Peritoneal membrane structural and functional changes during peritoneal dialysis

Seminars in Dialysis

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 258-265

  Goffin, Eric ^a,b  

^a CLINIQUES UNIVERSITAIRES SAINT LUC   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PERITONEUM; PERMEABILITY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; TIME; TRANSPORT AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL; ULTRAFILTRATION;

BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PERITONEUM; PERMEABILITY; TIME FACTORS; ULTRAFILTRATION;

EID: 44649126838     PISSN: 08940959     EISSN: 1525139X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2008.00425.x     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Pastan S, Bailey J : Dialysis Therapy. N Engl J Med 338 : 1428 1437, 1998
2. Gokal R, Mallick NP : Peritoneal dialysis. Lancet 353 : 823 828, 1999
3. United States Renal Data System. Available at http://www.usrds.org/adr. htm, accessed December 14, 2007
4. Goovaerts T, Jadoul M, Goffin E : Influence of a pre-dialysis education programme (PDEP) on the mode of renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20 : 1842 1847, 2005
5. Troidle L, Kliger A, Finkelstein F : Barriers to utilization of chronic peritoneal dialysis in network #1, New England. Perit Dial Int 26 : 452 457, 2006
6. Mehrotra R, Kermah D, Fried L, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Khawar O, Norris K, Nissenson A : Chronic peritoneal dialysis in the United States: declining utilization despite improving outcomes. J Am Soc Nephrol 18 : 2781 2788, 2007
7. Nakamoto H, Kawaguchi Y, Suzuki H : Is technique survival on peritoneal dialysis better in Japan? Perit Dial Int 26 : 136 143, 2006
8. Han SH, Lee SC, Ahn SV, Lee JE, Choi HY, Kim BS, Kang SW, Choi KH, Han DS, Lee HY : Improving outcome of CAPD: twenty-five years' experience in a single Korean centre. Perit Dial Int 27 : 432 440, 2007
9. Krediet RT : The physiology of peritoneal solute transport and ultrafiltration. In : Gokal R, Khanna R, Krediet RT, Nolph KD (eds). Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000 : 135 172
10. Rippe B, Stelin G, Haraldsson B : Computer simulations of peritoneal fluid transport in CAPD. Kidney Int 40 : 315 325, 1991
11. Flessner MF : The effect of fibrosis on peritoneal transport. Contrib Nephrol 150 : 174 180, 2006
12. Pannekeet MM, Mulder JB, Weening JJ, Struijk DG, Zweers MM, Krediet RT : Demonstration of aquaporin-CHIP in peritoneal tissue of uremic and CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 16 (Suppl. 1 S54 S57, 1996
13. Devuyst O, Nielsen S, Cosyns J-P, Smith BL, Agre P, Squifflet JP, Pouthier D, Goffin E : Aquaporin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in capillary endothelia of human peritoneum. Am J Physiol 275 : H234 H242, 1998
14. Carlsson O, Nielsen S, Zakaria ER, Rippe B : In vivo inhibition of transcellular water channels (aquaporin-1) during acute peritoneal dialysis in rats. Am J Physiol 271 : H2254 H2262, 1996
15. Yang B, Folkesson HG, Yang J, Matthay MA, Ma T, Verkman AS : Reduced osmotic water permeability of the peritoneal barrier in aquaporin-1 knockout mice. Am J Physiol 276 : C76 C81, 1999
16. Ni J, Verbavatz JM, Rippe A, Boisdé I, Moulin P, Rippe B, Verkman AS, Devuyst O : Aquaporin-1 plays an essential role in water permeability and ultrafiltration during peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 69 : 1518 1525, 2006
17. Twardowski ZJ, Nolph KD, Khanna R, Prowant BF, Ryan LP, Moore HL, Nielsen MP : Peritoneal Equilibration Test. Perit Dial Bull 7 : 138 147, 1987
18. Mujais S, Nolph K, Gokal R, Blake P, Burkart J, Coles G, Kawaguchi Y, Kawanashi H, Krbet S, Krediet R, Lindholm B, Oreopoulos D, Rippe B, Selgas R : Evaluation and management of ultrafiltration problems in peritoneal dialysis. ISPD Ad hoc Committee on Ultrafiltration Management in Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 20 (Suppl. 4 S5 S21, 2000
