The biological mechanisms of cancer-related skeletal muscle wasting: The role of progressive resistance exercise

Biological Research for Nursing

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 7-20

  Al Majid, Sadeeka ^a,c   Waters, Haidee ^b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biobehavioral; Cancer; Exercise; Fatigue

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; PEPTIDE HYDROLASE; PROTEASOME; UBIQUITIN;

ARTICLE; CACHEXIA; CALORIC INTAKE; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; NEOPLASM; NURSING RESEARCH; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK FACTOR; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WASTING SYNDROME; WEIGHT LIFTING;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; CACHEXIA; CYTOKINES; ENERGY INTAKE; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NEOPLASMS; NURSING RESEARCH; PEPTIDE HYDROLASES; PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESEARCH DESIGN; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UBIQUITIN; WASTING SYNDROME; WEIGHT LIFTING;

EID: 47649089812     PISSN: 10998004     EISSN: 15524175     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1099800408317345     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Al-Majid, S., & McCarthy, D.O. (2001). Resistance exercise training attenuates wasting of the extensor digitorum longus muscle in mice bearing the colon-26 adenocarcinoma. Biological Research for Nursing, 2, 155-166.
2. Andreyev, H.J., Norman, A.R., Oates, J., & Cunningham, D. (1998). Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies ? European Journal of Cancer, 34, 503-509.
3. Argiles, J.M., Busquets, S., Felipe, A., & Lopez-Soriano, F.J. (2005). Molecular mechanisms involved in muscle wasting in cancer and ageing: Cachexia versus sarcopenia. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 37, 1084-1104.
4. Argiles, J.M., Moore-Carrasco, R., Busquets, L., & Lopez-Soriano, F.J. (2003). Catabolic mediators as targets for cancer cachexia. Drug Discovery Today, 8, 838-844.
5. Attaix, D., Combaret, L., Tilignac, T., & Taillandier, D. (1999). Adaptaion of the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway in cancer cachexia. Molecular Biology Reports, 26, 77-82.
6. Attaix, D., Ventadour, S., Codran, A., Bechet, D., Taillandier, D., & Combaret, L. (2005). The ubiquitin- proteasome system and skeletal muscle wasting. Essays in Biochemistry, 41, 173-186.
7. Baar, K. (2006). Training for endurance and strength: Lessons from cell signaling. Medicine and Science and Sports Exercise, 38 (11). 1939-1944.
8. Baar, K., & Esser, K. (1999). Phosphorylation of p70S6k correlates with increased skeletal muscle mass following resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology, 276, C120 - C127.
9. Baar, K., Nader, G., & Bodine, S. (2006). Resistance exercise, muscle loading/unloading and the control of muscle mass. Essays in Biochemistry, 42, 61-74.
10. Baracos, V.E., DeVivo, C., Hoyle, D.H., & Goldberg, A.L. (1995). Activation of the ATP-ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in skeletal muscle of cachectic rats bearing a hepatoma. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 268, E996 - E1006.
11. Bartoli, M., & Richard, I. (2005). Calpains in muscle wasting. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 37 (10). 2115-2133.
12. Beck, S.A., Smith, K.L., & Tisdale, M.J. (1991). Anticachectic and antitumor effect of evcosapentaenoic acid and its effect on protein turnover. Cancer Research, 51, 6089-6093.
13. Binder, E.F., Yarasheski, K.E., Steger-May, K., Sinacore, D.R., Brown, M., Schechtman, K.B., et al. (2005). Effects of progressive resistance training on body composition in frail older adults: Results of a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Gerontology Series A, 60, 1425-1431.
14. Bodine, S.C. (2006). mTOR signaling and the molecular adaptation to resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38 (11). 1950-1957.
15. Bossola, M., Muscaritoli, M., Costelli, P., Bellantone, R., Pacelli, F., Busquets, S., et al. (2001). Increased muscle ubiquitin mRNA levels in gastric cancer patients. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 280, R1518 - R1523.
16. Bossola, M., Muscaritoli, M., Costelli, P., Grieco, G., Bonelli, G., Pacelli, F., et al. (2003). Increased muscle proteasome activity correlates with disease severity in gastric cancer patients. Annals of Surgery, 237, 384-389.
