The pathogenesis of pleural space loculation and fibrosis

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 310-315

  Idell, Steven ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT TYLER   (United States)

Author keywords

Fibrinolysis; Mesothelium; Pleural fibrosis; Pleural loculation; Pleurodesis

Indexed keywords

ALTEPLASE; PLASMIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; SCLEROSING AGENT; STREPTOKINASE; TETRACYCLINE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; UROKINASE;

CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFICACY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MESOTHELIUM CELL; NONHUMAN; PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA; PATHOGENESIS; PLEURA CAVITY; PLEURAL FIBROSIS; PLEURODESIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RABBIT; REVIEW; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FIBROSIS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MICE; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; PLEURAL DISEASES; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; URINARY PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR;

EID: 44649188665     PISSN: 10705287     EISSN: 15316971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e3282fd0d9b     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Dvorak HF. Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing [review] [73 refs]. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:1650-1659.
2. Brown LF, Dvorak AM, Dvorak HF. Leaky vessels, fibrin deposition, and fibrosis: a sequence of events common to solid tumors and many other types of disease [abstract]. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140:1104-1107.
3. Idell S. Extravascular coagulation and fibrin deposition in acute lung injury. [review] [91 refs]. New Horizons 1994; 2:566-574.
4. Chapman HA, Bertozzi P, Reilly JJ. Role of enzymes mediating thrombosis and thrombolysis in lung disease. Chest 1988; 93:1256-1263.
5. Chapman HA. Disorders of lung matrix remodeling. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:148-157.
6. Idell S. Coagulation, fibrinolysis and fibrin deposition in lung injury and repair. In: Phan SH, Thrall RS, editors. Pulmonary fibrosis. Lenfant C, editor. Lung biology in health and disease. Vol. 80. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1995. pp. 743-776.
7. Strange C, Baumann MH, Sahn SA, Idell S. Effects of intrapleural heparin or urokinase on the extent of tetracycline-induced pleural disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151:508-515.
8. Idell S, Pendurthi U, Pueblitz S, et al. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor in tetracycline-induced pleuritis in rabbits. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79:649-655.
9. Idell S, Mazar A, Cines D, et al. Single-chain urokinase alone or complexed to its receptor in tetracycline-induced pleuritis in rabbits. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:920-926.
10. Miller EJ, Kajikawa O, Pueblitz S, et al. Chemokine involvement in tetracycline-induced pleuritis. Eur Respir J 2000; 14:1387-1393.
11. Light RW. Update: management of parapneumonic effusions. Clin Pulm Med 2003; 10:336-342.
12. Tillett WS, Sherry S. The effect in patients of streptococcal fibrinolysin (streptokinase) and streptococcal desoxyribonuclease on fibrinous, purulent and sanguinous pleural exudations. J Clin Invest 1949; 28:173-190.
13. Tillett WS, Sherry S, Read CT. The use of streptokinase-streptodornase in the treatment of postpneumonic empyema. J Thorac Surg 1951; 21:275-297.
14. Idell S, Mazar AP, Bitterman P, et al. Fibrin turnover in lung inflammation and neoplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:578-584.
15. Idell S, Zwieb C, Boggaram J, et al. Mechanisms of fibrin formation and lysis by human lung fibroblasts: influence of TGF-beta and TNF-alpha. Am J Physiol 1992; 263:L487-L494.
16. Idell S, Zwieb C, Kumar A, et al. Pathways of fibrin turnover of human pleural mesothelial cells in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 7:414-426.
17. Idell S, Girard W, Koenig KB, et al. Abnormalities of pathways of fibrin turnover in the human pleural space. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:187-194.
18. Philip-Joet F, Alessi MC, Philip-Joet C, et al. Fibrinolytic and inflammatory processes in pleural effusions. Eur Respir J 1995; 8:1352-1356.
19. Vassalli JD, Sappino AP, Belin D. The plasminogen activator/plasmin system [review] [50 refs]. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:1067-1072.
20. Idell S. Update on the use of fibrinolysins in pleural disease. Clin Pulm Med 2005; 12:184-190.
21. Light RW. Parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3:75-80.
22. Sonnappa S, Cohen G, Owens CM, et al. Comparison of urokinase and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for treatment of childhood empyema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:221-227.
23. Sahn SA. Use of fibrinolytic agents in the management of complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyemas. Thorax 1998; 53 (Suppl 2):S65-S72.
24. Kemper P, Kohler D. Current value of intrapleural fibrinolysis in the treatment of exudative fibrinous pleural effusions in pleural empyema and hemothorax. Pneumologie 1999; 53:373-384.
25. Davies CW, Gleeson FV, Davies RJ. BTS guidelines for the management of pleural infection. Thorax 2003; 58 (Suppl 2):ii18-ii28.
26. Balfour-Lynn IM. Some consensus but little evidence: guidelines on management of pleural infection in children. Thorax 2005; 60:94-96.
27. Balfour-Lynn IM, Abrahamson E, Cohen G, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of pleural infection in children. Thorax 2005; 60 (Suppl 1):i1-i21.
28. Maskell NA, Davies CW, Nunn AJ, et al. U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:865-874.
29. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA 1999; 282:2003-2011.
30. Furlan AJ, Abou-Chebi A. The role of recombinant pro-urokinase (r-pro-UK) and intra-arterial thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: the PROACT trials. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. Curr Med Res Opin 2002; 18 (Suppl 2):s44-s47.
