Active dendrites: colorful wings of the mysterious butterflies

Trends in Neurosciences

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 309-316

  Johnston, Daniel ^a   Narayanan, Rishikesh ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

POTASSIUM CHANNEL; VOLTAGE GATED CALCIUM CHANNEL; VOLTAGE GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL; VOLTAGE GATED SODIUM CHANNEL;

ACTION POTENTIAL; AFTERHYPERPOLARIZATION; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL TYPE; CYTOLOGY; DENDRITE; DENDRITIC SPINE; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; HIPPOCAMPUS; INTRACELLULAR RECORDING; MAMMAL CELL; NEOCORTEX; NERVE CELL; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE CONDUCTION; NERVE ENDING; NERVE EXCITABILITY; NERVE FUNCTION; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; OSCILLATION; PATCH CLAMP; POLYSOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PYRAMIDAL NERVE CELL; REVIEW; SECOND MESSENGER; SYNAPSE;

ANIMALS; BUTTERFLIES; COLOR; DENDRITES; NEURONS; WING;

EID: 44549087762     PISSN: 01662236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.03.004     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Stuart G.J., et al. Patch-clamp recordings from the soma and dendrites of neurons in brain slices using infrared video microscopy. Pflugers Arch. 423 (1993) 511-518
2. Stuart G.J., and Sakmann B. Active propagation of somatic action potentials into neocortical pyramidal cell dendrites. Nature 367 (1994) 69-72
3. Llinás R., and Nicholson C. Electrophysiological properties of dendrites and somata in alligator Purkinje cells. J. Neurophysiol. 34 (1971) 532-551
4. Llinás R., et al. Dendritic spikes and their inhibition in alligator Purkinje cells. Science 160 (1968) 1132-1135
5. Llinás R., and Yarom Y. Properties and distribution of ionic conductances generating electroresponsiveness of mammalian inferior olivary neurones in vitro. J. Physiol. 315 (1981) 569-584
6. Llinás R.R. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function. Science 242 (1988) 1654-1664
7. Yarom Y., et al. Ionic currents and firing patterns of mammalian vagal motoneurons in vitro. Neuroscience 16 (1985) 719-737
8. Shepherd G.M. Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine (1991), Oxford University Press
9. Johnston D., et al. Active properties of neuronal dendrites. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19 (1996) 165-186
10. Yuste R., and Tank D.W. Dendritic integration in mammalian neurons, a century after Cajal. Neuron 16 (1996) 701-716
11. His W. Die neuroblasten und deren Entstehung im embryonalen Marke. Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Class. Konigl. Sach. Gesellsch. Wiss. Leipzig 15 (1889) 313-372
12. Golgi C. Sulla struttura della grigia del cervello. Gazetta Medica Italiana Lombardia 6 (1873) 244-246
13. Cajal S.R.Y. Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves. Rev. Trim. Histol. Norm. Patol. 1 (1888) 1-10
14. Bullock T.H. Neuron doctrine and electrophysiology. Science 129 (1959) 997-1002
15. Purpura D. Comparative physiology of dendrites. In: Quarton G.C., et al. (Ed). The Neurosciences (1967), Rockefeller University Press 372-875
16. Segev I., et al. The Theoretical Foundation of Dendritic Function (1995), MIT Press
17. Cragg B.G., and Hamlyn L.H. Action potentials of the pyramidal neurones in the hippocampus of the rabbit. J. Physiol. 129 (1955) 608-627
18. Andersen P. Interhippocampal impulses II. Apical dendritic activation of CA1 neurons. Acta Physiol. Scand. 48 (1960) 178-208
19. Fujita Y., and Sakata H. Electrophysiological properties of CA1 and CA2 apical dendrites of rabbit hippocampus. J. Neurophysiol. 25 (1962) 209-222
20. Rall W., and Shepherd G.M. Theoretical reconstruction of field potentials and dendrodendritic synaptic interactions in olfactory bulb. J. Neurophysiol. 31 (1968) 884-915
21. Spencer W.A., and Kandel E.R. Electrophysiology of hippocampal neurons. IV. Fast prepotentials. J. Neurophysiol. 24 (1961) 272-285
22. Houchin J. Procion yellow electrodes for intracellular recording and staining of neurones in the somatosensory cortex of the rat. J. Physiol. 232 (1973) 67P-69P
23. Wong R.K.S., et al. Intradendritic recordings from hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 76 (1979) 986-990
