Association of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs with Q-T interval prolongation

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy

Volumn 65, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 1029-1038

  Zemrak, Wesley R ^a   Kenna, George A ^b,c,d  

^a MAINE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Westerly Hospital   (United States)

^d BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Antidepressants; Antipsychotic agents; Dosage; Haloperidol; Long QT syndrome; Pimozide; Thioridazine; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CITALOPRAM; CLOZAPINE; DOXEPIN; FLUOXETINE; HALOPERIDOL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NORFLUOXETINE; OLANZAPINE; PIMOZIDE; QUETIAPINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTINDOLE; THIORIDAZINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ZIPRASIDONE;

CARDIOTOXICITY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG OVERDOSE; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; LIVER FAILURE; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; QT PROLONGATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 44449178386     PISSN: 10792082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2146/ajhp070279     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2007; 115:69-171.
2. National Center for Health Statistics. Data warehouse: vital statistics of the U.S. www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh.htm (accessed 2007 May 2).
3. National Association of Chain Drug Stores. 2005 Community pharmacy results. www.nacds.org/user-assets/pdfs/2006/2005Results.pdf (accessed 2007 May 2).
4. Strauss SM, Kors JA, De Bruin ML et al. Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47:362-7.
5. Moss AJ. QTc prolongation and sudden cardiac death. The association is in the detail. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47:368-9.
6. Swenson JR, Doucette S, Fergusson D. Adverse cardiovascular events in antidepressant trials involving high-risk patients: a systematic review of randomized trials. Can J Psychiatry. 2006; 51:923-9.
7. Allen LaPointe NM, Curtis LH, Chan KA et al. Frequency of high-risk use of QT-prolonging drugs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006; 15:361-8.
8. Ray WA, Meredith S, Thapa PB et al. Antipsychotics and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001; 58:1161-7.
9. Hennessey S, Bilker WB, Knauss JS et al. Cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia in patients taking antipsychotic drugs: cohort study using administrative data. BMJ. 2002; 325:1070-5.
10. Girardin F, Gaspoz JM. Psychiatric patients and QT interval monitoring. Rev Med Suisse. 2007; 3:945-8.
11. Weller R, Preskorn SH. Psychotropic drugs and alcohol: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Psychosomatics. 1984; 25:301-9.
12. Abarca J, Colon LR, Wang VS et al. Evaluation of the performance of drug-drug interaction screening software in community and hospital pharmacies. J Manag Care Pharm. 2006; 12:383-9.
13. Justo D, Prokhorov V, Heller K et al. Torsade de pointes induced by psychotropic drugs and the prevalence of its risk factors. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005; 111:171-6.
14. Tomaselli GF, Marbán E. Electrophysiological remodeling in hypertrophy and heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 1999; 42:270-83.
15. Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A et al. Torsade de pointes due to noncardiac drugs: most patients have easily identifiable risk factors. Medicine. 2003; 82:282-90.
16. Makkar RR, Fromm BS, Steinman RT et al. Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs. JAMA. 1993; 270:2590-7.
17. Bauman JL, Schoen MD. Arrhythmias. In: Dipiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC et al., eds. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005:321-56.
18. Karch SB. Cardiac arrest in cocaine users. Am J Emer Med. 1996; 14:79-81.
19. Wetli CV, Fishbain DA. Cocaine-induced psychosis and sudden death in recreational cocaine users. J Forensic Sci. 1985; 30:873-80.
20. Akhtar M. Examination of the heart: part 5, the electrocardiogram. Dallas: American Heart Association; 1990:1-73.
21. Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products, The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Human Medicines Evaluation Unit. 1997 London UK.
22. Abi-Gerges N, Philp K, Pollard C et al. Sex differences in ventricular repolarization: from cardiac electrophysiology to torsades de pointes. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2004; 18:139-51.
23. Glassman AH, Bigger JT Jr. Antipsychotic drugs: prolonged QTc interval, torsade de pointes, and sudden death. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158:1774-82.
24. Witchel HJ, Hancox JC, Nutt DJ. Psychotropic drugs, cardiac arrhythmia, and sudden death. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003; 23:58-77.