17. Bossola, M., Pacelli, F., Tortorelli, A., & Doglietto, G.B. (2007). Cancer cachexia: It's time for more clinical trials. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 14 (2). 276-285.
18. Campbell, K.L., Lane, K., Martin, A.D., Gelmon, K.A., & McKenzie, D.C. (2007). Resting energy expenditure and body mass changes in women during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Cancer Nursing, 30 (2). 95-100.
19. Camps, C., Iranzo, V., Bremnes, R.M., & Sirera, R. (2006). Anorexia-Cachexia syndrome in cancer: Implications of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Supportive Care in Cancer, 14, 1173-1183.
20. Cannon, T., Couch, M., Yin, X., Guttridge, D., Lai, V., & Shores, C. (2007, October 4). Comparison of animal models for head and neck cancer cachexia. Laryngoscope [Epub ahead of print: doi: 10.1097/MLG. 0b013e3181453658].
21. Cheema, B., Gaul, C.A., Lane, K., & Fiatarone Singh, M.A. (2007, July 12). Progressive resistance training in breast cancer: A systematic review of clinical trials. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment [Epub ahead of print: doi: 10. 1007/sI0549-007-9638-0].
22. Chute, C.G., Greenberg, E.R., Baron, J., Korson, R., Baker, J., & Yates, J. (1985). Presenting conditions of 1539 population-based lung patients by cell type and stage in New Hampshire and Vermont. Cancer, 56, 2107-2111.
23. Combaret, L., Adegoke, O.A., Bedard, N., Baracos, V., Attaix, D., & Wing, S.S. (2005). USP19 is a ubiquitin-specific protease regulated in rat skeletal muscle during catabolic states. American Journal of Physiology- Endocrinology and Metabolism, 288 (4). E693 - E700.
24. Combaret, L., Tilignac, T., Claustre, A., Voisin, L., Taillandier, D., Obled, C., et al. (2002). Torbafylline (HWA 448) inhibits enhanced skeletal muscle ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent proteolysis in cancer and septic rats. Biochemical Journal, 361, 185-192.
25. Costelli, P., & Baccino, F.M. (2000). Cancer cachexia: From experimental models to patient management. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 3, 177-181.
26. Costelli, P., Bossola, M., Muscaritoli, M., Grieco, G., Bonelli, G., Bellantone, R., et al. (2002). Anticytokine treatment prevents the increase in the activity of ATP-ubiquitin- and Ca2+-dependent proteolytic systems in the muscle of tumour-bearing rats. Cytokine, 19, 1-5.
27. Costelli, P., Carbo, N., Tessitore, L., Bagby, G.J., Lopeze-Soriano, F.J., Argiles, J.M., et al. (1993). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates changes in tissue protein turnover in rat cancer cachexia model. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 92, 2783-2789.
28. Costelli, P., Reffo, P., Penna, F., Autelli, R., Bonelli, G., & Baccino, F.M. (2005). Ca2+-dependent proteolysis in muscle wasting. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 37, 2134-2146.
29. Costelli, P., Tullio, R.D., Baccino, F.M., & Melloni, E. (2001). Activation of Ca2+-dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscle and heart in cancer cachexia. British Journal of Cancer, 84 (7). 946-950.
30. Courneya, S.K., Segal, R.J., Mackey, J.R., Gelmon, K., Reid, R.D., Friedenreich, C.M., et al. (2007). Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25, 4396-4404.
31. Cuthbertson, D., Smith, K., Babraj, J., Leese, G., Waddell, T., Atherton, P., et al. (2005). Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle. Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 19, 422-424.
32. Dejong, C.H.C., Busquets, S., Moses, A.G.W., Schrauwen, P., Ross, J.A., Argiles, J.M., et al. (2005). Systemic inflammation correlates with increased expression of skeletal muscle ubiquitin but not uncoupling proteins in cancer cachexia. Oncology Reports, 14, 257-263.
33. Dillon, E.L., Volpi, E., Wolfe, R.R., Sinha, S., Sanford, A.P., Arrastia, C.D., et al. (2007, September 3). Amino acid metabolism and inflammatory burden in ovarian cancer patients undergoing intense oncological therapy. Clinical Nutrition [Epub ahead of print].
