Nitric oxide, C-type natriuretic peptide and cGMP as regulators of endochondral ossification

Developmental Biology

Volumn 319, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 171-178

  Teixeira, Cristina C ^a   Agoston, Hanga ^b   Beier, Frank ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

C type natriuretic peptide; Cartilage; cGMP; cGMP dependent kinase; Endochondral bone; MAPK pathways; Nitric oxide

Indexed keywords

CYCLIC GMP; CYCLIC GMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; CYCLIC GMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE II; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE TYPE C; NITRIC OXIDE;

BONE DEVELOPMENT; BONE GROWTH; CARTILAGE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; ENCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 46049093360     PISSN: 00121606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.04.031     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Abramson S.B., Attur M., Amin A.R., and Clancy R. Nitric oxide and inflammatory mediators in the perpetuation of osteoarthritis. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 3 (2001) 535-541
2. Agoston H., Baybayan L., and Beier F. Dexamethasone stimulates expression of C-type Natriuretic Peptide in chondrocytes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 7 (2006) 87
3. Agoston H., Khan S., James C.G., Gillespie J.R., Serra R., Stanton L.A., and Beier F. C-type natriuretic peptide regulates endochondral bone growth through p38 MAP kinase-dependent and -independent pathways. BMC Dev. Biol. 7 (2007) 18
4. Aguirre J., Buttery L., O'Shaughnessy M., Afzal F., Fernandez d.M.I., Hukkanen M., Huang P., MacIntyre I., and Polak J. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene-deficient mice demonstrate marked retardation in postnatal bone formation, reduced bone volume, and defects in osteoblast maturation and activity. Am. J. Pathol. 158, (2001) 247-257
5. Amin A.R., and Abramson S.B. The role of nitric oxide in articular cartilage breakdown in osteoarthritis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 10 (1998) 263-268
6. Anand-Srivastava M.B. Natriuretic peptide receptor-C signaling and regulation. Peptides 26 (2005) 1044-1059
7. Armour K.E., Armour K.J., Gallagher M.E., Godecke A., Helfrich M.H., Reid D.M., and Ralston S.H. Defective bone formation and anabolic response to exogenous estrogen in mice with targeted disruption of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Endocrinology 142 (2001) 760-766
8. Baron J., Huang Z., Oerter K.E., Bacher J.D., and Cutler Jr. G.B. Dexamethasone acts locally to inhibit longitudinal bone growth in rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (1992) E489-E492
9. Bartels C.F., Bukulmez H., Padayatti P., Rhee D.K., van Ravenswaaij-Arts C., Pauli R.M., Mundlos S., Chitayat D., Shih L.Y., Al-Gazali L.I., Kant S., Cole T., Morton J., Cormier-Daire V., Faivre L., Lees M., Kirk J., Mortier G.R., Leroy J., Zabel B., Kim C.A., Crow Y., Braverman N.E., van den Akker F., and Warman M.L. Mutations in the transmembrane natriuretic peptide receptor NPR-B impair skeletal growth and cause acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75 (2004) 27-34
10. Baxter G.F. The natriuretic peptidesAn introduction. Basic Res. Cardiol. 99 (2004) 71-75
11. Beier F. Cell-cycle control and the cartilage growth plate. J. Cell Physiol. 202 (2005) 1-8
12. Beier F., Leask T.A., Haque S., Chow C., Taylor A.C., Lee R.J., Pestell R.G., Ballock R.T., and LuValle P. Cell cycle genes in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Matrix Biol. 18 (1999) 109-120
13. Beier F., Taylor A.C., and LuValle P. The Raf-1/MEK/ERK pathway regulates the expression of the p21(Cip1/Waf1) gene in chondrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 30273-30279
14. Beier F., Taylor A.C., and LuValle P. Raf signaling stimulates and represses the human collagen X promoter through distinguishable elements. J. Cell Biochem. 72 (1999) 549-557
15. Bellus G.A., Hefferon T.W., Ortiz de Luna R.I., Hecht J.T., Horton W.A., Machado M., Kaitila I., McIntosh I., and Francomano C.A. Achondroplasia is defined by recurrent G380R mutations of FGFR3. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 56 (1995) 368-373
16. Blanco F.J., and Lotz M. IL-1-induced nitric oxide inhibits chondrocyte proliferation via PGE2. Exp. Cell Res. 218 (1995) 319-325
