Coronary Artery Surgery and Extracorporeal Circulation: The Search for a New Standard

Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 594-610

  Pillai, Jain Bhaskara ^a   Suri, Rakesh M ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

bypass; CABG; coronary; CPB; off pump; on pump; ONCAB; OPCAB

Indexed keywords

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; COMORBIDITY; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY ARTERY SURGERY; CORONARY HEMODYNAMICS; EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; MEDLINE; OFF PUMP CORONARY SURGERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; STANDARD; STROKE; SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME;

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS, OFF-PUMP; EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION; HUMANS;

EID: 47749146093     PISSN: 10530770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2008.02.004     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Buffolo E., Andrade J.C.S., Succi J.E., et al. Direct myocardial revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 33 (1985) 96-99
2. Benett F.J. Direct coronary surgery with saphenous vein bypass without either cardiopulmonary bypass or cardiac arrest. J Cardiovasc Surg 26 (1985) 17-22
3. Buffolo E., Andrade J.C.S., Branco J.N.R., et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 61 (1996) 63-66
4. Mack M.J., Brown P.P., Kugelmass A.D., et al. Current status and outcomes of coronary revascularization 1999 to 2002: 148,396 surgical and percutaneous procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 77 (2004) 761-768
5. Bell M.R., Gersh B.J., Schaff H.V., et al. Effect of completeness of revascularization on long-term outcome of patients with three-vessel disease undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. A report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Registry. Circulation 86 (1992) 446-457
6. Jones E.L., and Weintraub W.S. The importance of completeness of revascularization during long-term follow-up after coronary artery operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112 (1996) 227-237
7. Vander Salm T.J., Kip K.E., Jones R.H., et al. What constitutes optimal surgical revascularization?. J Am Coll Cardiol 39 (2002) 565-572
8. Borst C., Jansen E.W.L., Tulleken C.A., et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass and without interruption of native coronary flow using a novel anastomosis site restraining device ("Octopus"). J Am Coll Cardiol 27 (1996) 1356-1364
9. Bergsland J., Karamanoukian H.L., Soltoski P.R., et al. "Single suture" for circumflex exposure in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 68 (1999) 1428-1430
10. Watters M.P.R., Ascione R., Ryder I.G., et al. Haemodynamic changes during beating heart coronary surgery with the 'Bristol technique. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 19 (2001) 34-40
11. Poirier N.C., Carrier M., Lesperance J., et al. Quantitative angiographic assessment of coronary anastomoses performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117 (1999) 292-297
12. Couture P., Denault A., Limoges P., et al. Mechanisms of hemodynamic changes during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Can J Anesth 49 (2002) 835-849
13. Nierich A.P., Diephuis J., Jansen E.W.L., et al. Heart displacement during off-pump CABG: How well is it tolerated?. Ann Thorac Surg 70 (2000) 466-472
14. Cleveland Jr. J.C., Shroyer A.L., Chen A.Y., et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting decreases risk-adjusted mortality and morbidity. Ann Thorac Surg 72 (2001) 1282-1288
15. Racz M.J., Hannan E.L., Isom O.W., et al. A comparison of short- and long-term outcomes after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery with sternotomy. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004) 557-564
16. Mack M.J., Pfister A., Bachand D., et al. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with multivessel disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127 (2004) 167-173
17. Hernandez F., Cohn W.E., Baribeau Y.R., et al., Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. In-hospital outcomes of off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass procedures: A multicenter experience. Ann Thorac Surg 72 (2001) 1528-1534
18. Sabik J.F., Blackstone E.J., Lytle B.W., et al. Equivalent midterm outcomes after off-pump and on-pump coronary surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127 (2004) 142-148
