Connections between stratospheric ozone and climate: Radiative forcing, climate variability, and change

Atmosphere - Ocean

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 139-158

  McFarlane, Norm ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE MODELING; CLIMATE VARIATION; DETECTION METHOD; GREENHOUSE GAS; HUMAN ACTIVITY; OZONE; OZONE DEPLETION; PERTURBATION; RADIATION BUDGET; RADIATIVE FORCING; STRATOSPHERE; STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE INTERACTION; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 43849097548     PISSN: 07055900     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3137/ao.460107     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. AMMANN, CASPAR M.; GERALD A. MEEHL and WARREN M. WASHINGTON. 2003. A monthly and latitudinally varying volcanic forcing dataset in simulations of 20th century climate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30: 12,1657, doi: 10.1029/2003GL016875.
2. ARBLASTER, JULIE M. and GERALD MEEHL. 2006. Contributions of external forcings to Southern Annular Mode trends. J. Clim. 19: 2896-2905.
3. BALDWIN, M.P. and T.J. DUNKERTON. 1999. Oropagation of the Arctic Oscillation from the stratosphere to the troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24): 30937-30946, doi: 10.1029/1999JD900445.
4. BALDWIN, M.P. and T.J. DUNKERTON. 2001. Stratospheric harbingers of anomalous weather regimes. Science, 294 (5542): 581-584, doi: 10.1126/science.1063315.
5. BARTH, M.; T. BIRNER, N. MCFARLANE, D. PENDLEBURY and J. PETCH. 2006. Modelling of deep convection and chemistry and their roles in the tropical tropopause layer. SPARC-GEWEX/GCSS-IGAC Workshop, SPARC Newsletter No. 28, pp. 7-12.
6. BIRNER, T.; D. SANKEY and T.G. SHEPHERD. 2006. The tropopause inversion layer in models and analyses. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33: L14804, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026549.
7. BOER, G.J. and B. YU. 2003. Climate sensitivity and response. Clim. Dyn. 20: 415-429, doi 10.1007/s00382-002-0283-3.
8. BOER, G.J.; M. STOWASSER and K. HAMILTON. 2007. Inferring climate sensitivity from volcanic events. Clim.Dyn. 28: 481-502
9. BOVILLE, B.A. and X. CHENG. 1988. Upper boundary effects in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 45: 2591-2606.
10. CHRISTIANSEN, BO. 1999. Radiative forcing and climate sensitivity: The ozone experience. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 125: 3011-3035.
11. CORDERO, E.C. and P.M. DE F. FORSTER. 2006. Stratospheric variability and trends in models used for the IPCC AR4. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6: 5369-5380.
12. EYRING, V.; N. BUTCHART, D. W. WAUGH, H. AKIYOSHI, J. AUSTIN, S. BEKKI, G. E. BODEKER, B. A. BOVILLE, C. BRÜHL, M. P. CHIPPERFIELD, E. CORDERO, M. DAMERIS, M. DEUSHI, V. E. FIOLETOV, S. M. FRITH, R. R. GARCIA, A. GETTELMAN, M. A. GIORGETTA, V. GREWE, L. JOURDAIN, D. E. KINNISON, E. MANCINI, E. MANZINI, M. MARCHAND, D. R. MARSH, T. NAGASHIMA, P. A. NEWMAN, J. E. NIELSEN, S. PAWSON, G. PITARI, D. A. PLUMMER, E. ROZANOV, M. SCHRANER, T. G. SHEPHERD, K. SHIBATA, R. S. STOLARSKI, H. STRUTHERS, W. TIAN and M. YOSHIKI. 2006. Assessment of temperature, trace species and ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations of the recent past. J. Geophys. Res. 111: D22308, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007327.
13. EYRING, V.; D. W. WAUGH, G. E. BODEKER, E. CORDERO, H. AKIYOSHI, J. AUSTIN, S. R. BEAGLEY, B. BOVILLE, P. BRAESICKE, C. BRÜHL, N. BUTCHART, M. P. CHIPPERFIELD, M. DAMERIS, R. DECKERT, M. DEUSHI, S. M. FRITH, R. R. GARCIA, A. GETTELMAN, M. GIORGETTA, D. E. KINNISON, E. MANCINI, E. MANZINI, D. R. MARSH, S. MATTHES, T. NAGASHIMA, P. A. NEWMAN, J. E. NIELSEN, S. PAWSON, G. PITARI, D. A. PLUMMER, E. ROZANOV, M. SCHRANER, J. F. SCINOCCA, K. SEMENIUK, T. G. SHEPHERD, K. SHIBATA, B. STEIL, R. STOLARSKI, W. TIAN and M. YOSHIKI. 2007. Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone in the 21st century. J. Geophys. Res. 112: D16303, doi: 10.1029/2006JD008332.