24. Benardo L.S., et al. Electrophysiology of isolated hippocampal pyramidal dendrites. J. Neurosci. 2 (1982) 1614-1622
25. Turner R.W., et al. The site for initiation of action potential discharge over the somatodendritic axis of rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 11 (1991) 2270-2280
26. Shepherd G.M., et al. Signal enhancement in distal cortical dendrites by means of interactions between active dendritic spines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 82 (1985) 2192-2195
27. Shepherd G.M., et al. Comparisons between active properties of distal dendritic branches and spines: implications for neuronal computations. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 1 (1989) 273-286
28. Koch C. Cable theory in neurons with active, linearized membranes. Biol. Cybern. 50 (1984) 15-33
29. Ross W.N., and Werman R. Mapping calcium transients in the dendrites of Purkinje cells from the guinea-pig cerebellum in vitro. J. Physiol. 389 (1987) 319-336
30. Lasser-Ross N., et al. High time resolution fluorescence imaging with a CCD camera. J. Neurosci. Methods 36 (1991) 253-261
31. Kogan A., et al. Optical recording from cerebellar Purkinje cells using intracellularly injected voltage-sensitive dyes. Brain Res. 700 (1995) 235-239
32. Svoboda K., et al. In vivo dendritic calcium dynamics in neocortical pyramidal neurons. Nature 385 (1997) 161-165
33. Göbel W., et al. Imaging cellular network dynamics in three dimensions using fast 3D laser scanning. Nat. Methods 4 (2006) 73-79
34. Lee A.K., et al. Whole-cell recordings in freely moving rats. Neuron 51 (2006) 399-407
35. Matsuzaki M., et al. Structural basis of long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines. Nature 429 (2004) 761-766
36. Antic S., et al. Fast optical recordings of membrane potential changes from dendrites of pyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 82 (1999) 1615-1621
37. Palmer A.E., and Tsien R.Y. Measuring calcium signaling using genetically targetable fluorescent indicators. Nat. Protoc. 1 (2006) 1057-1065
38. Zhang F., et al. Circuit-breakers: optical technologies for probing neural signals and systems. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8 (2007) 577-581
39. Trimmer J.S., and Rhodes K.J. Localization of voltage-gated ion channels in mammalian brain. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 66 (2004) 477-519
40. v4.2 in hippocampal neurons. Neuron 54 (2007) 933-947
41. v1.1 channel mRNA translation in dendrites. Science 314 (2006) 144-148
42. Micheva K.D., and Smith S.J. Array tomography: a new tool for imaging the molecular architecture and ultrastructure of neural circuits. Neuron 55 (2007) 25-36
43. Conchello J.A., and Lichtman J.W. Optical sectioning microscopy. Nat. Methods 2 (2005) 920-931
44. Briggman K.L., and Denk W. Towards neural circuit reconstruction with volume electron microscopy techniques. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 16 (2006) 562-570
45. Rust M.J., et al. Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Nat. Methods 3 (2006) 793-795
46. Betzig E., et al. Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at nanometer resolution. Science 313 (2006) 1642-1645
47. Fischer M.C., et al. Self-phase modulation signatures of neuronal activity. Opt. Lett. 33 (2008) 219-221
48. Fortin D.L., et al. Photochemical control of endogenous ion channels and cellular excitability. Nat. Methods 5 (2008) 331-338
49. Wickersham I.R., et al. Monosynaptic restriction of transsynaptic tracing from single, genetically targeted neurons. Neuron 53 (2007) 639-647
50. London M., and Häusser M. Dendritic computation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 28 (2005) 503-532
51. Poirazi P., and Mel B.W. Impact of active dendrites and structural plasticity on the memory capacity of neural tissue. Neuron 29 (2001) 779-796
52. Poirazi P., et al. Pyramidal neuron as two-layer neural network. Neuron 37 (2003) 989-999
53. Segev I., and London M. Untangling dendrites with quantitative models. Science 290 (2000) 744-750
54. Laurent G., and Borst A. Short stories about small brains: linking biophysics to computation. In: Stuart G.J., et al. (Ed). Dendrites (2007), Oxford University Press 441-464