19. Al-Ruzzeh S., George S., Yacoub M., et al. The clinical outcome of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in the elderly patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20 (2001) 1152-1156
20. El-Hamamsy I., Cartier R., Demers P., et al. Long-term results after systematic off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery in 1000 consecutive patients. Circulation 114 (2006) 486-491
21. Fitzgibbon G.M., Kafka H.P., Leach A.J., et al. Coronary bypass graft fate and patient outcome. Angiographic follow up of 5,065 grafts related to survival and reoperation in 1,388 patients during 25 years. J Am Coll Cardiol 28 (1996) 616-626
22. Gundry S.R., Romano M.A., Shattuck O.H., et al. Seven-year follow-up of coronary artery bypasses performed with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 115 (1998) 1273-1277
23. Angelini G.D., Taylor F.C., Reeves B.C., et al. Early and midterm outcome after off-pump and on-pump surgery in Beating Heart Against Cardioplegic Arrest Studies (BHACAS 1 and 2): A pooled analysis of two randomized controlled trials. Lancet 359 (2002) 1194-1199
24. van Dijk D., Nierich A.P., Jansen E.W., et al., Octopus Study Group. Early outcome after off-pump versus on-pump coronary bypass surgery: Results from a randomized study. Circulation 104 (2001) 1761-1766
25. Nathoe H.M., van Dijk D., Jansen E.W., et al., Octopus Study Group. A comparison of on-pump and off-pump coronary bypass surgery in low-risk patients. N Engl J Med 348 (2003) 394-402
26. Puskas J.D., Williams W.H., Duke P.G., et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting provides complete revascularization with reduced myocardial injury, transfusion requirements, and length of stay: A prospective randomized comparison of two hundred unselected patients undergoing off-pump versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125 (2003) 797-808
27. Puskas J.D., Williams W.H., Mahoney E.M., et al. Off-pump vs. conventional coronary artery bypass grafting: Early and 1-year graft patency, cost, and quality-of-life outcomes: A randomized trial. JAMA 291 (2004) 1841-1849
28. Légaré J.F., Buth K.J., King S., et al. Coronary bypass surgery performed off pump does not result in lower in-hospital morbidity than coronary artery bypass grafting performed on pump. Circulation 109 (2004) 887-892
29. Muneretto C., Bisleri G., Negri A., et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery technique for total arterial myocardial revascularization: A prospective randomized study. Ann Thorac Surg 76 (2003) 778-783
30. Widimsky P., Straka Z., Stros P., et al. One-year coronary bypass graft patency: A randomized comparison between off-pump and on-pump surgery angiographic results of the PRAGUE-4 trial. Circulation 110 (2004) 3418-3423
31. Chenoweth D.E., Cooper S.W., Hugli T.E., et al. Complement activation during cardiopulmonary bypass: Evidence for generation of C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins. N Engl J Med 304 (1981) 497-503
32. Foreman K.E., Vaporciyan A.A., Bonish B.K., et al. C5a-induced expression of P-selectin in endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 94 (1994) 1147-1155
33. Kilbridge P.M., Mayer J.E., Newburger J.W., et al. Induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin mRNA in heart and skeletal muscle of pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107 (1994) 1183-1192
34. Knudsen F., and Andersen L.W. Immunological aspects of cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Anesth 4 (1990) 245-258
35. Nilsson L., Kulander L., Nystrom S.O., et al. Endotoxins in cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 100 (1990) 777-780
36. Kawamura T., Wakusawa R., Okada K., et al. Elevation of cytokines during open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: Participation of interleukin 8 and 6 in reperfusion injury. Can J Anaesth 40 (1993) 1016-1021
37. Matata B.M., Sosnowski A.W., and Galiñanes M. Off-pump bypass graft operation significantly reduces oxidative stress and inflammation. Ann Thorac Surg 69 (2000) 785-791
38. Al-Ruzzeh S., Hoare G., Marczin N., et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery is associated with reduced neutrophil activation as measured by the expression of CD11b: A prospective randomized study. Heart Surg Forum 6 (2003) 89-93
