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In an unpublished study, we have investigated cyclizations of more than twenty different N,N′-diarylhydrazides and isolated 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4- thiadiazoles in yields heavily scattered in a range of 5% and 95%. For an experimental procedure used in the study, see: C. Tschierske, and D. Girdzinuaite J. Prakt. Chem. 333 1991 135
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An exception to this rule is represented by several examples of thiophene derivatives prepared via Stille or Kumada couplings: E. Cielen, A. Stobiecka, A. Tahri, G.J. Hoornaerth, F.C. De Schryver, J. Gallay, M. Vincent, and N. Boens J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2002 1197
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4444267730
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note
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An alternative approach for the synthesis of 2-phenylthiophene implementing palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings is a reaction of 2-bromothiophene with a corresponding phenylmetallic reagent. Our investigation revealed that Negishi, Stille, and Suzuki couplings were feasible under conditions of Methods A-C described in Table 1. However, the generality of this approach did not extend to some other heterocycles
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4444293520
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Bromination of pyrrole derivatives attempted without sodium acetate buffer led to a significant decomposition of starting material
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46
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4444346922
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A representative procedure for selective bromination of 2-arylheteropentalenes: To a stirred homogeneous solution of 2-arylheteropentalene (5.0 mmol) and sodium acetate (10 mmol) in acetic acid (25 mL), bromine (5.0 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe at room temperature over 20-30 min (discoloration of reaction mixture was generally observed during bromine addition). The reaction progress was monitored by TLC or LCMS analyses: upon completion, the reaction mixture was combined with 1 M sodium hydroxide (250 mL) and ethyl acetate (250 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed sequentially with 1 M sodium hydroxide (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), and dried over sodium sulfate. The desired product was obtained by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent: hexanes/ethyl acetate)
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If a given 2-aryl-1,3,4-oxa- or thiadiazole is available, bromination under conditions described in Table 2 represents a viable option: several examples of 2-bromo-1,3,4-oxa- and thiadiazoles were isolated in ≥75% yield (reaction temperature 50 A-C for some derivatives).
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50
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4444351237
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note
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4 (0.1 mmol) was added and the mixture was degassed with argon for 2 min after which it was heated under argon to 85 A°C for 3 h. The reaction mixture was combined with 1 M hydrochloric acid (100 mL) and ethyl acetate (200 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed sequentially with 1 M hydrochloric acid (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), and dried over sodium sulfate. The desired product was obtained by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent: hexanes/ethyl acetate)
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