55. Spruston N., et al. Dendritic integration. In: Stuart G.J., et al. (Ed). Dendrites (2007), Oxford University Press 351-400
56. Magee J.C. Dendritic voltage-gated ion channels. In: Stuart G.J., et al. (Ed). Dendrites (2007), Oxford University Press 225-250
57. Migliore M., and Shepherd G.M. Emerging rules for the distributions of active dendritic conductances. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3 (2002) 362-370
58. + current in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79 (1998) 491-495
59. Mickus T., et al. Properties of slow, cumulative sodium channel inactivation in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Biophys. J. 76 (1999) 846-860
60. Colbert C.M., and Pan E. Ion channel properties underlying axonal action potential initiation in pyramidal neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 5 (2002) 533-538
61. + channels in rat CA1 hippocampal neurons. J. Physiol. 541 (2002) 665-672
62. Golding N.L., and Spruston N. Dendritic sodium spikes are variable triggers of axonal action potentials in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neuron 21 (1998) 1189-1200
63. Gasparini S., et al. On the initiation and propagation of dendritic spikes in CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 11046-11056
64. Losonczy A., and Magee J.C. Integrative properties of radial oblique dendrites in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neuron 50 (2006) 291-307
65. Magee J.C., and Johnston D. Synaptic activation of voltage-gated channels in the dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Science 268 (1995) 301-304
66. Stuart G.J., and Häusser M. Dendritic coincidence detection of EPSPs and action potentials. Nat. Neurosci. 4 (2001) 63-71
67. González-Burgos G., and Barrionuevo G. Voltage-gated sodium channels shape subthreshold EPSPs in layer 5 pyramidal neurons from rat prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 86 (2001) 1671-1684
68. Vetter P., et al. Propagation of action potentials in dendrites depends on dendritic morphology. J. Neurophysiol. 85 (2001) 926-937
69. Migliore M., and Shepherd G.M. Opinion: an integrated approach to classifying neuronal phenotypes. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6 (2005) 810-818
70. 2+ influx into the dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 74 (1995) 1335-1342
71. 2+ channels in apical dendrites of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Physiol. 487 (1995) 67-90
72. Markram H., et al. Dendritic calcium transients evoked by single back-propagating action potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J. Physiol. 485 (1995) 1-20
73. 2+ signaling in dendritic spines. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 17 (2007) 345-351
74. 2+ channels characterized by recordings from isolated hippocampal dendritic segments. Neuron 18 (1997) 651-663
75. Usowicz M.M., et al. P-type calcium channels in the somata and dendrites of adult cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neuron 9 (1992) 1185-1199
76. Isope P., and Murphy T.H. Low threshold calcium currents in rat cerebellar Purkinje cell dendritic spines are mediated by T-type calcium channels. J. Physiol. 562 (2005) 257-269
77. Yuste R., and Denk W. Dendritic spines as basic functional units of neuronal integration. Nature 375 (1995) 682-684
78. 2+ entry into hippocampal neurons. Nature 357 (1992) 244-246
79. Schiller J., et al. Spatial profile of dendritic calcium transients evoked by action potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal neurones. J. Physiol. 487 (1995) 583-600
80. Spruston N., et al. Activity-dependent action potential invasion and calcium influx into hippocampal CA1 dendrites. Science 268 (1995) 297-300
81. Larkum M.E., et al. A new cellular mechanism for coupling inputs arriving at different cortical layers. Nature 398 (1999) 338-341
82. Yu F.H., and Catterall W.A. The VGL-chanome: a protein superfamily specialized for electrical signaling and ionic homeostasis. Sci. STKE 2004 (2004) re15
83. + channel regulation of signal propagation in dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Nature 387 (1997) 869-875
84. Bekkers J.M. Distribution and activation of voltage-gated potassium channels in cell-attached and outside-out patches from large layer 5 cortical pyramidal neurons of the rat. J. Physiol. 525 (2000) 611-620
