological properties and ganglioside recognitions by Campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin and cholera toxin. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 8:207-211.
112. Tay, S. T., S. Devi, S. Puthucheary, I. M. Kautner. 1995. Detection of haemolytic activity of Campylobacters by agarose haemolysis and microplate assay. J. Med. Microbiol. 42:175-180.
113. Taylor, D. E., W. M. Johnson, and H. Lior. 1987. Cytotoxic and enterotoxic activities of Campylobacter jejuni are not specified by tetracycline resistance plasmids pMAK175 and pUA 466. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:150-151.
114. Taylor, N. S., G. M. Thorne, and J. G. Bartlett. 1981. Comparison of two toxins produced by Clostridium difficile. Infect. Immun. 34:1036-1043.
115. Triadafilopoulos, G. C., C. Pothoulakis, M. J. O'Brien, and J. T. LaMont. 1987. Differential effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B on rabbit ileum. Gastroenterology 93:273-279.
116. Wadström, T., S. B. Baloda, K. Krovacek, A. Faris, S. Bengtson, and M. Walder. 1983. Swedish isolates of Campylobacter jejuni/coli do not produce cytotonic or cytotoxic enterotoxins. Lancet ii:911.
117. Walker, R. I., M. B. Caldwell, E. C. Lee, P. Guerry, T. J. Trust, and G. M. Ruiz-Palacios. 1986. Pathophysiology of Campylobacter enteritis. Microb. Rev. 50:81-94.
118. Wassenaar, T. M., N. M. C. Bleumink-Pluym, and B. A. M. van der Zeijst. 1991. Inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni flagellin genes by homologous recombination demonstrates that flaA but not flaB is required for invasion. EMBO J. 10:2055-2061.
119. Welch, R. A. 1991. Pore-forming cytolysins of Gram-negative bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 5:521-528.
120. Wong, P. Y., S. D. Puthucheary, and T. Pang. 1983. Demonstration of a cytotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni. J. Clin. Pathol. 36:1237-1240.
121. Yamamoto, K., Y. Ichinose, H. Shinagawa, K. Makino, A. Nakata, M. Iwanaga, T. Honda, and T. Miwatani. 1990. Two-step processing for activation of the cytolysin/hemolysin of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor: nucleotide sequence of the structural gene (hlyA) and characterization of the processed products. Infect. Immun. 58:4106-4116.
122. Zitzer A., I. Walev, M. Palmer, and S. Bhakdi. 1995. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae El Tor cytolysin as an oligomerizing pore-forming toxin. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 184:37-44.