Theory of mind and schizophrenia: A positron emission tomography study of medication-free patients

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 708-719

  Andreasen, Nancy C ^a   Calage, Chadi A ^a   O'Leary, Daniel S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

Imaging; Schizophrenia; Social cognition; Theory of mind

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; CEREBELLUM; CEREBELLUM VERMIS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FRONTAL CORTEX; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; INSULA; LEFT HEMISPHERE; MALE; PARIETAL LOBE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; PULVINAR; RIGHT HEMISPHERE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TASK PERFORMANCE; THALAMUS; VERBAL BEHAVIOR; VISUAL CORTEX;

ADULT; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; COGNITION DISORDERS; CONTROL GROUPS; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS; IMAGINATION; INTENTION; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; OXYGEN RADIOISOTOPES; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; READING; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 46849089287     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: 17451701     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn034     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Bleuler E. Dementia Preacox or the Group of Schizophrenias. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, Inc; 1950.
2. Dennett DC. Beliefs about beliefs. Behav Brain Sci. 1978;1(4):568-569.
3. Frith CD, Frith U. Interacting minds - a biological basis. Science. 1999;286(5445):1692-1695.
4. Premack D, Woodruff G. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behav Brain Sci. 1978;1(4):515-526.
5. Wimmer H, Perner J. Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition. 1983;13(103-128):
6. Bloom P, German TP. Two reasons to abandon the false belief task as a test of theory of mind. Cognition. 2000;77(1): B25-B31.
7. Courtin C. The impact of sign language on the cognitive development of deaf children: the case of theory of mind. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2000;5:266-276.
8. Gray CD, Hosie JA. Deafness, story understanding, and theory of mind. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 1996;1:217-233.
9. Marschark M, Green V, Hindmarsh G, Walker S. Understanding theory of mind in children who are deaf. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000;41(8):1067-1073.
10. Wellman HM, Cross D, Watson J. Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: the truth about false belief. Child Dev. 2001;72(3):655-684.
11. Wellman HM, Cross D. Theory of mind and conceptual change. Child Dev. 2001a;72(3):702-707.
12. Bartsch K, Wellman HM. Children Talk About the Mind. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.
13. Moore C, Furrow D, Chiasson L, Patriquin M. Developmental relationships between production and comprehension of mental terms. First Lang. 1994;14:1-17.
14. Shatz M, Wellman HM, Silber S. The acquisition of mental verbs: a systematic investigation of the first reference to mental state. Cognition. 1983;14(3):301-321.
15. Wellman HM. The Child's Theory of Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1990.
16. Bowler DM. "Theory of mind" in Asperger's syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992;33(5):877-893.
17. Corcoran R, Cahill C, Frith CD. The appreciation of visual jokes in people with schizophrenia: a study of 'mentalizing' ability. Schizophr Res. 1997;24(3):319-327.
18. Corcoran R, Mercer G, Frith CD. Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: investigating "theory of mind" in people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1995;17(1):5-13.
19. Frith CD, Corcoran R. Exploring 'theory of mind' in people with schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 1996;26(3):521-530.
20. Pickup GJ, Frith CD. Theory of mind impairments in schizophrenia: symptomatology, severity and specificity. Psychol Med. 2001;31(2):207-220.
21. Doody GA, Gotz M, Johnstone EC, Frith CD, Owens DG. Theory of mind and psychoses. Psychol Med. 1998;28(2):397-405.
22. Drury VM, Robinson EJ, Birchwood M. 'Theory of mind' skills during an acute episode of psychosis and following recovery. Psychol Med. 1998;28(5):1101-1112.
23. Sarfati Y, Hardy-Bayle MC. How do people with schizophrenia explain the behaviour of others? A study of theory of mind and its relationship to thought and speech disorganization in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 1999;29(3):613-620.
24. Feinberg I, Guazzelli M. Schizophrenia - a disorder of the corollary discharge systems that integrate the motor systems of thought with the sensory systems of consciousness. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;174:196-204.
25. Frith CD. The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Erlbaum (UK): Taylor & Francis Publishers; 1992.
26. Russell TA, Rubia K, Bullmore ET, et al. Exploring the social brain in schizophrenia: left prefrontal underactivation during mental state attribution. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(12):2040-2042.
27. Brunet E, Sarfati Y, Hardy-Bayle MC, Decety J. Abnormalities of brain function during a nonverbal theory of mind task in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(12):1574-1582.