14. FELS, S.B.; J.D. MAHLMAN, M.D. SCHWARTZKOPF and R.W. SINCLAIR. 1980. Stratospheric sensitivity to perturbations in ozone and carbon dioxide: Radiative and dynamical response. J. Atmos. Sci. 37: 2265-2297.
15. FOLKINS, IAN; MAX LOEWENSTEIN, JIM PODOLSKE, SAMUEL OLTMANS and MICHAEL PROFFITT. 1999. A barrier to vertical mixing at 14 km in the tropics: Evidence from ozonesondes and aircraft measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 104: 22095-22102.
16. 2 doubling: Results from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model. J. Clim. 20: 1121-1144.
17. FORSTER, PIERS M. DEF. and KEITH P. SHINE. 1997. Radiative forcing and temperature trends from stratospheric ozone changes. J. Geophys. Res. 102(D9): 10,841-10,855.
18. FORSTER, P.M. DE F.; R.S. FRECKLETON and K.P. SHINE. 1997. On aspects of the concept of radiative forcing. Clim. Dyn. 13: 547-560.
19. FORSTER, PIERS M. DEF. and MANOJ JOSHI. 2005. The role of halocarbons in the climate change of the troposphere and stratosphere. Clim. Change, 71: 249-266, doi: 10.1007/s10584-005-5955-7.
20. FORSTER, P.; V RAMASWAMY, P. ARTAXO, T. BERNTEEN, R. BETTE, D.W. FAHEY, J. HAYWOOD, J. LEAN, D.C. LOWE, G. MYHRE, J. NGANGA, R. PRINN, G. RAGA, M. SCHULTZ and R. VAN DORLAND. 2007. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquie, K.B. Avery, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (Eds). Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
21. GETTELMAN, ANDREW; PIERS M. DE F. FORSTER, MASATOMO FUJIWARA, QIANG FU, HOLGER VOMEL, LAILA K. GOHAR, CELESTE JOHANSON and MARIE AMMERMAN. 2004. Radiation balance in the tropical tropopause layer. J. Geophys. Res. 109: D07103, doi:10.1029/2004JD004190.
22. GILLET, N.P. and D.W.J. THOMPSON. 2003. Simulation of recent southern hemisphere climate change. Science, 302 (5643): 273-275.
23. GRAY, L. J.; S. CROOKS, C. PASCOE, S. SPARROW and M. PALMER. 2004. Solar and QBO influences on the timing of stratospheric sudden warmings. J. Atmos. Sci. 61: 2777-2795.
24. HAIGH, JOANNA D. 1999. Modelling the impact of solar variability on climate. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 61: 63-72.
25. HAIGH, JOANNA D. 2003. The effects of solar variability on the Earth's climate. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 361: 95-111.
26. HAIGH, J.D.; J. AUSTIN, N. BUTCHART, M. L. CHANIN, S. CROOKS, L. J. GRAY, T. HALENKA, J. HAMPSON, L. L. HOOD, I. S. A ISAKSEN, P. KECHHUT, K. LABITZKE, U. LANGEMATZ, K. MATTHES, M. PALMER, B. ROGNERUD, K. TOURPALI and C. ZERETOS. 2004. Solar variability and climate: selected results from the SOLICE project. SPARC Newsletter No. 23, pp. 19-29.
27. HANSEN, J.; M. SATO, L. NAZARENKO, R. RUEDY, A. LACIS, D. KOCH, I. TEGEN, T. HALL, D. SHINDELL, B. SANTER, P. STONE, T. NOVAKOV, L. THOMASON, R. WANG, Y. WANG, D. JACOB, S. HOLLANDSWORTH, L. BISHOP, J. LOGAN, A. THOMPSON, R. STOLARSKI, J. LEAN, R. WILLSON, S. LEVITUS, J. ANTONOV, N. RAYNER, D. PARKER and J. CHRISTY. 2002. Climate forcings in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations. J. Geophys Res. 107: D184347,doi:1029/2001JD001143.