39. Dorman B.H., Kratz J.M., Multani M.M., et al. A prospective, randomized study of endothelin and postoperative recovery in off-pump versus conventional coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 18 (2004) 25-29
40. Wildhirt S.M., Schulze C., Schulz C., et al. Reduction of systemic and cardiac adhesion molecule expression after off-pump versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting. Shock 16 suppl 1 (2001) 55-59
41. Caputo M., Yeatman M., Narayan P., et al. Effect of off-pump coronary surgery with right ventricular assist device on organ function and inflammatory response: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Thorac Surg 74 (2002) 2088-2095
42. Boyle E.M., Pohlman T.H., Johnson M.C., et al. Endothelial cell injury in cardiovascular surgery: The systemic inflammatory response. Ann Thorac Surg 63 (1997) 277-284
43. Wan S., LeClerc J.L., and Vincent J.L. Cytokine responses to cardiopulmonary bypass: Lessons learned from cardiac transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 63 (1997) 269-276
44. Larmann J., and Theilmeier G. Inflammatory response to cardiac surgery: Cardiopulmonary bypass versus non-cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 18 (2004) 425-438
45. Cohen G., Borger M.A., Weisel R.D., et al. Intraoperative myocardial protection: Current trends and future perspectives. Ann Thorac Surg 68 (1999) 1995-2001
46. Czerny M., Baumer H., Kilo J., et al. Inflammatory response and myocardial injury following coronary artery bypass grafting with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17 (2000) 737-742
47. Ferrari R., Alfieri O., Curello S., et al. Occurrence of oxidative stress during reperfusion of the human heart. Circulation 81 (1990) 201-211
48. Hennein H.A., Ebba H., Rodriguez J.L., et al. Relationship of the proinflammatory cytokines to myocardial ischemia and dysfunction after uncomplicated coronary revascularization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 108 (1994) 626-635
49. Wan S., DeSmet J.M., Barvais L., et al. Myocardium is a major source of proinflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112 (1996) 806-811
50. Penttila H.J., Lepoja M.V.K., Kiviluoma K.T., et al. Myocardial preservation during coronary surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 71 (2001) 565-571
51. Vedin J., Jensen U., Ericsson A., et al. Cardiovascular function during the first 24 hours after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting-A prospective, randomized study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2 (2003) 489-494
52. Roach G.W., Kanchuger M., Mangano C.M., et al. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation Investigators. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 1857-1863
53. Wandschneider W., Thalmann M., Trampitsch E., et al. Off-pump coronary bypass operations significantly reduce S100 release: An indicator for less cerebral damage?. Ann Thorac Surg 70 (2000) 1577-1579
54. Newman M.F., Kirchner J.L., Phillips-Bute B., et al. Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 344 (2001) 395-402
55. Lee J.D., Lee S.J., Tsushima W.T., et al. Benefits of off-pump bypass on neurologic and clinical morbidity: A prospective randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg 76 (2003) 18-26
56. Abu-Omar Y., Balacumaraswami L., Pigott D.W., et al. Solid and gaseous cerebral microembolization during off-pump, on-pump, and open cardiac surgery procedures. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127 (2004) 1759-1765
57. Neville M.J., Butterworth J., James R.L., et al. Similar neurobehavioral outcome after valve or coronary artery operations despite differing carotid embolic counts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 121 (2001) 125-136
58. Zamvar V., Williams D., Hall J., et al. Assessment of neurocognitive impairment after off-pump and on-pump techniques for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Prospective randomized controlled trial. BMJ 325 (2002) 1268-1272
59. Van Dijk D., Jansen E.W., Hijman R., et al., Octopus Study Group. Cognitive outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized trial. JAMA 287 (2002) 1405-1412
60. Jensen B.O., Hughes P., Rasmussen L.S., et al. Cognitive outcomes in elderly high-risk patients after off-pump versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting: A randomized trial. Circulation 113 (2006) 2790-2795
61. Selnes O.A., Pham L., Zeger S., et al. Defining cognitive change after CABG: Decline versus normal variability. Ann Thorac Surg 82 (2006) 388-390