85. + channels in layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurones from young rats: subtypes and gradients. J. Physiol. 525 (2000) 621-639
86. + channels in dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurones of rat hippocampus. J. Physiol. 559 (2004) 187-203
87. Hu H., et al. M-channels (Kv7/KCNQ channels) that regulate synaptic integration, excitability, and spike pattern of CA1 pyramidal cells are located in the perisomatic region. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 1853-1867
88. Golding N.L., et al. Dendritic calcium spike initiation and repolarization are controlled by distinct potassium channel subtypes in CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 8789-8798
89. Poolos N.P., and Johnston D. Calcium-activated potassium conductances contribute to action potential repolarization at the soma but not the dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 5205-5212
90. 2+-mediated feedback loop in dendritic spines. Nat. Neurosci. 8 (2005) 642-649
91. + channels in dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 3787-3792
92. + signaling. Science 314 (2006) 615-620
93. + channel type 2 (SK2) modulates hippocampal learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 1844-1853
94. Bekkers J.M. Distribution of slow AHP channels on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 83 (2000) 1756-1759
95. Schwindt P.C., et al. Long-lasting reduction of excitability by a sodium-dependent potassium current in cat neocortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 61 (1989) 233-244
96. 2+. Trends Neurosci. 28 (2005) 422-428
97. Madison D.V., et al. Phorbol esters block a voltage-sensitive chloride current in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Nature 321 (1986) 695-697
98. Pape H.C. Queer current and pacemaker: the hyperpolarization-activated cation current in neurons. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 58 (1996) 299-327
99. Magee J.C. Dendritic hyperpolarization-activated currents modify the integrative properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 7613-7624
100. Lörincz A., et al. Polarized and compartment-dependent distribution of HCN1 in pyramidal cell dendrites. Nat. Neurosci. 5 (2002) 1185-1193
101. h channels in pyramidal neuron dendrites: properties, distribution, and impact on action potential output. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 1677-1687
102. Nolan M.F., et al. A behavioral role for dendritic integration: HCN1 channels constrain spatial memory and plasticity at inputs to distal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Cell 119 (2004) 719-732
103. Dudman J.T., et al. A role for synaptic inputs at distal dendrites: instructive signals for hippocampal long-term plasticity. Neuron 56 (2007) 866-879
104. 2+ spikes in distal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neuron 56 (2007) 1076-1089
105. h distribution in dendrites of mammalian neurons. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 8643-8653
106. Williams S.R., and Stuart G.J. Backpropagation of physiological spike trains in neocortical pyramidal neurons: implications for temporal coding in dendrites. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 8238-8246
107. Williams S.R., and Stuart G.J. Voltage- and site-dependent control of the somatic impact of dendritic IPSPs. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 7358-7367
108. h. J. Neurophysiol. 77 (1997) 3145-3156
109. + current in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells. J. Physiol. 545 (2002) 783-805
110. Narayanan R., and Johnston D. Long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal neurons is accompanied by spatially widespread changes in intrinsic oscillatory dynamics and excitability. Neuron 56 (2007) 1061-1075
111. Andrasfalvy B.K., and Magee J.C. Distance-dependent increase in AMPA receptor number in the dendrites of adult hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 9151-9159
112. Otmakhova N.A., et al. Pathway-specific properties of AMPA and NMDA-mediated transmission in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 1199-1207