19. Goffin E, Combet S, Jamar F, Cosyns JP, Devuyst O : Expression of aquaporin-1 in a long-term peritoneal dialysis patient with impaired transcellular water transport. Am J Kidney Dis 33 : 383 388, 1999
20. Zweers MM, Imholz AL, Struijk DG, Krediet RT : Correction of sodium sieving for diffusion from the circulation. Adv Perit Dial 15 : 65 72, 1999
21. Kabanda A, Goffin E, Bernard A, Lauwerys R, van Ypersele de Strihou C : Factors influencing serum levels and peritoneal clearances of low molecular weight proteins in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 48 : 1946 1952, 1995
22. La Milia V, Di Filippo S, Crepaldi M, Del Vecchio L, Dell'Oro C, Andrulli S, Locatelli F : Mini-peritoneal equilibration test: a simple and fast method to assess free water and small solute transport across the peritoneal membrane. Kidney Int 68 : 840 846, 2005
23. Pannekeet MM, Imholz AL, Struijk DG, Koomen GC, Langedijk MJ, Schouten N, de Waart R, Hiralall J, Krediet RT : The standard peritoneal permeability analysis: a tool for the assessment of peritoneal permeability characteristics in CAPD patients. Kidney Int 48 : 866 875, 1995
24. Ho-Dac-Pannekeet MM, Atasaver B, Struijk DG, Krediet RT : Analysis of ultrafiltration failure in peritoneal dialysis patients by means of standard peritoneal permeability analysis. Perit Dial Int 17 : 144 150, 1997
25. TM) test: a multicentre clinical study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18 : 788 796, 2003
26. Dobbie JW : New concepts in molecular biology and ultrastructural pathology of the peritoneum: their significance for peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 15 : 97 109, 1990
27. Mateijsen MA, van der Wal AC, Hendriks PM, Zweers MM, Mulder J, Struijk DG, Krediet RT : Vascular and interstitial changes in the peritoneum of CAPD patients with peritoneal sclerosis. Perit Dial Int 19 : 517 525, 1999
28. Williams JD, Craig KJ, Topley N, Von RC, Fallon M, Newman GR, Mackenzie RK, Williams GT : Morphologic changes in the peritoneal membrane of patients with renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 13 : 470 479, 2002
29. Combet S, Miyata T, Moulin P, Pouthier D, Goffin E, Devuyst O : Vascular proliferation and enhanced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human peritoneum exposed to long-term peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 11 : 717 728, 2000
30. Devuyst O : New insights in the molecular mechanisms regulating peritoneal permeability. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17 : 548 551, 2002
31. Honda K, Nitta K, Horita S, Yumura W, Nihei H, Nagai R, Ikeda K, Horiuchi S : Accumulation of advanced glycation end-products in the peritoneal vasculature of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients with low ultrafiltration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14 : 1541 1549, 1999
32. De Vries AS : The John F Maher Recipient Lecture 2004: rage in the peritoneum. Perit Dial Int 25 : 8 11, 2005
33. Boulanger E, Grossin N, Wautier MP, Taamma R, Wautier JL : Mesothelial RAGE activation by AGEs enhances VEGF release and potentiates capillary tube formation. Kidney Int 71 : 126 133, 2007
34. Yanez-Mo M, Lara-Pezzi E, Selgas R, Ramirez-Huesca M, Dominguez-Jimenez C, Jimenez-Hefferman JA, Aguilera A, Sanchez-Tomero JA, Bajo MA, Alvarez V, Castro MA, del Peso G, Cirujeda A, Camallo C, Sanchez-Madrid F, Lopez-Cabreara M : Peritoneal dialysis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells. N Engl J Med 348 : 403 413, 2003