62. Selnes O.A., Goldsborough M.A., Borowicz L.M., et al. Determinants of cognitive change after coronary artery bypass surgery: A multifactorial problem. Ann Thorac Surg 67 (1999) 1669-1676
63. Selnes O.A., Grega M.A., and Borowicz L.M. Cognitive outcomes three years after coronary artery bypass surgery: A comparison of on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery and nonsurgical controls. Ann Thorac Surg 79 (2005) 1201-1209
64. Knipp S.C., Matatko N., Wilhelm H., et al. Evaluation of brain injury after coronary artery bypass grafting. A prospective study using neuropsychological assessment and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 25 (2004) 791-800
65. Likosky D.S., Roth R.M., Saykin A.J., et al. Neurologic injury associated with CABG surgery: Outcomes, mechanisms, and opportunities for improvement. Heart Surg Forum 7 (2004) E650-E652
66. Likosky D.S., Groom R.C., Clark C., et al., Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group, Lebanon, New Hampshire. A method for identifying mechanisms of neurologic injury from cardiac surgery. Heart Surg Forum 7 (2004) E348-E352
67. Koul B., Willen H., Sjoberg T., et al. Pulmonary sequelae of prolonged total venoarterial bypass: Evaluation with a new experimental model. Ann Thorac Surg 51 (1991) 794-799
68. Ratliff N.B., Young Jr. W.G., Hackel D.B., et al. Pulmonary injury secondary to extracorporeal circulation: An ultrastructural study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 65 (1973) 425-432
69. Kochamba G.S., Yun K.L., Pfeffer T.A., et al. Pulmonary abnormalities after coronary arterial bypass grafting operation: Cardiopulmonary bypass versus mechanical stabilization. Ann Thorac Surg 69 (2000) 1466-1470
70. Grundeman P.F., Borst C., van Herwaarden J.A., et al. Hemodynamic changes during displacement of the beating heart by the Utrecht Octopus method. Ann Thorac Surg 63 (1997) S88-S92
71. Cimen S., Ozkul V., Ketenci B., et al. Daily comparison of respiratory functions between on-pump and off-pump patients undergoing CABG. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 23 (2003) 589-594
72. Berrizbetia L.D., Tessler S., Jacobowitz I.J., et al. Effect of sternotomy and coronary bypass surgery on postoperative pulmonary mechanics. Comparison of internal mammary and saphenous vein bypass grafts. Chest 96 (1989) 873-876
73. Cohen A.J., Moore P., Jones C., et al. Effect of internal mammary harvest on postoperative pain and pulmonary function. Ann Thorac Surg 56 (1993) 1107-1109
74. Mathers J., Benumof J.L., and Wahrenbrock E.A. General anesthetics and regional hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Anesthesiology 46 (1977) 11-14
75. Egbert L.D., Laver M.B., and Bendixen H.H. Intermittent deep breaths and compliance during anesthesia in man. Anesthesiology 24 (1963) 57-60
76. Ascione R., Williams S., Lloyd C.T., et al. Reduced postoperative blood loss and transfusion requirement after beating-heart coronary operations: A prospective randomized study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 121 (2001) 689-696
77. Lo B., Fijnheer R., Castigliego D., et al. Activation of hemostasis after coronary artery bypass grafting with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 99 (2004) 634-640
78. Boisclair M.D., Lane D.A., Philippou H., et al. Mechanisms of thrombin generation during surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood 82 (1993) 3350-3357
79. Chung J.H., Gikakis N., Rao A.K., et al. Pericardial blood activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 93 (1996) 2014-2018
80. Mariani M.A., Gu Y.J., Boonstra P.W., et al. Procoagulant activity after off-pump coronary operation: Is the current anticoagulation adequate?. Ann Thorac Surg 67 (1999) 1370-1375
81. Quigley R.L., Fried D.W., Pym J., et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery may produce a hypercoagulable patient. Heart Surg Forum 6 (2003) 94-98
82. Guyton A., and Richardson T. Effects of hematocrit on venous return. Circ Res 9 (1961) 157-164
83. DeFoe G.R., Ross C.S., Olmstead E.M., et al. Lowest hematocrit on bypass and adverse outcomes associated with coronary artery bypass grafting for the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. Ann Thorac Surg 71 (2001) 769-776
84. Chertow G.M., Levy E.M., Hammermeister K.E., et al. Independent association between acute renal failure and mortality following cardiac surgery. Am J Med 104 (1998) 343-348