113. Silver R.A. Neurotransmitter-gated ion channels in dendrites. In: Stuart G., et al. (Ed). Dendrites (2007), Oxford University Press 189-224
114. Nusser Z. Subcellular distribution of neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-gated ion channels. In: Stuart G., et al. (Ed). Dendrites (2007), Oxford University Press 155-188
115. Alvarez F.J., et al. Cell-type specific organization of glycine receptor clusters in the mammalian spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 379 (1997) 150-170
116. Schiller J., et al. NMDA spikes in basal dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons. Nature 404 (2000) 285-289
117. Ariav G., et al. Submillisecond precision of the input-output transformation function mediated by fast sodium dendritic spikes in basal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 7750-7758
118. 2+ channels. Neuron 9 (1992) 1163-1173
119. Schiller J., et al. NMDA receptors amplify calcium influx into dendritic spines during associative pre- and postsynaptic activation. Nat. Neurosci. 1 (1998) 114-118
120. Reyes A. Influence of dendritic conductances on the input-output properties of neurons. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24 (2001) 653-675
121. Lisman J., et al. The molecular basis of CaMKII function in synaptic and behavioural memory. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3 (2002) 175-190
122. Steward O., and Levy W.B. Preferential localization of polyribosomes under the base of dendritic spines in granule cells of the dentate gyrus. J. Neurosci. 2 (1982) 284-291
123. Ostroff L.E., et al. Polyribosomes redistribute from dendritic shafts into spines with enlarged synapses during LTP in developing rat hippocampal slices. Neuron 35 (2002) 535-545
124. Eberwine J., et al. Analysis of subcellularly localized mRNAs using in situ hybridization, mRNA amplification, and expression profiling. Neurochem. Res. 27 (2002) 1065-1077
125. Steward O., and Schuman E.M. Protein synthesis at synaptic sites on dendrites. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24 (2001) 299-325
126. Sutton M.A., and Schuman E.M. Dendritic protein synthesis, synaptic plasticity, and memory. Cell 127 (2006) 49-58
127. 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II via dendritic protein synthesis in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 7823-7833
128. Bingol B., and Schuman E.M. Activity-dependent dynamics and sequestration of proteasomes in dendritic spines. Nature 441 (2006) 1144-1148
129. Magee J.C., and Johnston D. Plasticity of dendritic function. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15 (2005) 334-342
130. Woody C.D. Is conditioning supported by modulation of an outward current in pyramidal cells of the motor cortex of cats?. In: Woody C.D., et al. (Ed). Cellular Mechanisms of Conditioning and Behavioral Plasticity (1988), Plenum Press 27-36
131. Schreurs B.G., et al. Intracellular correlates of acquisition and long-term memory of classical conditioning in Purkinje cell dendrites in slices of rabbit cerebellar lobule HVI. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 5498-5507
132. Zhang W., and Linden D.J. The other side of the engram: experience-driven changes in neuronal intrinsic excitability. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4 (2003) 885-900
133. Kim S.J., and Linden D.J. Ubiquitous plasticity and memory storage. Neuron 56 (2007) 582-592
134. Turrigiano G.G., and Nelson S.B. Hebb and homeostasis in neuronal plasticity. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10 (2000) 358-364
135. Daoudal G., and Debanne D. Long-term plasticity of intrinsic excitability: learning rules and mechanisms. Learn. Mem. 10 (2003) 456-465
136. + channels in dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by activation of PKA and PKC. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 3521-3528
137. Hoffman D.A., and Johnston D. Neuromodulation of dendritic action potentials. J. Neurophysiol. 81 (1999) 408-411
138. + channels in hippocampus involves a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 4860-4868
139. Misonou H., et al. Regulation of ion channel localization and phosphorylation by neuronal activity. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 711-718