35. Aroeira LS, Aguilera A, Sanchez-Tomero JA, Bajo MA, del Peso G, Jimenez-Hefferman JA, Selgas R, Lopez-Cabrera M : Epithelial to mesenchymal transition and peritoneal membrane failure in peritoneal dialysis patients: pathologic significance and potential therapeutic interventions. J Am Soc Nephrol 18 : 2004 2013, 2007
36. Davies SJ, Phillips L, Griffiths AM, Russell LH, Naish PF, Russell GI : What really happens to people on long-term peritoneal dialyis? Kidney Int 54 : 2207 2217, 1998
37. Margetts PJ, Kolb M, Galt T, Hoff CM, Shockley TYR, Gauldie J : Gene transfer of transforming factor-β1 to the rat peritoneum: effects on membrane function. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 : 2029 2039, 2001
38. Kawanishi H, Kawaguchi Y, Fukui H, Hara S, Imada A, Kubo H, Kim M, Nakamoto M, Ohira S, Shoji T : Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in Japan: a prospective, controlled, multicenter study. Am J Kidney Dis 44 : 729 737, 2004
39. Chin AI, Yeun JY : Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis: an unpredictable and devastating complication of peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2006 (47 697 712, 2006
40. Korte MR, Yo M, Betjes MGH, Fieren MW, van Saase JC, Boer WH, Weimar W, Zietse R : Increasing incidence of severe encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis after kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22 : 2412 2414, 2007
41. Flessner MF, Credit K, Henderson K, Vanpelt HM, Potter R, He Z, Henegar J, Robert B : Peritoneal changes after exposure to sterile solutions by catheter. J Am Soc Nephrol 18 : 2294 22302, 2007
42. Churchill DN, Thorpe KE, Nolph KD, Keshaviah PR, Oreopoulos DG, Pagé D : Increased peritoneal membrane transport is associated with decreased patient and technique survival for continuous peritoneal dialysis patients. The Canada-USA (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 9 : 1285 1292, 1998
43. Davies SJ, Phillips L, Russell GI : Peritoneal solute transport predicts survival on CAPD independently of residual renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13 : 962 968, 1998
44. Chung SH, Chu WS, Lee HA, Kim YH, Lee IS, Lindholm B, Lee HB : Peritoenal transport characteristics comorbid diseases and survival in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 20 : 541 547, 2000
45. Wang T, Heimburger O, Waniewski J, Bergström J, Lindholm B : Increased peritoneal permeability is associated with decreased fluid and small-solute removal and higher mortality in CAPD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13 : 1242 1279, 1998
46. Heaf JG, Sarac S, Afzal S : A high peritoneal large pore fluid flux causes hypoalbuminaemia and is a risk factor for death in peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20 : 2194 2201, 2005
47. Van Biesen W, Van der Tol A, Veys N, Dequidt C, Vijt D, Lameire N, Vanholder R : The personal dialysis capacity test is superior to the peritoneal equilibration test to discriminate inflammation as the cause of fast transport status in peritoneal dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 : 269 274, 2006
48. Rumpsfeld M, McDonald SP, Jonhson DW : Higher peritoneal transport status is associated with higher mortality and technique failure in the Australian and New Zealand peritoneal dialysis patient populations. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 : 271 278, 2006
49. Brimble KS, Walker M, Margetts PJ, Kundhal KK, Rabbat CG : Meta-analysis: peritoneal membrane transport, mortality and technique failure in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 : 2591 2598, 2006
50. Heimburger O, Waniewski J, Werynski A, Lindholm B : A quantitative description of solute and fluid transport during peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 41 : 1320 1332, 1992