17. Blanco F.J., Ochs R.L., Schwarz H., and Lotz M. Chondrocyte apoptosis induced by nitric oxide. Am. J. Pathol. 146 (1995) 75-85
18. Bocciardi R., Giorda R., Buttgereit J., Gimelli S., Divizia M.T., Beri S., Garofalo S., Tavella S., Lerone M., Zuffardi O., Bader M., Ravazzolo R., and Gimelli G. Overexpression of the C-type natriuretic peptide, (CNP) is associated with overgrowth and bone anomalies in an individual with balanced t(2;7) translocation. Hum. Mutat. 28 7 (2007) 724-731
19. Bonaventure J., Rousseau F., Legeai-Mallet L., Le Merrer M., Munnich A., and Maroteaux P. Common mutations in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 account for achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia. Acta Paediatr., Suppl. 417 (1996) 33-38
20. Brandi M.L., Hukkanen M., Umeda T., Moradi-Bidhendi N., Bianchi S., Gross S.S., Polak J.M., and MacIntyre I. Bidirectional regulation of osteoclast function by nitric oxide synthase isoforms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92 (1995) 2954-2958
21. Cea L.B. Natriuretic peptide family: new aspects. Curr. Med. Chem. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents 3 (2005) 87-98
22. Chang C.C., McCormick C.C., Lin A.W., Dietert R.R., and Sung Y.J. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase gene expression in vivo and in vitro by repeated doses of endotoxin. Am. J. Physiol. 271 (1996) G539-G548
23. Chikuda H., Kugimiya F., Hoshi K., Ikeda T., Ogasawara T., Shimoaka T., Kawano H., Kamekura S., Tsuchida A., Yokoi N., Nakamura K., Komeda K., Chung U.I., and Kawaguchi H. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II is a molecular switch from proliferation to hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes. Genes Dev. 18 (2004) 2418-2429
24. Chusho H., Tamura N., Ogawa Y., Yasoda A., Suda M., Miyazawa T., Nakamura K., Nakao K., Kurihara T., Komatsu Y., Itoh H., Tanaka K., Saito Y., Katsuki M., and Nakao K. Dwarfism and early death in mice lacking C-type natriuretic peptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (2001) 4016-4021
25. DeLise A.M., Fischer L., and Tuan R.S. Cellular interactions and signaling in cartilage development. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 8 (2000) 309-334
26. Diket A.L., Pierce M.R., Munshi U.K., Voelker C.A., Eloby-Childress S., Greenberg S.S., Zhang X.J., Clark D.A., and Miller M.J. Nitric oxide inhibition causes intrauterine growth retardation and hind-limb disruptions in rats [see comments]. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 171 (1994) 1243-1250
27. Enomoto H., Enomoto-Iwamoto M., Iwamoto M., Nomura S., Himeno M., Kitamura Y., Kishimoto T., and Komori T. Cbfa1 is a positive regulatory factor in chondrocyte maturation. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 8695-8702
28. Finger F., Schorle C., Zien A., Gebhard P., Goldring M.B., and Aigner T. Molecular phenotyping of human chondrocyte cell lines T/C-28a2, T/C-28a4, and C-28/I2. Arthritis Rheum. 48 (2003) 3395-3403
29. Fujishige K., Kotera J., Yanaka N., Akatsuka H., and Omori K. Alteration of cGMP metabolism during chondrogenic differentiation of chondroprogenitor-like EC cells, ATDC5. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1452 (1999) 219-227
30. Grassi F., Fan X., Rahnert J., Weitzmann M.N., Pacifici R., Nanes M.S., and Rubin J. Bone re/modeling is more dynamic in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase(-/-) mouse. Endocrinology 147 (2006) 4392-4399
31. Gregg A.R., Schauer A., Shi O., Liu Z., Lee C.G., and O'Brien W.E. Limb reduction defects in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. Am. J. Physiol. 275 (1998) H2319-H2324
32. Hagiwara H., Sakaguchi H., Itakura M., Yoshimoto T., Furuya M., Tanaka S., and Hirose S. Autocrine regulation of rat chondrocyte proliferation by natriuretic peptide C and its receptor, natriuretic peptide receptor-B. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 10729-10733
33. Hagiwara H., Inoue A., Furuya M., Tanaka S., and Hirose S. Change in the expression of C-type natriuretic peptide and its receptor, B-type natriuretic peptide receptor, during dedifferentiation of chondrocytes into fibroblast-like cells. J. Biochem., (Tokyo) 119 (1996) 264-267
34. Hauselmann H.J., Stefanovic-Racic M., Michel B.A., and Evans C.H. Differences in nitric oxide production by superficial and deep human articular chondrocytes: implications for proteoglycan turnover in inflammatory joint diseases. J. Immunol. 160 (1998) 1444-1448