140. Day M., et al. Dendritic excitability of mouse frontal cortex pyramidal neurons is shaped by the interaction among HCN, Kir2, and Kleak channels. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 8776-8787
141. + current and enhances induction of long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 12143-12151
142. Yasuda R., et al. Plasticity of calcium channels in dendritic spines. Nat. Neurosci. 6 (2003) 948-955
143. V2.3 voltage-sensitive calcium channels located in dendritic spines. Neuron 53 (2007) 249-260
144. Wang M., et al. α2A-Adrenoceptors strengthen working memory networks by inhibiting cAMP-HCN channel signaling in prefrontal cortex. Cell 129 (2007) 397-410
145. Carr D.B., et al. α-2 Noradrenergic receptor activation enhances excitability and synaptic integration in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons via inhibition of HCN currents. J. Physiol. 584 (2007) 437-450
146. Tsubokawa H., et al. Calcium-dependent persistent facilitation of spike backpropagation in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 4878-4884
147. Quirk M.C., et al. Experience-dependent changes in extracellular spike amplitude may reflect regulation of dendritic action potential back-propagation in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 240-248
148. Wang Z., et al. Bidirectional changes in spatial dendritic integration accompanying long-term synaptic modifications. Neuron 37 (2003) 463-472
149. Frick A., et al. LTP is accompanied by an enhanced local excitability of pyramidal neuron dendrites. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 126-135
150. h channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004) 5123-5128
151. h. Nat. Neurosci. 8 (2005) 1542-1551
152. h in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 13926-13937
153. Magee J.C., and Johnston D. A synaptically controlled, associative signal for Hebbian plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Science 275 (1997) 209-213
154. + channels contribute to spike-timing dependent long-term potentiation in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 (2002) 8366-8371
155. Froemke R.C., et al. Spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity depends on dendritic location. Nature 434 (2005) 221-225
156. Sjöström P.J., and Häusser M. A cooperative switch determines the sign of synaptic plasticity in distal dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons. Neuron 51 (2006) 227-238
157. Letzkus J.J., et al. Learning rules for spike timing-dependent plasticity depend on dendritic synapse location. J. Neurosci. 26 (2006) 10420-10429
158. Golding N.L., et al. Dendritic spikes as a mechanism for cooperative long-term potentiation. Nature 418 (2002) 326-331
159. Holthoff K., et al. Single-shock LTD by local dendritic spikes in pyramidal neurons of mouse visual cortex. J. Physiol. 560 (2004) 27-36
160. Remy S., and Spruston N. Dendritic spikes induce single-burst long-term potentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 (2007) 17192-17197
161. Abraham W.C., and Bear M.F. Metaplasticity: the plasticity of synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 19 (1996) 126-130
162. Frick A., and Johnston D. Plasticity of dendritic excitability. J. Neurobiol. 64 (2005) 100-115
163. h as a candidate mechanism for sliding the BCM modification threshold. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. (2005) 737.5
164. Hille B. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes (2001), Sinauer Associates
165. Dickson C.T., et al. Oscillatory activity in entorhinal neurons and circuits. Mechanisms and function. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 911 (2000) 127-150
166. Hutcheon B., and Yarom Y. Resonance, oscillation and the intrinsic frequency preferences of neurons. Trends Neurosci. 23 (2000) 216-222
167. Triesch J. Synergies between intrinsic and synaptic plasticity mechanisms. Neural Comput. 19 (2007) 885-909
168. Stemmler M., and Koch C. How voltage-dependent conductances can adapt to maximize the information encoded by neuronal firing rate. Nat. Neurosci. 2 (1999) 521-527
169. Haykin S. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation (1998), Prentice Hall
170. Häusser M., and Mel B. Dendrites: bug or feature?. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13 (2003) 372-383