51. La Milia V, Limardo M, Virga G, Crepaldi M, Locatelli F : Simultaneous measurement of peritoneal glucose and free water osmotic conductances. Kidney Int 72 : 643 650, 2007
52. Brown EA, Davies SJ, Rutherford P, Meeus F, Borras M, Riegel W, Divino Filho JC, Vonesh E, van Bree M : Survival of functionally anuric patients on automated peritoneal dialysis: the European APD Outcome Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 : 2948 2957, 2003
53. Paniagua R, Amato D, Vonesh E, Guo A, Mujais S, Mexican Nephrology Collaborative Study Group : Health-related quality of life predicts outcomes but is not affected by peritoneal clearance: The ADEMEX trial. Kidney Int 67 : 1093 1104, 2005
54. Jansen MA, Termorshuizen F, Korevaar JC, Dekker FW, Boeschoten E, Krediet RT, NECOSAD Study Group : Predictors of survival in anuric peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 68 : 1199 1205, 2005
55. Davies SJ : Longitudinal relationship between solute transport and ultrafiltration capacity in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 66 : 2437 2445, 2004
56. Rumpsfeld M, McDonald SP, Purdie DM, Collins J, Johnson DW : Predictors of baseline peritoneal transport status in Australian and New Zealand peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 43 : 492 501, 2004
57. Selgas R, Bajo MA, Cirugeda A, del Peso G, Valdes J, Castro MJ, Sanchez S, Fernandez-Reyes MJ, Hevin C, Gil F, Aguilera A, Ortiz J, Alegre L, Alvarez V, Sanchez-Tomero JA : Ultrafiltration and small solute transport at initiation of PD: questioning the paradigm of peritoneal function. Perit Dial Int 25 : 68 76, 2005
58. Gillerot G, Goffin E, Michel C, Evenepoel P, Van Biesen W, Tintillier M, Stenvinkel P, Heimbürger O, Lindholm B, Nordfors L, Robert A, Devuyst O : Genetic and clinical factors influence the baseline permeability of the peritoneal membrane. Kidney Int 67 : 2477 2487, 2005
59. Clerbaux G, Francart J, Wallemacq P, Robert A, Goffin E : Evaluation of peritoneal transport properties at onset of peritoneal dialysis and longitudinal follow-up. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21 : 1032 1039, 2006
60. Goffin E, Devuyst O : Phenotype and genotype: perspectives for peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21 : 3018 3022, 2006
61. Rodrigues AS, Martins M, Korevaar JC, Silva S, Oliveira JC, Cabrita A, Castro e Melo J, Krediet RT : Evaluation of peritoneal transport and membrane status in peritoneal dialysis: focus on incident fast transporters. Am J Nephrol 27 : 84 91, 2007
62. del Peso G, Fernández-Reyes MJ, Hevia C, Bajo MA, Castro MJ, Cirugeda A, Sanchez-Tomero JA, Selgas R : Factors influencing peritoneal transport parameters during the first year on peritoneal dialysis: peritonitis is the main factor. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20 : 1201 1206, 2005
63. Parikova A, Smit W, Struijk DG, Zweers MM, Krediet RT : The contribution of free water transport and small pore transport to the total fluid removal in peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 68 : 1849 1856, 2005
64. Struijk DG, Krediet RT, Koomen GC, Boeschoten E, Hoek FJ, Arisz L : A prospective study of peritoneal transport in CAPD patients. Kidney Int 45 : 1739 1744, 1994
65. Davies SJ, Phillips L, Naish PF, Russell GI : Peritoneal glucose exposure and changes in membrane solute transport with time on peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 : 1046 1051, 2001
66. Davies SJ : Mitigating peritoneal membrane characteristics in modern peritoneal dialysis therapy. Kidney Int 70 : S76 S83, 2006
67. Wolfson M, Piraino B, Hamburger RJ, Morton AR, Icodextrin Study Group : A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002 (40 1055 1065, 2002