35. Hefler L.A., Reyes C.A., O'Brien W.E., and Gregg A.R. Perinatal development of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. Biol. Reprod. 64 (2001) 666-673
36. Ignarro L.J., Buga G.M., Wood K.S., Byrns R.E., and Chaudhuri G. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84 (1987) 9265-9269
37. Jaubert J., Jaubert F., Martin N., Washburn L.L., Lee B.K., Eicher E.M., and Guenet J.L. Three new allelic mouse mutations that cause skeletal overgrowth involve the natriuretic peptide receptor C gene, (Npr3). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96 (1999) 10278-10283
38. Jimenez M.J., Balbin M., Lopez J.M., Alvarez J., Komori T., and Lopez-Otin C. Collagenase 3 is a target of Cbfa1, a transcription factor of the runt gene family involved in bone formation. Mol. Cell Biol. 19 (1999) 4431-4442
39. John S.W., Krege J.H., Oliver P.M., Hagaman J.R., Hodgin J.B., Pang S.C., Flynn T.G., and Smithies O. Genetic decreases in atrial natriuretic peptide and salt-sensitive hypertension. Science 267 (1995) 679-681
40. John S.W., Veress A.T., Honrath U., Chong C.K., Peng L., Smithies O., and Sonnenberg H. Blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte balance in mice with reduced or absent ANP. Am. J. Physiol. 271 (1996) R109-R114
41. Johnson K.A., van Etten D., Nanda N., Graham R.M., and Terkeltaub R.A. Distinct transglutaminase 2-independent and transglutaminase 2-dependent pathways mediate articular chondrocyte hypertrophy. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 18824-18832
42. Jung J.Y., Lin A.C., Ramos L.M., Faddis B.T., and Chole R.A. Nitric oxide synthase I mediates osteoclast activity in vitro and in vivo. J. Cell Biochem. 89 (2003) 613-621
43. Karsenty G., and Wagner E.F. Reaching a genetic and molecular understanding of skeletal development. Dev. Cell 2 (2002) 389-406
44. Kim P.K., Vallabhaneni R., Zuckerbraun B.S., McCloskey C., Vodovotz Y., and Billiar T.R. Hypoxia renders hepatocytes susceptible to cell death by nitric oxide. Cell Mol. Biol., (Noisy-le-grand) 51 (2005) 329-335
45. Klein-Nulend J., Helfrich M.H., Sterck J.G., MacPherson H., Joldersma M., Ralston S.H., Semeins C.M., and Burger E.H. Nitric oxide response to shear stress by human bone cell cultures is endothelial nitric oxide synthase dependent. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 250 (1998) 108-114
46. Knowles R.G., and Moncada S. Nitric Oxide, mitochondria and cytotoxicity. In: Moncada G.N.S., Bagetta G., and Higgs E.A. (Eds). Nitric Oxide and the Cell (1998), Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 1-9
47. Krejci P., Masri B., Fontaine V., Mekikian P.B., Weis M., Prats H., and Wilcox W.R. Interaction of fibroblast growth factor and C-natriuretic peptide signaling in regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix homeostasis. J. Cell Sci. 118 (2005) 5089-5100
48. Kronenberg H.M. Developmental regulation of the growth plate. Nature 423 (2003) 332-336
49. Kronenberg H.M. PTHrP and skeletal development. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1068 (2006) 1-13
50. Kuzin B., Roberts I., Peunova N., and Enikolopov G. Nitric oxide regulates cell proliferation during Drosophila development. Cell 87 (1996) 639-649
51. Lefebvre V., and Smits P. Transcriptional control of chondrocyte fate and differentiation. Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today 75 (2005) 200-212
52. Leist M., Volbracht C., Kuhnle S., Fava E., Ferrando-May E., and Nicotera P. Caspase-mediated apoptosis in neuronal excitotoxicity triggered by nitric oxide. Mol. Med. 3 (1997) 750-764
53. Lotz M. The role of nitric oxide in articular cartilage damage. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 25 (1999) 269-282
54. Lowenstein C.J., Dinerman J.L., and Snyder S.H. Nitric oxide: a physiologic messenger. Ann. Int. Med. 120 (1994) 227-237
55. MacPherson H., Noble B.S., and Ralston S.H. Expression and functional role of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in human osteoblast-like cells. Bone 24 (1999) 179-185
56. Marriott H.M., Ali F., Read R.C., Mitchell T.J., Whyte M.K., and Dockrell D.H. Nitric oxide levels regulate macrophage commitment to apoptosis or necrosis during pneumococcal infection. FASEB J. 18 (2004) 1126-1128