28. Andreasen NC, Flaum M, Arndt S. The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH). An instrument for assessing diagnosis and psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992a;49(8):615-623.
29. Andreasen NC. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Definition and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39(7):784-788.
30. Calarge C, Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS. Visualizing how one brain understands another: a PET study of theory of mind. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(11):1954-1964.
31. Hurtig RR, Hichwa RD, O'Leary DS, et al. Effects of timing and duration of cognitive activation in [15O]water PET studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1994;14(3):423-430.
32. Raichle ME, Martin WR, Herscovitch P, Mintun MA, Markham J. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. II. Implementation and validation. J Nucl Med. 1983;24(9):790-798.
33. Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Swayze V, II, et al. Thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia visualized through magnetic resonance image averaging. Science. 1994;266(5183):294-298.
34. Andreasen NC, Cizadlo T, Harris G, et al. Voxel processing techniques for the antemortem study of neuroanatomy and neuropathology using magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1993;5(2):121-130.
35. Andreasen NC, Cohen G, Harris G, et al. Image processing for the study of brain structure and function: problems and programs. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992;4(2):125-133.
36. Magnotta VA, Heckel D, Andreasen NC, et al. Measurement of brain structures with artificial neural networks: two- and three-dimensional applications. Radiology. 1999;211(3):781-790.
37. Talairach J, Tournoux P. Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1988.
38. Cizadlo T. Image registration issues in the analysis of multiple-injection 150H20 PET studies: BRAINFIT. Proc SPIE - Int Soc Optical Engineer. 1994;2168:423-430.
39. Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Cizadlo T, et al. Sample size and statistical power in [15O]H2O studies of human cognition. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996;16(5):804-16.
40. Arndt S, Cizadlo T, Andreasen NC, Heckel D, Gold S, O'Leary DS. Tests for comparing images based on randomization and permutation methods. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996;16(6):1271-1279.
41. Holmes AP, Blair RC, Watson JD, Ford I. Nonparametric analysis of statistic images from functional mapping experiments. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996;16(1):7-22.
42. Worsley KJ, Evans AC, Marrett S, Neelin P. A three-dimensional statistical analysis for CBF activation studies in human brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1992;12(6):900-918.
43. Mazza M, De Risio A, Surian L, Roncone R, Casacchia M. Selective impairments of theory of mind in people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2001;47(2-3):299-308.
44. McCabe R, Leudar I, Antaki C. Do people with schizophrenia display theory of mind deficits in clinical interactions? Psychol Med. 2004;34:401-412.
45. Brune M. Theory of mind and the role of IQ in chronic disorganized schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2003;60(1):57-64.
46. Frith CD. Schizophrenia and theory of mind. Psychol Med. 2004;34:385-389.
47. Andreasen NC. A unitary model of schizophrenia: Bleuler's "fragmented phrene" as schizencephaly. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(9):781-787.
48. Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Cizadlo T, et al. Schizophrenia and cognitive dysmetria: a positron-emission tomography study of dysfunctional prefrontal-thalamic-cerebellar circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93(18):9985-9990.
49. Devinsky O, Morrell MJ, Vogt BA. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain. 1995;118:279-330.
50. Vogt BA, Nimchinsky EA, Vogt LJ, Hof PR. Human cingulate cortex: surface features, flat maps, and cytoarchitecture. J Comp Neurol. 1995;359(3):490-506.
51. Gallagher HL, Happe F, Brunswick N, Fletcher PC, Frith U, Frith CD. Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of 'theory of mind' in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Neuropsychologia. 2000;38(1):11-21.
52. Carter CS, Mintun M, Nichols T, Cohen JD. Anterior cingulate gyrus dysfunction and selective attention deficits in schizophrenia: [15O]H2O PET study during single-trial Stroop task performance. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(12):1670-1675.
53. Nordahl TE, Carter CS, Salo RE, et al. Anterior cingulate metabolism correlates with stroop errors in paranoid schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25(1):139-148.
54. Bush G, Luu P, Posner MI. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn Sci. 2000;4(6):215-222.
55. Carter CS, Braver TS, Barch DM, Botvinick MM, Noll D, Cohen JD. Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science. 1998;280(5364):747-749.
56. Grafton ST, Arbib MA, Fadiga L, Rizzolatti G. Localization of grasp representations in humans by positron emission tomography. 2. Observation compared with imagination. Exp Brain Res. 1996;112(1):103-111.
57. Rizzolatti G, Arbib MA. Language within our grasp. Trends Neurosci. 1998;21(5):188-194.
58. Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, Fogassi L. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 1996;3(2):131-141.
59. Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Matelli M, et al. Localization of grasp representations in humans by PET: 1. Observation versus execution. Exp Brain Res. 1996;111(2):246-252.
60. Gallese V, Goldman A. Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading. Trends Cogn Sci. 1998;2(12):493-501.
61. Mesulam MM, Mufson EJ. Insula of the old world monkey. I. Architectonics in the insulo-orbito-temporal component of the paralimbic brain. J Comp Neurol. 1982;212(1):1-22.
62. Mesulam, MM, Mufson, EJ. Insula of the old world monkey. III: efferent cortical output and comments on function. J Comp Neurol. 1982;212(1):38-52.
63. Fernandez G, Weyerts H, Schrader-Bolsche M, et al. Successful verbal encoding into episodic memory engages the posterior hippocampus: a parametrically analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci. 1998;18(5):1841-1847.
64. Crespo-Facorro B, Paradiso S, Andreasen NC, et al. Neural mechanisms of anhedonia in schizophrenia: a PET study of response to unpleasant and pleasant odors. JAMA. 2001;286(4):427-435.
65. Brunet E, Sarfati Y, Hardy-Bayle MC, Decety J. A PET investigation of the attribution of intentions with a nonverbal task. Neuroimage. 2000;11(2):157-166.
66. Stuss DT, Gallup GG, Jr., Alexander MP. The frontal lobes are necessary for "theory of mind". Brain. 2001;124(pt 2):279-286.
67. Winner E, Brownell H, Happe F, Blum A, Pincus D. Distinguishing lies from jokes: theory of mind deficits and discourse interpretation in right hemisphere brain-damaged patients. Brain Lang. 1998;62(1):89-106.
68. Callicott JH, Bertolino A, Mattay VS, et al. Physiological dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia revisited. Cereb Cortex. 2000;10(11):1078-1092.
69. Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Bertolino A, et al. Physiological characteristics of capacity constraints in working memory as revealed by functional MRI. Cereb Cortex. 1999;9(1):20-26.
70. Curtis VA, Bullmore ET, Morris RG, et al. Attenuated frontal activation in schizophrenia may be task dependent. Schizophr Res. 1999;37(1):35-44.
71. Goldberg TE, Berman KF, Fleming K, et al. Prefrontal cortical physiology: a PET rCBF study. Neuroimage. 1998;7(4):296-303.
72. Manoach DS, Gollub RL, Benson ES, et al. Schizophrenic subjects show aberrant fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia during working memory performance. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48(2):99-109.
73. Manoach DS, Press DZ, Thangaraj V, et al. Schizophrenic subjects activate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task, as measured by fMRI. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45(9):1128-1137.
74. Spence SA, Liddle PF, Stefan MD, et al. Functional anatomy of verbal fluency in people with schizophrenia and those at genetic risk. Focal dysfunction and distributed disconnectivity reappraised. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176:52-60.
75. Stevens AA, Goldman-Rakic PS, Gore JC, Fulbright RK, Wexler BE. Cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia during auditory word and tone working memory demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(12):1097-1103.
76. Weinberger DR, Egan MF, Bertolino A, et al. Prefrontal neurons and the genetics of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50(11):825-844.
77. Jeannerod M. Neural simulation of action: a unifying mechanism for motor cognition. Neuroimage. 2001;14(1 pt 2):S103-S9.
78. Jonides J, Smith EE. The architecture of working memory. In: Rugg MD, ed. Cognitive Neuroscience. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; 1997:243-276.
79. Crow TJ. Schizophrenia as failure of hemispheric dominance for language. Trends Neurosci. 1997;20(8):339-343.
80. Crow TJ. Invited commentary on: functional anatomy of verbal fluency in people with schizophrenia and those at genetic risk. The genetics of asymmetry and psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176:61-63.
81. Crow TJ. A Darwinian approach to the origins of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;167(1):12-25.
82. Crow TJ. Schizophrenia as the price that homo sapiens pays for language: a resolution of the central paradox in the origin of the species. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000;31(2-3):118-129.
83. Freund HJ. The parietal lobe as a sensorimotor interface: a perspective from clinical and neuroimaging data. Neuroimage. 2001;14(1 pt 2):S142-S146.
84. Matelli M, Luppino G. Parietofrontal circuits for action and space perception in the macaque monkey. Neuroimage. 2001;14(1 pt 2):S27-S32.
85. Chelazzi L, Corbetta M. Cortical mechanisms of visuospatial attention in the primate brain. In: Gazzaniga M, ed. The New Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; 2000: pp. 667-686.
86. Luck SJ, Hillyard SA. The operation of selective attention at multiple stages of processing: evidence from human and monkey electrophysiology. In: Gazzaniga M, ed. The New Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; 2000: pp.687-700.
87. Vallar G. Extrapersonal visual unilateral spatial neglect and its neuroanatomy. Neuroimage. 2001;14(1 pt 2):S52-S58.
88. Sirigu A, Daprati E, Pradat-Diehl P, Franck N, Jeannerod M. Perception of self-generated movement following left parietal lesion. Brain. 1999;122(pt 10):1867-1874.
89. Rafal RD, Posner MI. Deficits in human visual spatial attention following thalamic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84(20):7349-7353.