31. Vermeer F, Bosl I, Meyer J, et al. Saruplase is a safe and effective thrombolytic agent; observations in 1,698 patients: results of the PASS study. Practical Applications of Saruplase Study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1999; 8:143-150.
32. Higazi AA, Bdeir K, Hiss E, et al. Lysis of plasma clots by urokinase-soluble urokinase receptor complexes. Blood 1998; 92:2075-2083.
33. Higazi AA, Mazar A, Wang J, et al. Single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator bound to its receptor is relatively resistant to plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. Blood 1996; 87:3545-3549.
34. Bar FW, Meyer J, Vermeer F, et al. Comparison of saruplase and alteplase in acute myocardial infarction. SESAM Study Group. The Study in Europe with Saruplase and Alteplase in Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79:727-732.
35. Zarich SW, Kowalchuk GJ, Weaver WD, et al. Sequential combination thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: results of the Pro-Urokinase and t-PA Enhancement of Thrombolysis (PATENT) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26:374-379.
36. Meyer J. Clinical profile of saruplase: angiographic findings. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 1998; 99:9-15.
37. Iakhiaev AV, Nalian A, Koenig K, Idell S. Thrombin-thrombomodulin inhibits prourokinase-mediated pleural mesothelial cell-dependent fibrinolysis. Thromb Res 2007; 120:715-725. This study describes a mechanism by which fibrinolytic activity of pleural mesothelial cells attributable to single-chain urokinase, otherwise known as the zymogen prourokinase, is restricted by thrombin associated with thrombomodulin.
38. Idell S, Allen T, Chen S, et al. Intrapleural activation, processing, efficacy, and duration of protection of single-chain urokinase in evolving tetracycline-induced pleural injury in rabbits. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L25-L32. This study showed that single-chain urokinase was an effective fibrinolysin when used in a single-dose format in rabbits with evolving pleural loculation and fibrosis induced by tetracycline.
39. Idell S, Azghani A, Chen S, et al. Intrapleural low-molecular-weight urokinase or tissue plasminogen activator versus single-chain urokinase in tetracycline-induced pleural loculation in rabbits. Exp Lung Res 2007; 33:419-440. In this study, single-dose single-chain urokinase was found to be more effective than the low-molecular-weight form of active two-chain urokinase (Abbokinase, Abbott) in clearing intrapleural loculation in rabbits with pleural injury when both agents were used in a single-dose format. The effects of single-chain urokinase were comparable to those of tPA (Activase, Genentech), although a trend favoring the efficacy of single-dose single-chain urokinase was observed.
40. Gauldie J, Bonniaud P, Sime P, et al. TGF-beta, Smad3 and the process of progressive fibrosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:661-664. This is a comprehensive review in which the effects of TGF-β on lung and pleural fibrosis and inflammation in these compartments are considered.
41. Lee YC, Lane KB, Zoia O, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta induces collagen synthesis without inducing IL-8 production in mesothelial cells. Eur Respir J 2003; 22:197-202.
42. Lee YC, Lane KB, Parker RE, et al. Transforming growth factor beta(2) (TGF beta(2)) produces effective pleurodesis in sheep with no systemic complications. Thorax 2000; 55:1058-1062.
43. Acencio MM, Vargas FS, Marchi E, et al. Pleural mesothelial cells mediate inflammatory and profibrotic responses in talc-induced pleurodesis. Lung 2007; 185:343-348. In this study, talc was shown to adversely affect the viability of cultured mesothelial cells and induce mediator release indicating that these cells have the capacity to contribute to the local inflammatory response to this agent.
44. Lee YC, Baumann MH, Maskell NA, et al. Pleurodesis practice for malignant pleural effusions in five English-speaking countries: survey of pulmonologists. Chest 2003; 124:2229-2238.
45. Seiscento M, Vargas FS, Antonangelo L, et al. Transforming growth factor beta-1 as a predictor of fibrosis in tuberculous pleurisy. Respirology 2007; 12:660-663. This clinical contribution shows that TGF-β correlates with the extent of pleural thickness, an index of fibrosis in this compartment.
46. Decologne N, Kolb M, Margetts PJ, et al.TGF-beta1 induces progressive pleural scarring and subpleural fibrosis. J Immunol 2007; 179:6043-6051. The authors demonstrate that overexpression of TGF-β1 in the pleural mesothelium induces pleural fibrosis and the effect was associated with impaired pulmonary function. The work offers a new perspective about the role of the mesothelium and this mediator in the pathogenesis of pleural fibrosis.
47. Chen JS, Cheng WC, Lien HC, et al.. Patterns, effects, and thoracic volume changes of thoracoscopic pleurodesis in rabbits. J Surg Res 2007 [Epub ahead of print]. This study shows that increased pleural inflammation is associated with combined pleural abrasion and minocycline administration and leads to more effective pleurodesis. The effect was achieved at the expense of decreased thoracic volume.
48. Liao H, Guo Y, Jun NM, et al. The short-term administration of ketoprofen does not decrease the effect of pleurodesis induced by talc or doxycycline in rabbits. Respir Med 2007; 101:963-968. In this study, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) failed to attenuate pleurodesis induced by two agents, suggesting that blockade of inflammation by other drugs in this class would likely be ineffective.
49. Marchi E, Vargas FS, Acencio MM, et al. Pleurodesis: a novel experimental model. Respirology 2007; 12:500-504. New techniques by which pleurodesis can be induced in mice are described. This is a potentially important contribution, as the development of pleurodesis in mice has been problematic. Characterization of the early events that underlie late pleurodesis would be helpful but the model affords the opportunity to employ transgenic mice in future studies of the pathogenesis of pleural injury and fibrosis.