85. Devbhandari M.P., Duncan A.J., Grayson A.D., et al. North West Quality Improvement Programme in Cardiac Interventions: Effect of risk-adjusted, non-dialysis-dependent renal dysfunction on mortality and morbidity following coronary artery bypass surgery: A multi-centre study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 29 (2006) 964-970
86. Dacey L.J., Liu J.Y., Braxton J.H., et al., Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. Long-term survival of dialysis patients after coronary bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 74 (2002) 458-463
87. Herzog C.A., Ma J.Z., and Collins A.J. Poor long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction among patients on long-term dialysis. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 799-805
88. Herzog C.A., Ma J.Z., and Collins A.J. Long-term outcome of dialysis patients in United States with coronary revascularization procedures. Kidney Int 56 (1999) 324-332
89. Wendel H.P., and Ziemer G. Coating techniques to improve the hemocompatibility of artificial devices used for extracorporeal circulation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 16 (1999) 342-350
90. Saito N., Motoyama S., and Sawamoto J. Effects of new polymercoated extracorporeal circuits on biocompatibility during cardiopulmonary bypass. Artif Organs 24 (2000) 547-554
91. Tanaka M., Motomura T., Kawada M., et al. Blood compatible aspects of poly (2-methoxyethylacrylate)(PMEA) relationship between protein adsorption and platelet adhesion on PMEA surface. Biomaterials 21 (2000) 1471-1481
92. Ikuta T., Fujii H., Shibata T., et al. A new poly-2-methoxyethylacrylate-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit possesses superior platelet preservation and inflammatory suppression efficacy. Ann Thorac Surg 77 (2004) 1678-1683
93. Gunaydin S., Farsak B., Kocakulak M., et al. Clinical performance and biocompatibility of poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate)-coated extracorporeal circuits. Ann Thorac Surg 74 (2002) 819-824
94. Wiesenack C., Liebold A., Philipp A., et al. Four years' experience with a miniaturized extracorporeal circulation system and its influence on clinical outcome. Artif Organs 28 (2004) 1082-1088
95. Fromesa Y., Gaillarda D., Ponzioa O., et al. Reduction of the inflammatory response following coronary bypass grafting with total minimal extracorporeal circulation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22 (2002) 527-533
96. Huybregts R.M., Veerman D.P., Vonk A.B.A., et al. First clinical experience with the air purge control and electrical remote-controlled tubing clamp in mini bypass. Artif Organs 30 (2006) 721-724
97. Wiesenack C., Wiesner G., Keyl C., et al. In vivo uptake and elimination of isoflurane by different membrane oxygenators during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology 97 (2002) 133-138
98. Tabuchi N., Sunamori M., Koyama T., et al. Remaining procoagulant property of wound blood washed by a cell-saving device. Ann Thorac Surg 71 (2001) 1749-1750
99. Gourlay T., Fleming J., and Taylor K.M. Laboratory evaluation of the Pall LG6 leukocyte-depleting arterial line filter. Perfusion 7 (1992) 131-140
100. Ortolano G.A., Aldea G.S., Lilly K., et al. A review of leukofiltration in cardiac surgery: The time course of reperfusion injury may facilitate study design of anti-inflammatory effects. Perfusion 17 (2002) 53-62
101. Sutton S.W., Patel A.N., Chase V.A., et al. Clinical benefits of continuous leukocyte filtration during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing valvular repair or replacement. Perfusion 20 (2005) 21-29
102. Whitaker D.C., Newman S.P., Stygall J., et al. The effect of leucocyte-depleting arterial line filters on cerebral microemboli and neuropsychological outcome following coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 25 (2004) 267-274
103. Olivencia-Yurvati A.H., Ferrara C.A., Tierney N., et al. Strategic leukocyte depletion reduces pulmonary microvascular pressure and improves pulmonary status post-cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion 18 suppl (2003) 23-31
104. Wimmer-Greinecker G., and International Council of Emboli Management (ICEM) Study Group. Reduction of neurologic complications by intra-aortic filtration in patients undergoing combined intracardiac and CABG procedures. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 23 (2003) 159-164
105. Elliott M.J. Ultrafiltration and modified ultrafiltration in pediatric open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg 56 (1993) 1518-1522