68. Konings CJ, Kooman JP, Schonck M, Gladziwa V, Wirtz J, van den Wall Bake AW, Gerlag PG, Hoorntje SJ, Wolters J, van der Sande FM, Leunissen KM : Effect of icodextrin on volume status, blood pressure and echocardiographic parameters: a randomized study. Kidney Int 63 : 1556 1563, 2003
69. Davies SJ, Woodrow G, Donovan K, Plum J, Williams P, Johansson AC, Bosselman HP, Heimbürger O, Simonsen O, Davenport A, Tranaeus A, Divino Filho JC : Icodextrin improves the fluid status of peritoneal dialysis patients: results of a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003 (14 2338 2344, 2003
70. Davies SJ, Brown EA, Frandsen NE, Rodrigues AS, Rodriguez-Carmona A, Vychytil A, Macnamara E, Ekstrand A, Tranaeus A, Divino Filho JC : Longitudinal membrane function in functionally anuric patients treated with APD: data from EAPOS on the effects of glucose and icodextrin prescription. Kidney Int 67 : 1609 1615, 2005
71. Rabindranath K, Adams J, Macleod AM, Muirhead N : Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18 : CD003773, 2007
72. Yang X, Fang W, Bargman JM, Oreopoulos DG : High peritoneal permeability is not associated with higher mortality or technique failure in patients on automated peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 28 : 82 92, 2008
73. Chung SH, Heimbürger O, Lindholm B : Poor outcomes of fast transporters on PD: the rise and fall of a clinical concern. Semin Dial 21 : 7 10, 2008
74. Ni J, Moulin P, Gianello P, Feron O, Balligand JL, Devuyst O : Mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase are protected against functional and structural modifications induced by acute peritonitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 : 3205 3216, 2003
75. Fried L, Piraino B : Peritonitis. In : Gokal R, Khanna R, Krediet RT, Nolph KD (eds). Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000 : 135 172
76. McDonald SP, Collins JF, Rumpsfeld M, Johnson DW : Obesity is a risk factor for peritonitis in the Australian and New Zealand peritoneal dialysis patient populations. Perit Dial Int 24 : 340 346, 2004
77. Dejardin A, Robert A, Goffin E : Intraperitoneal pressure in PD patients: relationship to intraperitoneal volume, body size and PD-related complications. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22 : 1437 1444, 2007
78. Chow KM, Szeto CC, Cheung KKT, Leung CB, Wong SZH, Li PKT : Predictive value of dialysate cell counts in peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 : 768 773, 2006
79. Ates K, Nergizoglu G, Keven K, Kutlay S, Ertürk S, Duman N, Karatan D, Ertug AE : Effect of fluid and sodium removal on mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 60 : 767 776, 2001
80. Pecoits-Filho R, Heimburger O, Barany P, Suliman M, Fehrman-Ekholm I, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P : Associations between circulating inflammatory markers and residual renal function in CRF patients. Am J Kidney Dis 41 : 1212 1218, 2003
81. Wang AY, Woo J, Wang M, Sea MMM, Sanderson JE, Lui SF, Li PKT : Important differentiation of factors that predict outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients with different degrees of residual renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 40 : 396 403, 2005
82. Bargman JM, Thorpe KE, Churchill DN : Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: a reanalysis of the CANUSA study. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 : 2158 2162, 2001
83. Maiorca R, Brunori G, Zubani R, Cancarini GC, Manili L, Camerini C, Movilli E, Pola A, d'Avolio G, Gelatti U : Predictive value of dialysis adequacy and nutritional indices for mortality and morbidity in CAPD and HD patients. A longitudinal study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10 : 2295 2305, 1995
84. Han SH, Lee SC, Ahn SV, Lee JE, Kim DK, Lee TH, Moon SJ, Kim BS, Kang SW, Choi KH, Lee HY, Han DS : Reduced residual renal function is a risk of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22 : 2653 2658, 2007