34. Dimeo, F., Fetscher, S., Lange, W., Mertelsmann, R., & Keul, J. (1997). Effects of aerobic exercise on the physical performance and incidence of treatment-related complications after high-dose chemotherapy. Blood, 90, 3390-3394.
35. Drowzak, F., Ferrari, P., Gavazzi, C., Maiorana, C., & Bozzetti, F. (1998). Effects of cachexia due to cancer on whole body and skeletal muscle protein turnover. Cancer, 82 (1). 42-48.
36. Eley, H.L., Russell, S.T., Baxter, J.H., Mukerji, P., & Tisdale, M.J. (2007). Signaling pathways initiated by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate to attenuate the depression of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in response to cachectic stimuli. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 293 (4). E923 - E931.
37. Eley, H.L., Russell, S.T., & Tisdale, M.J. (2007). Effect of branched-chain amino acids on muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia. The Biochemical Journal, 407 (1). 113-120.
38. Emery, P.W., Edwards, R.H.T., Rennie, J.J., Souhami, R.L., & Halliday, D. (1984). Protein synthesis in muscle measured in vivo in cachectic patients with cancer. British Medical Journal, 289, 584-586.
39. Emery, P.W., Lovell, L., & Rennie, M.J. (1984). Protein synthesis measured in vivo in muscle and liver of cachectic tumor-bearing mice. Cancer Research, 44, 2779-2784.
40. Enomoto, A., Rho, M.C., Fukami, A., Hiraku, O., Komiyama, K., & Hayashi, M. (2004). Suppression of cancer cachexia by 20S, 21-epozy- resibufogenin-3-acetate-A novel nonpeptide IL-6 receptor antagonist. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 323, 1096-1102.
41. Evans, W.J. (2004). Protein nutrition, exercise and aging. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23 (Suppl. 6). 601S - 609S.
42. Evans, W.K., Makuch, R., Clamon, G.H., Feld, R., Weiner, R.S., Moran, E., et al. (1985). Limited impact of total parenteral nutrition on nutritional status during treatment for small cell lung cancer. Cancer Research, 45, 3347-3352.
43. Evans, W.J., Roubenoff, R., & Shevitz, A. (1998). Exercise and the treatment of wasting: Aging and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Seminars in Oncology, 25 (Suppl. 6). 112-122.
44. Fearon, K.C.H., von Meyenfeldt, M.F., Moses, A.G.W., van Geenen, R., Roy, A., Gouma, D.J., et al. (2003). Effect of a protein and energy dense n-3 fatty acid enriched oral supplement on loss of weight and lean tissue in cancer cachexia: A randomised double blind trial. Gut, 52, 1479-1486.
45. Figueras, M., Busquets, S., Carbo, N., Almndro, V., Argiles, J.M., & Lopez-Soriano, F.J. (2005). Cancer cachexia results in an increase in TNF-alpha receptor gene expression in both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. International Journal of Oncology, 27, 855-860.
46. Fujita, S., Abe, T., Drummond, M.J., Cadenas, J.G., Dreyer, H.C., Sato, Y., et al. (2007). Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis. Journal of Applied Physiology, 103, 903-910.
47. Galvao, D.A., Nosaka, K., Taaffe, D.R., Peake, J., Spry, N., Suzuki, K., et al. (2007, July 17). Endocrine and immune responses to resistance training in prostate cancer patients. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases [Epub ahead of print: doi: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500991].
48. Galvao, D.A., Nosaka, K., Taaffe, D.R., Spry, N., Kristjanson, L.J., McGuigan, M.R., et al. (2006). Resistance training and reduction of treatment side effects in prostate cancer patients. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38, 2045-2052.
49. Garcia-Martinez, C., Llovera, M., Agell, N., Lopez-Soriano, F.J., & Argiles, J.M. (1994). Ubiquitin gene expression in skeletal muscle is increased by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 201, 682-686.
50. George, J., Cannon, T., Lai, V., Richey, L., Zanation, A., Hayes, D.N., et al. (2007). Cancer cachexia syndrome in head and neck cancer patients: Part II. Pathophysiology. Head and Neck, 29 (5). 497-507.
51. Greiwe, J.S., Cheng, B., Rubin, D.C., Yarasheski, K.E., & Semenkovich, C.F. (2001). Resistance exercise decreases skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor α in frail elderly humans. Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 15, 475-482.