106. Boga M., Islamoglu F., Badak I., et al. The effects of modified hemofiltration on inflammatory mediators and cardiac performance in coronary artery bypass grafting. Perfusion 15 (2000) 143-150
107. Luciani G.B., Menon T., Vecchi B., et al. Modified ultrafiltration reduces morbidity after adult cardiac operations: A prospective, randomized clinical trial. Circulation 104 (2001) I253-I259
108. Ranucci M., Cirri S., Conti D., et al. Beneficial effects of Duraflo II heparin-coated circuits on postperfusion lung function. Ann Thorac Surg 61 (1996) 76-81
109. Drew C.E., and Anderson I.M. Profound hypothermia in cardiac surgery. Report of three cases. Lancet 1 (1959) 748-750
110. Glenville B., and Ross D. Coronary artery surgery with patient's lungs as oxygenator. Lancet 2 (1986) 1005-1006
111. Richter J.A., Meisner H., Tassani P., et al. Drew-Anderson technique attenuates systemic inflammatory response syndrome and improves respiratory function after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 69 (2000) 77-83
112. Rosengart T.K., DeBois W., O'Hara M., et al. Retrograde autologous priming for cardiopulmonary bypass: A safe and effective means of decreasing hemodilution and transfusion requirements. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 115 (1998) 426-439
113. Wijeysundera D.N., Beattie S.W., Djaiani G., et al. Off-pump coronary artery surgery for reducing mortality and morbidity. Meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 46 (2005) 872-882
114. Benson K., and Hartz A.J. A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 1878-1886
115. Concato J., Shah N., and Horwitz R.I. Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 1887-1892
116. Cheng D.C., Bainbridge D., Martin J.E., et al. Does off-pump coronary artery bypass reduce mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization when compared with conventional coronary artery bypass?. A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesthesiology 102 (2005) 188-203
117. Puskas J., Cheng D., Knight J., et al. Off-Pump versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting: A meta-analysis and consensus statement from the 2004 ISMICS Consensus Conference. Innovations 1 (2005) 3-27
118. Beauford R.B., Saunders C.R., Niemeier L.A., et al. Is off-pump revascularization better for patients with non-dialysis-dependent renal insufficiency?. Heart Surg Forum 7 (2003) 141-146
119. Dewey T.M., Herbert M.A., Prince S.L., et al. Does coronary artery bypass graft surgery improve survival among patients with end-stage renal disease?. Ann Thorac Surg 81 (2006) 591-598
120. Franga D.L., Kratz J.M., Crumbley A.J., et al. Early and long-term results of coronary artery bypass grafting in dialysis patients. Ann Thorac Surg 70 (2000) 813-819
121. Horst M., Mehlhorn U., Hoerstrup S.P., et al. Cardiac surgery in patients with end-stage renal disease: 10-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg 69 (2000) 96-101
122. Oskvig R. Special problems in the elderly. Chest 115 (1999) 158S-164S
123. Ricci M., Karamanoukian H.L., Abraham R., et al. Stroke in octogenarians undergoing coronary artery surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 69 (2000) 1471-1475
124. Hoff S.J., Ball S.K., Coltharp W.H., et al. Coronary artery bypass in patients 80 years and over: Is off-pump the operation of choice?. Ann Thorac Surg 74 (2002) S1340-S1343
125. Sharony R., Grossi E.A., Saunders P.C., et al. Propensity case-matched analysis of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with atheromatous aortic disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127 (2004) 406-413
126. Mills N.L., and Everson C.T. Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta and coronary artery bypass. Pathology, clinical correlates, and operative management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 102 (1991) 546-553
127. Katz E.S., Tunick P.A., Rusinek H., et al. Protruding aortic atheromas predict stroke in elderly patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: Experience with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 20 (1992) 70-77
128. Wilson M.J., Boyd S.Y.N., Lisagor P.G., et al. Ascending aortic atheroma assessed intraoperatively by epiaortic and transesophageal echocardiography. Ann Thorac Surg 70 (2000) 25-30
129. Gaudino M., Glieca F., Alessandrini F., et al. The unclampable ascending aorta in coronary artery bypass patients-A surgical challenge of increasing frequency. Circulation 102 (2000) 1497-1502