85. Li PK, Chow KM, Wong TYH, Leung CB, Szeto CC : Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on residual renal function in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. Ann Intern Med 139 : 105 112, 2003
86. Suzuki H, Kanno Y, Sugahara S, Okada H, Nakamoto H : Effects of an angiotensin II receptor blocker, valsartan, on residual renal function in patients on CAPD. Am J Kidney Dis 43 : 1056 1064, 2004
87. Li PK, Cheng YL : Therapeutic options for preservation of residual renal function in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 27 (Suppl. 2 S158 S163, 2006
88. Kolesnyk I, Dekker FW, Noordzij M, le Cessie S, Struijk DG, Krediet RT : Impact of ACE inhibitors and AII receptor blockers on peritoneal membrane transport characteristics in long-term peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 27 : 446 453, 2007
89. Szeto CC, Chow KM, Lam CWK, Leung CB, Kwan BCH, Chung KY, Law MC, Li PKT : Clinical biocompatibility of a neutral peritoneal dialysis solution with minimal glucose-degradation products - a 1-year randomized control trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22 : 552 559, 2007
90. Rippe B, Simonsen O, Heimbürger O, Christensson A, Haraldsson B, Stelin G, Weiss L, Nielsen FD, Bro S, Friedberg M, Wieslander A : Long-term clinical effects of a peritoneal dialysis fluid with less glucose degradation products. Kidney Int 59 : 348 357, 2001
91. ter Wee PM, van Ittersum FJ : The new peritoneal dialysis solutions: friends only, or foes in part? Nature Clin Pract Nephrol 3 : 604 612, 2007
92. Williams JD, Topley N, Craig KJ, MacKenzie RK, Pischetsrieder M, Lage C, Passlick-Deetjen J : The Euro-Balance trial: the effect of a new biocompatible peritoneal dialysis fluid (balance) on the peritoneal membrane. Kidney Int 66 : 408 418, 2004
93. Lee HY, Choi HY, Park HC, Seo BJ, Do JY, Yun SR, Song HY, Kim HY, Kim YL, Kim DJ, Kim YS, Kim MJ, Shin SK : Changing prescribing practice in CAPD patients in Korea: increased utilization of low GDP solutions improves patient outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21 : 2893 2899, 2006
94. Ahmad S, Sehmi JS, Ahmad-Zakhi KH, Clemenger M, Levy JB, Brown EA : Impact of new dialysis solutions on peritonitis rates. Kidney Int 70 : S63 S66, 2006
95. Montenegro J, Saracho R, Gallardo I, Martínez I, Muñoz R, Quintanilla N : Use of pure bicarbonate-buffered peritoneal dialysis fluid reduces the incidence of CAPD peritonitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22 : 1703 1708, 2007
96. Fan SLS, Pile T, Punzalan S, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM : Randomized controlled study of biocompatible peritoneal dialysis solutions: effect on residual renal function. Kidney Int 73 : 200 206, 2008
97. Ho-Dac-Pannekeet MM, Hiralall JK, Struijk DG, Krediet RT : Longitudinal follow-up of CA125 in peritoneal effluent. Kidney Int 51 : 888 893, 1997
98. Krediet RT, Pannekeet MM, Zemel D, Koomen GC, Struijk DG, Hoek FJ : Markers of peritoneal membrane status. Perit Dial Int 16 (Suppl. 1 S42 S49, 1996
99. Lee TC, Yang JY, Wang HP, Tsai TJ, Yang Y : Peritoneal thickening is not inevitable in long-term peritoneal dialysis and is associated with peritoneal transport characteristics: a two-centre sonographic study. Nephrol Dial Transplant Nov. 27 : 2007 (Epub ahead of print)
100. Margetts PJ, Gyorffy S, Kolb M, Yu L, Hoff CM, Holmes CJ, Gauldie J : Antiangiogenic and antifibrotic gene therapy in a chronic infusion model of peritoneal dialysis in rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 13 : 721 728, 2002
101. Nie J, Dou X, Hao W, Wang X, Peng W, Jia Z, Chen W, Li X, Luo N, Lam HY, Yu XQ : Smad 7 gene transfer inhibits peritoneal fibrosis. Kidney Int 72 : 1336 1344, 2007