52. Grinspoon, S., Corcoran, C., Parlman, K., Costello, M., Rosenthal, D., Anderson, E., et al. (2000). Effects of testosterone and progressive resistance training in eugonadal men with AIDS wasting. A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 133 (5). 348-355.
53. Hartman, J.W., Moore, D.R., & Phillips, S.M. (2006). Resistance training reduces whole-body protein turnover and improves net protein retention in untrained young males. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 31, 557-564.
54. Hussey, H.J., & Tisdale, M.J. (2000). Effect of the specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor meloxicam on tumour growth and cachexia in a murine model. International Journal of Cancer, 87 (1). 95-100.
55. Inui, A. (2002). Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome: Current issues in research and management. Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 52, 72-91.
56. Irvine, D.M., Vincent, L., Graydon, J.E., & Bubela, N. (1998). Fatigue in women with breast cancer receiving radiation therapy. Cancer Nursing, 21, 127-135.
57. Jackman, R.W., & Kandarian, S.C. (2004). The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 287, C834 - C843.
58. Jagoe, R.T., Lecker, S.H., Gomes, M., & Goldberg, A.L. (2002). Patterns of gene expression in atrophying skeletal muscles: Response to food deprivation. Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 16, 1697-1712.
59. Karayiannakis, A.J., Syrigos, K.N., Polychronidis, A., Pitiakoudis, M., Bounovas, A., & Simopoulos, K. (2001). Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nutritional status in pancreatic cancer patients, Anticancer Research, 21, 1355-1358.
60. Khal, J., Hine, A.V., Fearon, K.C., Dejong, C.H., & Tisdale, M.J. (2005). Increased expression of proteasome subunits in skeletal muscle of cancer patients with weight loss. International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 37, 2196-2206.
61. Kline, W.O., Panaro, F.J., Yang, H., & Bodine, S.C. (2007). Rapamycin inhibits the growth of muscle-sparing effects of clenbuterol. Journal of Applied Physiology, 102, 740-747.
62. Krzystek-Korpacka, M., Matusiewicz, M., Diakowska, D., Grabowski, K., Blachut, K., Kustrzeba-Wojcicka, I., et al. (2007, August 10). Impact of weight loss on circulating IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, VEGF-A, VEGF-C and midkine in gastroesophageal cancer patients. Clinical Biochemistry [Epub ahead of print].
63. Lecker, S.H., Goldberg, A.L., & Mitch, W.E. (2006). Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in normal and disease states. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 17, 1807-1819.
64. Llovera, M., Garcia-Martinez, C., Lopez-Soriano, J., Carbo, N., Agell, N., Lopez-Soriano, F.J., et al. (1998). Role of TNF receptor 1 in protein turnover during cancer cachexia using gene knockout mice. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 142, 183-189.
65. Loprinzi, C.L., Schaid, D.J., Dose, A.M., Burnham, N.L., & Jensen, M.D. (1993). Body-composition changes in patients who gain weight while receiving megestrol acetate. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 11, 152-154.
66. Lorite, M.J., Cariuk, P., & Tisdale, M.J. (1997). Induction of muscle protein degradation by a tumor factor. British Journal of Cancer, 76, 1035-1040.
67. Lorite, M.J., Smith, H.J., Arnold, J.A., Morris, A., Thompson, M.G., & Tisdale, M.J. (2001). Activation of ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscle in vivo and murine myoblasts in vitro by a proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF). British Journal of Cancer, 85 (2). 297-302.
68. Lorite, M.J., Thompson, M.G., Drake, J.L., Carling, G., & Tisdale, M.J. (1998). Mechanism of muscle protein degradation induced by a cancer cachectic factor. British Journal of Cancer, 78, 850-856.
69. Louis, E., Raue, U., Yang, Y., Jemiolo, B., & Trappe, S. (2007). Time course of proteolytic, cytokine, and myostatin gene expression after acute exercise in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology, 103, 1744-1751.
70. Lundholm, K., Bennegård, K., Edén, E., Svaninger, G., Emery, P.W., & Rennie, M.J. (1982). Efflux of 3-methylhistidine from the leg in cancer patients who experience weight loss. Cancer Research, 42, 4807-4811.