130. Dewey T.M., Herbert M.A., Prince S.L., et al. Avoidance of cardiopulmonary bypass improves early survival in multivessel coronary artery bypass patients with poor ventricular function. Heart Surg Forum 7 (2004) 53-58
131. Anguita M., Arizon J.M., Bueno G., et al. Clinical and hemodynamic predictors of survival in patients aged less than 65 years with severe congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 72 (1993) 413-417
132. Shennib H., Endo M., Benhamed O., et al. Surgical revascularization in patients with poor left ventricular function: On- or off-pump?. Ann Thorac Surg 74 (2002) S1344-S1347
133. Ascione R., Narayan P., Rogers C.A., et al. Early and midterm clinical outcome in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction undergoing coronary artery surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 76 (2003) 793-800
134. George S.J., Kapetanakis E.I., Dhadwal K., et al. A three-dimensional echocardiographic comparison of a deep pericardial stitch versus an apical suction device for heart positioning during beating heart surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 32 (2007) 604-610
135. Chang W., Kim K.B., Kim J.H., et al. Hemodynamic changes during posterior vessel off-pump coronary artery bypass: Comparison between deep pericardial sutures and vacuum-assisted apical suction device. Ann Thorac Surg 78 (2004) 2057-2062
136. Hirose H., and Amano A. Routine off-pump coronary artery bypass: Reasons for on-pump conversion. Innovations 1 (2005) 28-31
137. Wareing T.H., Davila-Roman V.G., Barzilai B., et al. Management of the severely atherosclerotic ascending aorta during cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103 (1992) 453-462
138. Barbut D., and Caplan L.R. Brain complications of cardiac surgery. Curr Probl Cardiol 22 (1997) 451-480
139. Reuthebuch O., Kadner A., Lachat M., et al. Early bypass occlusion after deployment of Nitinol connector devices. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127 (2004) 1421-1426
140. Weber A., Reuthebuch O., and Turino M. Guidant Heartstring: Initial experience in OPCAB surgery. Heart Surg Forum 8 (2004) E4-E8
141. Raja S.G. Drug-eluting stents and the future of coronary artery bypass surgery: Facts and fiction. Ann Thorac Surg 81 (2006) 1162-1171
142. Kim K.B., Kang C.H., Chang W., et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass with complete avoidance of aortic manipulation. Ann Thorac Surg 74 (2002) S1377-S1382
143. Kim K.B., Cho K.R., Chang W., et al. Bilateral skeletonized internal thoracic artery graftings in off-pump coronary artery bypass: Early result of Y versus in-situ grafts. Ann Thorac Surg 74 (2002) S1371-S1376
144. Wendler O., Tscholl D., Huang Q., et al. Free-flow capacity of skeletonized versus pedicled internal thoracic artery grafts in coronary artery bypass grafts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 15 (1999) 247-250
145. Royse A.F., Royse C.F., Groves K.L., et al. Blood flow in composite arterial grafts and effect of native coronary flow. Ann Thorac Surg 68 (1999) 1619-1622
146. Blakeman B.P., Sullivan H.J., Foy B.K., et al. Internal mammary artery revascularization in the patient on long-term renal dialysis. Ann Thorac Surg 50 (1990) 776-778
147. Loop F.D., Lytle B.W., Cosgrove D.M., et al. Influence of the internal mammary artery on 10-year survival and other cardiac events. N Engl J Med 316 (1986) 1-6
148. Ura M., Sakata R., Nakayama Y., et al. The impact of chronic renal failure on athersclerosis of the internal thoracic arteries. Ann Thorac Surg 71 (2001) 148-151
149. Bonchek L.I. Off-pump coronary bypass: Is it for everyone?. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124 (2002) 431-434
150. Murphy G.J., Rogers C.A., Caputo M., et al. Acquiring proficiency in off-pump surgery: Traversing the learning curve, reproducibility, and quality control. Ann Thorac Surg 80 (2005) 1965-1970
151. Song H.K., Petersen R.J., Sharoni E., et al. Safe evolution towards routine off-pump coronary artery bypass: Negotiating the learning curve. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 24 (2003) 947-952
152. Mishra Y.K., Mishra M., Malhotra R., et al. Evolution of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting over 15 years-A single-institution experience of 14,030 cases. Innovations 1 (2005) 88-91
153. Lytle B.W. Evolving technology: Recognition and opportunity. Ann Thorac Surg 71 (2001) 1409