28. HANSEN, J.; M. SATO, R. RUEDY, L. NAZARENKO, A. LACIS, G. A. SCHMIDT, G. RUSSELL, I. ALEINOV, M. BAUER, N. BELL, B. CAIRNS, V. CANUTO, M. CHANDLER, Y. CHENG, A. DEL GENIO, G. FALUVEGI, E. FELMING, A. FRIEND, T. HALL, C. JACKMAN, M. KELLEY, N. KIANG, D. KOCH, J. LEAN, J. LERNER, K. LO, S. MENON, R. MILLER, P. MINNIS, T. NOVAKOV, V. OINAS, JA. PERLWITZ, JU. PERLWITZ, D. RIND, A. ROMANOU, D. SHINELL, P. STONE, S. SUN, N. TAUSNEV, D. THRESHER, B. WIELICKI, T. WONG, M. YAO and S. ZHANG. 2005. Efficacy of climate forcings. J. Geophys. Res. 110: D18104, doi:10.1029/2005JD005776.
29. HEGERL, G.C.; F.W. ZWIERS, P. BRACONNOT, N.P. GILLETT, Y. LUO, J.A. MARANGO ORSINI, N. NICHOLLS, J.E. PENNER and P.A. STOTT. 2007. Understanding and attributing climate change. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquie, K.B. Avery, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (Eds). Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
30. HOLTON, J.R. and H.C. TAN. 1980. The influence of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation on the global circulation at 50 mb. J. Atmos. Sci. 37: 2200-2208.
31. HOLTON, J.R. and H.C. TAN. 1982. The quasi-biennial oscillation in the northern hemisphere lower stratosphere. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 60: 140-148.
32. IPCC (INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE). 2001. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. J. T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden and D. Xiaosu (Eds). Cambridge University Press, UK. 944 pp.
33. IPCC/TEAP. 2005. Special report on safeguarding the ozone layer and the global climate system: Issues related to hydroflourocarbons and perflourocarbons. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. B. Metz, L. Kuijpers, S. Solomon, S. O. Andersen, O. Davidson, J. Pons, D. de Jager, T. Kestin, M. Manning and L. A. Meyer (Eds). Cambridge University Press, UK, 478 pp.
34. JOSHI M; K. SHINE, M. PONATER, N. STUBER, R. SAUSEN and L, LI. 2003. A comparison of climate response to different radiative forcings in three general circulation models: towards an improved metric of climate change. Clim. Dyn. 20: 843-854.
35. KODERA, K. and Y. KURODA. 2002. Dynamical response to the solar cycle: Winter stratopause and lower stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 107: 4749, doi:10.1029/2002JD002224.
36. LABITZKE, K. 1987. Sunspots, the QBO and the stratospheric temperature in the north polar region. Geophys. Res. Lett. 14: 535-537.
37. MANABE, S. and R.F. STRICKLER. 1964. Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with convective adjustment. J. Atmos. Sci. 21: 361-385.
38. MCCONNELL, J.C. and J.J. JIN. 2008. Stratospheric ozone chemistry. ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN, 46: 69-92.
39. MEEHL, GERALD A.; WARREN M. WASHINGTON, CASPAR M. AMMANN, JULIA M. ARBLASTER, T.M. WIGLEY and CLAUDIA TIBALDI. 2004. Combinations of natural and anthropogenic forcings in twentieth-century climate. J. Clim. 17: 3721-3727.
40. PEIXOTO, JOSE P. and ABRAHAM OORT. 1992. Physics of Climate. American Institute of Physics, 520 pp.
41. PORTMAN, ROBERT W. and SUSAN SOLOMON. 2007. Indirect radiative forcing of the ozone layer during the 21st century. Geophys Res. Lett. 34: L20813, doi:10, 1029/2006GL028262.
42. RAMANATHAN, V. and R.E. DICKINSON. 1979. The role of stratospheric ozone in the zonal and seasonal radiative energy balance of the earth-troposphere system. J. Atmos. Sci. 36: 1084-1104.
43. RAMANATHAN, V.; R.J. CICERONE, H.B. SINGH and J.T. KIEHL. 1985. Trace gas trends and their potential role in climate change. J. Geophys. Res. 90: 5543-5565.