71. Lundholm, K., Bylund, A.C., Holm, J., & Schersten, T. (1976). Skeletal muscle metabolism in patients with malignant tumor. European Journal of Cancer, 12, 465-473.
72. Lynch, G.S., Schertzer, J.D., & Ryall, J.G. (2007). Therapeutic approaches for muscle wasting disorders. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 113, 461-487.
73. MacDonald, N., Easson, A.M., Mazurak, V.C., Dunn, G.P., & Baracos, V.E. (2003). Understanding and managing cancer cachexia. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 97, 143-161.
74. Maughan, R.J., Watson, J.S., & Weir, J. (1983). Strength and cross-sectional area of human skeletal muscle. Journal of Physiology, 338, 37-49.
75. Melstrom, L.G., Melstrom, K.A., Ding, X.Z., & Adrian, T.E. (2007). Mechanisms of skeletal muscle degradation and its therapy in cancer cachexia. Histology and Histopathology, 22, 805-814.
76. Melville, S., McNurlan, M.A., Calder, A.G., & Garlick, P.J. (1990). Increased protein turnover despite normal energy metabolism and responses to feeding in patients with lung cancer. Cancer Research, 50, 1125-1131.
77. Mendez, R., Kollmorgen, G., White, M.F., & Rhoads, R.E. (1997). Requirement of protein kinase C zeta for stimulation of protein synthesis by insulin. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 17, 5184-5192.
78. Moses, A.W.G., Slater, C., Preston, T., Barber, M.D., & Fearon, K.C.H. (2004). Reduced total energy expenditure and physical activity in cachectic patients with pancreatic cancer can be modulated by an energy and protein dense oral supplement enriched with n-3 fatty acids. British Journal of Cancer, 90, 996-1002.
79. Muscaritoli, M., Bossola, M., Aversa, Z., Bellantone, R., & Fanelli, F.R. (2006). Prevention and treatment of cancer cachexia: New insights into an old problem. European Journal of Cancer, 42, 31-41.
80. Newman, A.B., Haggerty, C.L., Goodpaster, B., Harris, T., Kritchevsky, S., Nevitt, M., et al. (2003). Strength and muscle quality in a well-functioning cohort of older adults: The health, aging and body composition study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51 (3). 323-330.
81. Paddon-Jones, D., Sheffield-Moore, M., Urban, R.J., Aarsland, A., Wolfe, R.R., & Ferrando, A.A. (2005). The catabolic effects of prolonged inactivity and acute hypercortisolemia are offset by dietary supplementation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90 (3). 1453-1459.
82. Pain, V.M., Randall, D.P., & Garlick, P.J. (1984). Protein synthesis in liver and skeletal muscle of mice bearing an ascites tumor. Cancer Research, 44, 1054-1057.
83. Parkington, J.D., Siebert, A.P., LeBrasseur, N.K., & Fielding, R.A. (2003). Differential activation of mTOR signaling by contractile activity in skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 285 (5). R1086 - R1090.
84. Pedersen, B.K. (2007). IL-6 signalling in exercise and disease. Biochemical Society Transactions, 35(Pt. 5). 1295-1297.
85. Petersen, A.M.W., & Pedersen, B.K. (2006). The role of IL-6 in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 57 (Suppl. 10). 43-51.
86. Pollock, M.L., Franklin, B.A., Balady, G.J., Chaitman, B.L., Fleg, J.L., Fletcher, B., et al. (2000). AHA science advisory. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease. Benefits, rationale, safety, and prescription. An advisory from the Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation, 101, 828-833.
87. Pollock, M.L., Gaesser, G.A., Butcher, J.D., Despres, J.P., Dishman, R.K., Franklin, B.A., et al. (1998). The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 975-991.
88. Pretolani, M. (1999). Interleukin-10: An anti-inflammatory cytokine with therapeutic potential. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 29, 1164-1171.
89. Rennie, M.J., Wackerhage, H., Spangenburg, E.E., & Booth, F.W. (2004). Control of the size of the human muscle mass. Annual Review of Physiology, 66, 799-828.
90. Rennie, M.J., & Wilkes, E.A. (2005). Maintenance of the musculoskeletal mass by control of protein turnover: The concept of anabolic resistance and its relevance to the transplant recipient. Annals of Transplantation, 10 (4). 31-34.