57. Matsukawa N., Grzesik W.J., Takahashi N., Pandey K.N., Pang S., Yamauchi M., and Smithies O. The natriuretic peptide clearance receptor locally modulates the physiological effects of the natriuretic peptide system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96 (1999) 7403-7408
58. McArdle C.A., Olcese J., Schmidt C., Poch A., Kratzmeier M., and Middendorff R. C-type natriuretic peptide, (CNP) in the pituitary: is CNP an autocrine regulator of gonadotropes?. Endocrinology 135 (1994) 2794-2801
59. Mericq V., Uyeda J.A., Barnes K.M., De Luca F., and Baron J. Regulation of fetal rat bone growth by C-type natriuretic peptide and cGMP. Pediatr. Res. 47 (2000) 189-193
60. Miyazawa T., Ogawa Y., Chusho H., Yasoda A., Tamura N., Komatsu Y., Pfeifer A., Hofmann F., and Nakao K. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase II plays a critical role in C-type natriuretic peptide-mediated endochondral ossification. Endocrinology 143 (2002) 3604-3610
61. Morishita T., Tsutsui M., Shimokawa H., Sabanai K., Tasaki H., Suda O., Nakata S., Tanimoto A., Wang K.Y., Ueta Y., Sasaguri Y., Nakashima Y., and Yanagihara N. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in mice lacking all nitric oxide synthase isoforms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (2005) 10616-10621
62. Olney R.C., Bukulmez H., Bartels C.F., Prickett T.C., Espiner E.A., Potter L.R., and Warman M.L. Heterozygous mutations in natriuretic peptide receptor-B, (NPR2) are associated with short stature. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91 (2006) 1229-1232
63. Olsen B.R., Reginato A.M., and Wang W. Bone development. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16 (2000) 191-220
64. Ornitz D.M. FGF signaling in the developing endochondral skeleton. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16 (2005) 205-213
65. Palmer R.M., Ferrige A.G., and Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 327 (1987) 524-526
66. Palmer R.M., Hickery M.S., Charles I.G., Moncada S., and Bayliss M.T. Induction of nitric oxide synthase in human chondrocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193 (1993) 398-405
67. Peunova N., and Enikolopov G. Nitric oxide mediates differentiation and survival of neuronal cells. In: Moncada G.N.S., Bagetta G., and Higgs E.A. (Eds). Nitric Oxide and the Cell (1998), Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey 171-192
68. Pfeifer A., Aszodi A., Seidler U., Ruth P., Hofmann F., and Fassler R. Intestinal secretory defects and dwarfism in mice lacking cGMP-dependent protein kinase II. Science 274 (1996) 2082-2086
69. Potter L.R., Abbey-Hosch S., and Dickey D.M. Natriuretic peptides, their receptors, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent signaling functions. Endocr. Rev. 27 1 (2006) 47-72
70. Provot S., and Schipani E. Molecular mechanisms of endochondral bone development. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 328 (2005) 658-665
71. Rahmutula D., and Gardner D.G. C-type natriuretic peptide down-regulates expression of its cognate receptor in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology 146 (2005) 4968-4974
72. Robson H., Siebler T., Shalet S.M., and Williams G.R. Interactions between GH, IGF-I, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones during skeletal growth. Pediatr. Res. 52 (2002) 137-147
73. Rousseau F., Bonaventure J., Legeai-Mallet L., Pelet A., Rozet J.M., Maroteaux P., Le Merrer M., and Munnich A. Mutations in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 in achondroplasia. Nature 371 (1994) 252-254
74. Scher J.U., Pillinger M.H., and Abramson S.B. Nitric oxide synthases and osteoarthritis. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 9 (2007) 9-15
75. Shiang R., Thompson L.M., Zhu Y.Z., Church D.M., Fielder T.J., Bocian M., Winokur S.T., and Wasmuth J.J. Mutations in the transmembrane domain of FGFR3 cause the most common genetic form of dwarfism, achondroplasia. Cell 78 (1994) 335-342
76. Shimekake Y., Ohta S., and Nagata K. C-type natriuretic peptide stimulates secretion of growth hormone from rat-pituitary-derived GH3 cells via a cyclic-GMP-mediated pathway. Eur. J. Biochem. 222 (1994) 645-650
77. Siebler T., Robson H., Shalet S.M., and Williams G.R. Glucocorticoids, thyroid hormone and growth hormone interactions: implications for the growth plate. Horm. Res. 56 (2001) 7-12
78. Stadler J., Stefanovic-Racic M., Billiar T.R., Curran R.D., McIntyre L.A., Georgescu H.I., Simmons R.L., and Evans C.H. Articular chondrocytes synthesize nitric oxide in response to cytokines and lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol. 147 (1991) 3915-3920