25. Pacher P, Kecskemeti V. Cardiovascular side effects of new antidepressants and antipsychotics: new drugs, old concerns? Curr Pharm Des. 2004; 10:2463-75.
26. Ray WA, Meredith S, Thapa PB et al. Cyclic antidepressants and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 75:234-41.
27. Liu BA, Juurlink DN. Drugs and the QT interval - caveat doctor. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351:1053-6.
28. Witchel HJ, Pabbathi VK, Hofmann G et al. Inhibitory actions of the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor citalopram on HERG and ventricular L-type calcium currents. FEBS Lett. 2002; 512:59-66.
29. Sanguinetti MC, Mitcheson JS. Predicting drug-hERG channel interactions that cause acquired long QT syndrome. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005; 26:119-24.
30. Thomas D, Gut B, Wendt-Nordahl G et al. The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is an inhibitor of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002; 300:543-8.
31. + channel block and disruption of protein trafficking by fluoxetine and norfluoxetine. Br J Pharmacol. 2006; 149:481-9.
32. Zitron E, Kiesecker C, Scholz E et al. Inhibition of cardiac HERG potassium by the atypical antidepressant trazodone. Arch Pharmacol. 2004; 370:146-56.
33. Dorsey ST, Biblo LA. Prolonged QT interval and torsades de pointes caused by the combination of fluconazole and amitriptyline. Am J Emerg Med. 2000; 18:227-8.
34. Curry SC, Kashani JS, LoVecchio F et al. Intraventricular conduction delay after bupropion overdose. J Emerg Med. 2005; 29:299-305.
35. Alter P, Tontsch D, Grimm W. Doxepin-induced torsade de pointes tachycardia. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 135:384-5.
36. Appleby M, Mbewu A, Clarke B. Fluoxetine and ventricular torsade - is there a link? Int J Cardiol. 1995; 49:178-80.
37. Varriale P. Fluoxetine (Prozac) as a cause of QT prolongation. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161:612.
38. Wilting I, Smals OM, Holwerda NJ et al. QTc prolongation and torsades de pointes in an elderly woman taking fluoxetine. Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163:325.
39. Rasimas JJ, Burkhart KK. Cardiac conduction disturbances after an overdose of nefazodone and gabapentin. Am J Emerg Med. 2006; 24:886-8.
40. Siddiqui MA, Khan IA. Nefazodone-associated torsade de pointes. Int J Cardiol. 2004; 93:85-6.
41. Levenson JL. Prolonged QT interval after trazodone overdose. Am J Psychiatry. 1999; 156:968-9.
42. Isbister GK, Balit CR. Bupropion overdose: QTc prolongation and its clinical significance. Ann Pharmacother. 2003; 37:999-1002.
43. Morissette P, Hreiche R, Mallet L et al. Olanzapine prolongs cardiac repolarization by blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current. J Psychopharmacol. 2007; 21:735-41.
44. + currents in human myocytes and prolongs repolarization in human myocardium. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004; 497:215-22.
45. Drolet B, Yang T, Daleau P et al. Risperidone prolongs cardiac repolarization by blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2003; 41:934-7.
46. + channel blockade by the antipsychotic drug thioridazine: an obligatory role for the S6 helix residue F656. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006; 351:273-80.
47. + channel by the neuroleptic pimozide. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000; 392:137-40.
48. Teschemacher AG, Seward EP, Hancox JC et al. Inhibition of the current of heterologously expressed HERG potassium channels by imipramine and amitriptyline. Br J Pharmacol. 1999; 128:479-85.
49. Rampe D, Murawsky MK, Grau J et al. The antipsychotic agent sertindole is a high affinity antagonist of the human cardiac potassium channel HERG. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998; 286:788-93.
50. Kongsamut S, Kang J, Chen X et al. A comparison of the receptor binding and HERG channel affinities for a series of antipsychotic drugs. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002; 450:37-41.
51. Gurovich I, Vempaty A, Lippmann S. QTc prolongation: chlorpromazine and high-dose olanzapine. Can J Psychiatry. 2003; 48:348. Letter.
52. Dewan V, Roth BA. Antipsychotic-induced QTc interval prolongation. Can J Psychiatry. 2004; 49:646. Letter.
53. Douglas PH, Block PC. Corrected QT interval prolongation associated with intravenous haloperidol in acute coronary syndromes. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent. 2000; 50:352-5.
54. O'Brien JM, Rockwood RP, Suh KI. Haloperidol-induced torsade de pointes. Ann Pharmacother. 1999; 33:1046-50.
55. Kriwisky M, Perry GY, Tarchitsky D et al. Haloperidol-induced torsades de pointes. Chest. 1990; 98:482-4.
56. Dineen S, Withrow K, Voronovitch L et al. QTc prolongation and high-dose olanzapine. Psychosomatics. 2003; 44:174-5.