91. Rommel, C., Bodine, S.C., Clarke, B.A., Rossman, R., Nunez, L., Stitt, T.N., et al. (2001). Mediation of IGF-1-induced skeletal myotube hypertrophy by PI(3)K/Akt/ mTOR and PI(3)K/Akt/GSK3 pathways. Nature Cell Biology, 3, 1009-1013.
92. Russell, S.T., Eley, H.L., & Tisdale, M.J. (2007). Mechanism of attenuation of angiotensin-II-induced protein degradation by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Cell Signal, 19 (7). 1583-1595.
93. Russell, S.T., Eley, H.L., Wyke, S.M., & Tisdale, M.J. (2007, October 26). Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt in the induction of muscle protein degradation by proteolysis-inducing factor. The Biochemical Journal [Epub ahead of print].
94. Russell, S.T., Sanders, P.M., & Tisdale, M.J. (2006). Angiotensin II directly inhibits protein synthesis in murine myotubes. Cancer Letters, 231 (2). 290-294.
95. Samuels, S.E., Knowles, A.L., Tilignac, T., Debiton, E., Madelmont, J.C., & Attaix, D. (2001). Higher skeletal muscle protein synthesis and lower breakdown after chemotherapy in cachectic mice. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 281, R133 - R139.
96. Sanders, P.M., Russell, S.T., & Tisdale, M.J. (2005). Angiotensin II directly induces muscle protein catabolism through the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway and may play a role in cancer cachexia. British Journal of Cancer, 93, 425-434.
97. Schindler, R., Mancilla, J., Endres, S., Ghorbani, R., Clark, S.C., & Dinarello, C.A. (1990). Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses IL-1 and TNF. Blood, 75, 40-47.
98. Schmitz, K.H., Ahmed, R., Hannan, P.J., & Yee, D. (2005). Safety and efficacy of weight training in recent breast cancer survivors to alter body composition, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor access protein, effects of weight training on quality of life in recent breast cancer survivors. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 14, 1672-1680.
99. Schubert, U., Antón, L.C., Gibbs, J., Norbury, C.C., Yewdell, J.W., & Bennink, J.R. (2000). Rapid degradation of a large fraction of newly synthesized proteins by proteasomes. Nature, 404, 770-774.
100. Segal, R.J., Reid, R.D., Courneya, K.S., Malone, S.C., Parliament, M.B., Scott, C.G., et al. (2003). Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21 (9). 1653-1659.
101. Simons, J.P., Schols, A.M., Hoefnagels, J.M., Westerterp, K.R., ten Velde, G.P., & Wouters, E.F. (1998). Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on food intake, body composition, and resting energy expenditure in patients with advanced, nonhormone-sensitive cancer: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer, 82, 553-560.
102. Smith, M.R. (2004). Changes in fat and lean body mass during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Urology, 63 (4). 742-745.
103. Smith, H.J., Lorite, M.J., & Tisdale, M.J. (1999). Effect of a cancer cachectic factor on protein synthesis/degradation in murine C2C12 myoblasts: Modulation by elcosapentaenoric acid. Cancer Research, 59, 5507-5513.
104. Solomon, V., & Goldberg, A.L. (1996). Importance of the ATPubiquitin-proteosome pathway in the degradation of soluble and myofibrillar proteins in rabbit muscle extracts. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 26690-26697.
105. Spence, D.W., Galantino, M.L., Mossberg, K.A., & Zimmerman, S.O. (1990). Progressive resistance exercise: Effect on muscle function and anthropometry of a select AIDS population. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 71, 644-648.
106. Starkie, R., Ostrowski, S.R., Jauffred, S., Febbraio, M., & Pedersen, B.K. (2003). Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-α production in humans. FACEB Journal, 17 (8). 884-886 [Epub 2003 Mar 5].
107. Steensberg, A., Fischer, C.P., Keller, C., Moller, K., & Pedersen, B.K. (2003). IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans. American Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 285, E433 - E437.
108. Steensberg, A., Keller, C., Starkie, R.L., Osada, T., Febbraio, M.A., & Pedersen, B.K. (2002). IL-6 and TNF-α expression in, and release from, contracting human skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology and Endocrinology Metabolism, 283, E1272 - E1278.