44. RAMASWAMY, V.; O. BOUCHER, J. HAIGH, D. HAUGLUSTAINE, J. HAYWOOD, G. MYHRE, T. NAKAJIMA, G.Y. SHI, S. SOLOMON, R. BETTS, R. CHARLSON, C. CHUANG, J.S. DANIEL, A. DEL GENIO, R. VAN DORLAND, J. FEICHTER, J. FUGLESTVEDT, P.M. DE F. FORSTER, S.J. GHAN, A. JONES, J.T. KIEHL, D. KOCH, C. LAND, J. LEAN, U. LOHMANN, K. MINSCHWANER, J.E. PENNER, D.L. ROBERTS, H. RODHE, G.J. ROELOFS, L.D. ROTSTAYN, T.L. SCHNEIDER, U. SCHUMANN, S.E. SCHWARTZ, M.D. SCHWAPZKOPF, K.P. SHINE, S. SMITH, D.S. STEVENSON, F. STORDAL, I. TEGEN and Y. ZHANG. 2001. Radiative forcing of climate change. In: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. J. T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D. J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell and C. A. Johnson (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Camridge, Uninted Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 349-416.
45. RAMASWAMY, V.; M.D. SCHWARTZKOPF, W.J. RANDEL, B.D. SANTER, B.J. SODEN and G.L. STENCHIKOV. 2006. Anthropogenic and natural influences in the evolution of lower stratospheric cooling. Science, 311: 1138-1140.
46. RANDEL, W.J. and F. WU. 2005. Kelvin wave variability near the equatorial tropopause observed in GPS radio occultation measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 110: doi: 10.1029/2004JD005006.
47. RANDEL, W.J. and F. WU. 2006. Biases in stratospheric and tropospheric trends derived from historical radiosonde data. J. Clim. 19: 2094-2104.
48. ROWLAND, SHERWOOD. 1996. Speech on the occasion of the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. SPARC Newsletter No. 6. (available from the SPARC Office: http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/SPARC/ Newsletters.html).
49. SHEPHERD, T. G. 2008. Dynamics, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN, 46: 117-138.
50. SHEPHERD, T.G. and A.I. JONSSON. 2007. On the attribution of stratospheric ozone and temperature changes to changes in ozone-depleting substances and well-mixed greenhouse gases. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 7: 12327-12347.
51. SHINE, K.P. and PIERS M. DE F. FORSTER. 1999. The effect of human activity on radiative forcing of climate change: a review of recent developments. Glob. Planet. Change, 20: 205-225.
52. SHINE, K.P.; J. COOK, E. J. HIGHWOOD and M. M. JOSHI. 2003a. Alternative to radiative forcing for estimating the relative importance of climate change mechanisms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30: 2047 doi:10.1029/2003GL08141.
53. SHINE, K.P.; M.S. BOURQUI, P.M.D. FORSTER, S.H.E. HARE, U. LANGEMATZ, P. BRAESICKE, V. GREWE, M. PONATER, C. SCHNADT, C.A. SMITHS, J.D. HAIGHS, J. AUSTIN, N. BUTCHART, D.T. SHINDELL, W.J. RANDEL, T. NAGASHIMA, R.W. PORTMANN, S. SOLOMON, D.J. SEIDEL, J. LANZANTE, S. KLEIN, V. RAMASWAMY and M.D. SCHWARZKOPF. 2003b. A comparison of model-simulated trends in stratospheric temperatures, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 129: 1565-1588.
54. STUBER, NICOLA; MICHAEL PONATER and ROBERT SAUSEN. 2005. Why radiative forcing might fail as a predictor of climate change. Clim. Dyn. 24: 497-510.
55. THOMPSON, D.W.J. and J.M. WALLACE. 2000. Annular modes in the extratropical circulation, Part I: Month-to-month variability. J. Clim. 13(5): 1000-1016.
56. THOMPSON, D.W.J. and S. SOLOMON. 2002. Interpretation of recent southern hemisphere climate change. Science, 296(5569): 895-899.
57. THOMPSON, D.W.J. and S. SOLOMON. 2005. Recent stratospheric climate trends as evidenced in radiosonde data: Global structure and tropospheric linkages J. Clim. 18(22): 2785-4795.
58. THOMPSON, D.W.J.; JASON C. FURTADO and THEODORE G. SHEPHERD. 2006. On the tropospheric response to anomalous statospheric wave drag and radiative heating. J. Atmos. Sci. 63: 2616-2627.
59. VELDERS, GUUS M.; STEPHEN O. ANDERSEN, JOHN S. DANIEL, DAVID W. FAHEY and MACK MCFARLAND. 2007. The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104(12): 4814-4819.
60. WIGLEY, T.M.L.; C.M. AMMANN, B.D. SANTER and S.C.B. RAPER. 2005. Effect of climate sensitivity on the response to volcanic forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 110: D09107, doi:10.1029/2004JD005557.
61. WMO (WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION). 2007. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2006. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report no. 50, Geneva, 572 pp.