57. Gajwani P, Pozuelo L, Tesar GE. QT interval prolongation associated with quetiapine (Seroquel) overdose. Psychosomatics. 2000; 41:63-5.
58. Nandagopal JJ, Craig JM, Lippmann S. QTc prolongation: possible association with risperidone and/or haloperidol. Psychosomatics. 2003; 44:521. Letter.
59. Burton S, Heslop K, Harrison K et al. Ziprasidone overdose. Am J Psychiatry. 2000; 157:835. Letter.
60. House M. Overdose of ziprasidone. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159:1061-2.
61. Biswas AK, Zabrocki LA, Mayes KL et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with intentional ziprasidone and bupropion overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003; 41:79-82.
62. K1, and hERG: QT prolongation, structure activity relationship, and network analysis. Pharm Res. 2006; 23:1133-43.
63. Pacher P, Ungvari Z, Nanasi PP et al. Speculations on difference between tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on their cardiac effects. Is there any? Curr Med Chem. 1999; 6:469-80.
64. Pacher P, Ungvari Z, Kecskemeti V et al. Review of cardiovascular effects of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, compared to tricyclic antidepressants. Curr Med Chem. 1998; 5:381-90.
65. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study (CAPS) Investigators. Effects of encainide, flecainide, imipramine, and moricizine on ventricular arrhythmias during the year after acute myocardial infarction: the CAPS. Am J Cardiol. 1988; 61:501-9.
66. Vieweg WV, Wood MA. Tricyclic antidepressants, QT interval prolongation, and torsade de pointes. Psychosomatics. 2004; 45:371-7.
67. Reilly JG, Ayis SA, Ferrier IN et al. QTc-interval abnormalities and psychotropic drug therapy in psychiatric patients. Lancet. 2000; 355:1048-52.
68. Sharma ND, Rosman HS, Padhi ID et al. Torsades de pointes associated with intravenous haloperidol in critically ill patients. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81:238-40.
69. Haddad PM, Anderson IM. Antipsychotic-related QTc prolongation, torsade de pointes and sudden death. Drugs. 2002; 62:1649-71.
70. Harrigan EP, Miceli JJ, Anziano R et al. A randomized evaluation of six antipsychotic agents on QTc, in the absence and presence of metabolic inhibition. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004; 24:62-9.
71. Yerrabolu M, Prabhudesai S, Tawam M et al. Effect of risperidone on QT interval and QT dispersion in the elderly. Heart Dis. 2000; 2:10-2.
72. Letsas KP, Sideris A, Kounas SP et al. Drug-induced QT interval prolongation after ciprofloxacin administration in a patient receiving olanzapine. Int J Cardiol. 2006; 109:273-4.
73. Kang UG, Kwon JS, Ahn YM et al. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients treated with clozapine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000; 61:441-6.
74. Zarate CA, Patel J. Sudden cardiac death and antipsychotic drugs: do we know enough? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001; 58:1168-71.
75. Ray WA, Meredith S, Thapa PB et al. Antipsychotics and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001; 58:1161-7.
76. Brown CS, Farmer RG, Soberman JE et al. Pharmacokinetic factors in the adverse cardiovascular effects of antipsychotic drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004; 43:33-56.
77. Loga S, Curry S, Lader M. Interaction of chlorpromazine and nortriptyline in patients with schizophrenia. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1981; 6:454-62.
78. Magorien RD, Jewell GM, Schaal SF et al. Electrophysiologic studies of perphenazine and protriptyline in a patient with psychotropic drug-induced ventricular fibrillation. Am J Med. 1979; 67:353-7.
79. Wilens TE, Stern TA. Ventricular tachycardia associated with desipramine and thioridazine. Psychosomatics. 1990; 31:100-3.
80. Sala M, Vicentini A, Brambilla P et al. QT interval prolongation related to psychoactive drug treatment: a comparison of monotherapy versus polytherapy. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005; 4:1.
81. Kosar F, Ates F, Sahin I et al. QT interval analysis in patients with chronic liver disease: a prospective study. Angiology. 2007; 58:218-24.
82. Nakasone H, Sugama R, Sakugawa H et al. Alcoholic liver cirrhosis complicated with torsade de pointes during plasma exchange and hemodiafiltration. J Gastroenterol. 2001; 36:564-8.
83. Bernardi M, Calandra S, Colantoni A et al. Q-T interval prolongation in cirrhosis: prevalence, relationship with severity, and etiology of the disease and possible pathogenetic factors. Hepatology. 1998; 27:28-34.
84. Nordin C, Kohli A, Beca S et al. Importance of hepatitis C coinfection in the development of QT prolongation in HIV-infected patients. J Electrocardiol. 2006; 39:199-205.
85. Food and Drug Administration Advisory Committee. Zeldox capsules (ziprasidone): summary of efficacy and safety and overall benefit risk relationship. Bethesda, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 2000 Jul 19.