79. Stamler J.S. Redox signaling: nitrosylation and related target interactions of nitric oxide. Cell 78 (1994) 931-936
80. Stamler J.S., Singel D.J., and Loscalzo J. Biochemistry of nitric oxide and its redox-activated forms. Science 258 (1992) 1898-1902
81. Suda M., Ogawa Y., Tanaka K., Tamura N., Yasoda A., Takigawa T., Uehira M., Nishimoto H., Itoh H., Saito Y., Shiota K., and Nakao K. Skeletal overgrowth in transgenic mice that overexpress brain natriuretic peptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95 (1998) 2337-2342
82. Tamura N., Doolittle L.K., Hammer R.E., Shelton J.M., Richardson J.A., and Garbers D.L. Critical roles of the guanylyl cyclase B receptor in endochondral ossification and development of female reproductive organs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 49 (2004) 17300-17305
83. Taskiran D., Stefanovic-Racic M., Georgescu H., and Evans C. Nitric oxide mediates suppression of cartilage proteoglycan synthesis by interleukin-1. Biochem. Biophys. Res.Commun. 200 (1994) 142-148
84. Teixeira C.C., Mansfield K., Hertkorn C., Ischiropoulos H., and Shapiro I.M. Phosphate-induced chondrocyte apoptosis is linked to nitric oxide generation. Am. J. Physiol Cell Physiol 281 (2001) C833-C839
85. Teixeira C.C., Rajpurohit R., Mansfield K., Nemelivsky Y.V., and Shapiro I.M. Maturation-dependent thiol loss increases chondrocyte susceptibility to apoptosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 18 (2003) 662-668
86. Teixeira C.C., Ischiropoulos H., Leboy P.S., Adams S.L., and Shapiro I.M. Nitric oxide-nitric oxide synthase regulates key maturational events during chondrocyte terminal differentiation. Bone 37 (2005) 37-45
87. Tranguch S., and Huet-Hudson Y. Decreased viability of nitric oxide synthase double knockout mice. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 65 (2003) 175-179
88. Tsuji T., and Kunieda T. A loss-of-function mutation in natriuretic peptide receptor 2, (Npr2) gene is responsible for disproportionate dwarfism in cn/cn mouse. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 14288-14292
89. Tsutsui M., Shimokawa H., Morishita T., Nakashima Y., and Yanagihara N. Development of genetically engineered mice lacking all three nitric oxide synthases. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 102 (2006) 147-154
90. Ulici V., Hoenselaar K.D., Gillespie J.R., and Beier F. The PI3 K pathway regulates endochondral bone growth through control of hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation. BMC Dev. Biol 8 (2008) 40
91. van't Hof R.J., and Ralston S.H. Nitric oxide and bone. Immunology 103 (2001) 255-261
92. van der Eerden B.C.J., Karperien M., and Wit J.M. Systemic and local regulation of the growth plate. Endocr. Rev. 24 (2003) 782-801
93. Wagner E.F., and Karsenty G. Genetic control of skeletal development. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11 (2001) 527-532
94. Wimalawansa S.J., De Marco G., Gangula P., and Yallampalli C. Nitric oxide donor alleviates ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Bone 18 (1996) 301-304
95. Woods A., Khan S., and Beier F. C-Type natriuretic peptide regulates cellular condensation and glycosaminoglycan synthesis during chondrogenesis. Endocrinology 148 (2007) 5030-5041
96. Yasoda A., Ogawa Y., Suda M., Tamura N., Mori K., Sakuma Y., Chusho H., Shiota K., Tanaka K., and Nakao K. Natriuretic peptide regulation of endochondral ossification. Evidence for possible roles of the C-type natriuretic peptide/guanylyl cyclase-B pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 11695-11700
97. Yasoda A., Komatsu Y., Chusho H., Miyazawa T., Ozasa A., Miura M., Kurihara T., Rogi T., Tanaka S., Suda M., Tamura N., Ogawa Y., and Nakao K. Overexpression of CNP in chondrocytes rescues achondroplasia through a MAPK-dependent pathway. Nat. Med. 10 (2004) 80-86
98. Zhang R., Murakami S., Coustry F., Wang Y., and de Crombrugghe B. Constitutive activation of MKK6 in chondrocytes of transgenic mice inhibits proliferation and delays endochondral bone formation. PNAS 103 (2006) 365-370
99. Zhen X., Wei L., Wu Q., Zhang Y., and Chen Q. Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 mediates regulation of chondrocyte differentiation by parathyroid hormone. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 4879-4885