109. Stewart, G.D., Skipworth, R.J., & Fearon, K.C. (2006). Cancer cachexia and fatigue. Clinical Medicine, 6, 140-143.
110. Tanaka, Y., Eda, H., Tanaka, T., Udagawa, T., Ishikawa, T., Horii, I., et al. (1990). Experimental cancer cachexia induced by transplantable colon 26 adenocarcinoma in mice. Cancer Research, 50, 2290-2295.
111. Temparis, S., Asensi, M., Taillandier, D., Aurousseau, E., Larbaud, D., Obled, A., et al. (1994). Increased ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscle of tumor-bearing rats. Cancer Research, 54, 5568-5573.
112. Thomas, D.R. (2007). Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: Examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia. Clinical Nutrition, 26, 389-399.
113. Tisdale, M.J. (2003). Pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. Journal of Supportive Oncology, 1, 159-168.
114. Tisdale, M.J. (2005). Molecular pathways leading to cancer cachexia. Physiology, 20, 340-348.
115. Tisdale, M.J. (2006). Clinical anticachexia treatments. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 21 (2). 168-174.
116. Todorov, P.T., Field, W.N., & Tisdale, M.J. (1999). Role of a proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF) in cachexia induced by human melanoma (G361). British Journal of Cancer, 80 (11). 1734-1737.
117. Todorov, P.T., McDevitt, T., Cariuk, P., Coles, B., Deacon, M., & Tisdale, M.J. (1996). Induction of muscle protein degradation and weight loss by a tumor product. Cancer Research, 56, 1256-1261.
118. Ventadour, S., & Attaix, D. (2006). Mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 18, 631-635.
119. Wigmore, S.J., Barber, M.D., Ross, J.A., Tisdale, J.J., & Fearon, K.C.H. (2000). Effect of oral eicosapentaenoic acid on weight loss in patients with pancreatic cancer. Nutrition and Cancer, 36, 177-184.
120. Wigmore, S.J., Plester, C.E., Richardson, R.A., & Fearon, K.C. (1997). Changes in nutritional status associated with unresectable pancreatic cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 75, 106-109.
121. Williams, A., Sun, X., Fischer, J.E., & Hasselgren, P. (1999). The expression of genes in the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway is increased in skeletal muscle from patients with cancer. Surgery, 126, 744-750.
122. Winningham, M.L., Nail, L.M., Burke, M.B., Brophy, L., Cimprich, B., Jones, L.S., et al. (1994). Fatigue and the cancer experience: The state of the knowledge. Oncology Nursing Forum, 21 (1). 23-36.
123. Wong, T.S., & Booth, F.W. (1990). Protein metabolism in rat tibialis anterior muscle after stimulated chronic eccentric exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 69, 950-954.
124. Wyke, S.M., & Tisdale, M.J. (2005). NF-kB mediates proteolysis-inducing factor induced protein degradation and expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in skeletal muscle. British Journal of Cancer, 92, 711-721.
125. Yarasheski, K.E., Pak-Loduca, J., Hasten, D.L., Obert, K.A., Brown, M.B., & Sinacore, D.R. (1999). Resistance exercise training increases mixed muscle protein synthesis rate in frail women and women ! 76 yr old. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 277, E118 - E125.
126. Yarasheski, K.E., Zachwieja, J.J., & Bier, D.M. (1993). Acute effects of resistance exercise on muscle protein synthesis rate in young and elderly men and women. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 265, E210 - E214.
127. Yost, K.J., Cella, D., Chawla, A., Holmgren, E., Eton, D.T., Ayanian, J.Z., et al. (2005). Minimally important differences were estimated for the functional assessment of cancer therapy-colorectal (FACT-C) instrument using a combination of distribution- and anchor-based approaches. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58, 1241-1251.
128. Zaki, M.H., Nemeth, J.A., & Trikha, M. (2004). CNTO 328, a monoclonal antibody to IL-6, inhibits human tumor-induced cachexia in nude mice. International Journal of Cancer, 111, 592-595.
129. Zinna, E.M., & Yarasheski, K.E. (2003). Exercise treatment to counteract protein wasting of chronic diseases. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Care, 6, 87-93.
130. Zoico, E., & Roubenoff, R. (2002). The role of cytokines in regulating protein metabolism and muscle function. Nutrition Reviews, 60 (2). 39-51.