Associations of low density lipoprotein particle composition with atherogenicity

Current Opinion in Lipidology

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 19-24

  Lada, Aaron T ^a   Rudel, Lawrence L ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cholesterol; Cholesteryl ester fatty acids; Coronary heart disease; Low density lipoproteins; Triacylglycerol

Indexed keywords

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; OLEIC ACID;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPID COMPOSITION; LIPID STORAGE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

ANIMALS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; PARTICLE SIZE;

EID: 4344714973     PISSN: 09579672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200402000-00005     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Kwiterovich PO. Clinical relevance of the biochemical, metabolic, and genetic factors that influence low-density lipoprotein heterogeneity. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90 (Suppl):30i-47i.
2. Berneis KK, Krauss RM. Metabolic origins and clinical significance of LDL heterogeneity. J Lipid Res 2002; 43:1363-1379. An excellent review of LDL heterogeneity. The authors discuss the formation of different sized LDL particles and the association of LDL size and CHD risk. Importantly, data on how both small and large LDL have been associated with an increased risk is presented.
3. Sacks FM, Katan M. Randomized clinical trials on the effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate on plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 2002; 113 (Suppl 9B):13S-24S. A good review of different diets and dietary fats and the risk of CHD.
4. Lada AT, Rudel LL. Dietary monounsaturated versus polyunsaturated fatty acids: which is really better for protection from coronary heart disease? Curr Opin Lipidol 2003; 14:41-46.
5. Mackey RH, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, et al. Lipoprotein subclasses and coronary artery calcium in postmenopausal women from the Healthy Women Study. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90 (Suppl):71i-76i.
6. Koba S, Hirano T, Kondo T, et al. Significance of small dense low-density lipoproteins and other risk factors in patients with various types of coronary heart disease. Am Heart J 2002; 144:1026-1035.
7. de Graaf J, Hak-Lemmers HL, Hectors MP, et al. Enhanced susceptibility to in vitro oxidation of the dense low density lipoprotein subfraction in healthy subjects. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11:298-306.
8. Campos H, Roederer GO, Lussier-Cacan S, et al. Predominance of large LDL and reduced HDL2 cholesterol in normolipidemic men with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15:1043-1048.
9. Gray RS, Robbins DC, Wang W, et al. Relation of LDL size to the insulin resistance syndrome and coronary heart disease in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:2713-2720.
10. Mykkanen L, Kuusisto J, Haffner S, et al. LDL size and risk of coronary heart disease in elderly men and women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:2742-2748.
11. Campos H, Lopez-Miranda J, Rodriguez C, et al. Urbanization elicits a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile in carriers of the apolipoprotein A-IV-2 allele than in A-IV-1 homozygotes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:1074-1081.
12. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Cromwell WC. Measurement issues related to lipoprotein heterogeneity. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90 (Suppl):22i-29i. A good review that outlines the evidence that the number of LDL particles predicts CHD risk.
13. Soedamah-Muthu SS, Colhoun HM, Thomason MJ, et al. The effect of atorvastatin on serum lipids, lipoproteins and NMR spectroscopy defined lipoprotein subclasses in type 2 diabetic patients with ischaemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2003; 167:243-255.
14. Blake GJ, Otvos JD, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Low-density lipoprotein particle concentration and size as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as predictors of cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation 2002; 106:1930-1937. This study demonstrates that LDL size is not an independent risk factor and that particle numbers strongly predict CHD risk.
15. Lada AT, Rudel LL, Clair RW. Effects of LDL enriched with different dietary fatty acids on cholesteryl ester accumulation and turnover in THP-1 macrophages. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:770-779.
16. Schaefer EJ. Lipoproteins, nutrition, and heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75:191-212.
17. Reaven GM, Chen YD, Jeppesen J, et al. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in individuals with small, dense low density lipoprotein particles. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:141-146.
18. Dejager S, Bruckert E, Chapman MJ. Dense low density lipoprotein subspecies with diminished oxidative resistance predominate in combined hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res 1993; 34:295-308.
19. Teng B, Sniderman AD, Soutar AK, Thompson GR. Metabolic basis of hyperapobetalipoproteinemia: turnover of apolipoprotein B in low density lipoprotein and its precursors and subfractions compared with normal and familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:663-672.
20. Galeano NF, Milne R, Marcel YL, et al. Apoprotein B structure and receptor recognition of triglyceride-rich low density lipoprotein LDL is modified in small LDL but not in triglyceride-rich LDL of normal size. J Biol Chem 1994; 7:511-519.
21. Millar JS, Packard CJ. Heterogeneity of apolipoprotein B-100-containing lipoproteine: what we have learnt from kinetic studies. Curr Opin Lipidol 1998; 9:197-202.
22. Demant T, Packard C. In vivo studies of VLDL metabolism and LDL heterogeneity. Eur Heart J 1998; 19 (Suppl H):H7-H10.
23. Galeano NF, Al-Haideri M, Keyserman F, et al. Small dense low density lipoprotein has increased affinity for LDL receptor-independent cell surface binding sites: a potential mechanism for increased atherogenicity. J Lipid Res 1998; 39:1263-1273.
24. Björnheden T, Babyi A, Bondjers G, Wiklund O. Accumulation of lipoprotein fractions and subfractions in the arterial wall, determined in an in vitro perfusion system. Atherosclerosis 1996; 123:43-56.
25. Wang J, Qiang H, Chen D, et al. CETP gene mutation (D442G) increases low-density lipoprotein particle size in patients with coronary heart disease. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 322:85-90.
26. Skoglund-Andersson C, Ehrenborg E, Fisher RM, et al. Influence of common variants in the CETP, LPL, HL and APO E genes on LDL heterogeneity in healthy, middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 2003; 167:311-317.
27. 3-adrenergic receptor gene is associated with reduced low-density lipoprotein particle size. Metabolism 2003; 52:356-361.
28. Murdoch SJ, Carr MC, Kennedy H, et al. Selective and independent associations of phospholipid transfer protein and hepatic lipase with the LDL subfraction distribution. J Lipid Res 2002; 43:1256-1263.
29. Bittner V. Lipoprotein abnormalities related to women's health. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90 (Suppl):77i-84i.
30. Melenovsky V, Malik J, Wichterle D, et al. Comparison of the effects of atorvastatin or fenofibrate on nonlipid biochemical risk factors and the LDL particle size in subjects with combined hyperlipidemia. Am Heart J 2002; 144:G1-G8.
31. Sone H, Takahashi A, Shimano H, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor decreases small dense low-density lipoprotein and remnant-like particle cholesterol in patients with type-2 diabetes. Life Sci 2002; 71:2403-2412.
32. Vakkilainen J, Steiner G, Ansquer J-C, et al. Relationships between low-density lipoprotein particle size, plasma lipoproteins, and progression of coronary artery disease. The Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS). Circulation 2003; 107:1733-1737.
33. Koba S, Hirano T, Sakaue T, et al. An increased number of very-low density lipoprotein particles is strongly associated with coronary heart disease in Japanese men, independently of intermediate-density lipoprotein or low-density lipoprotein. Coronary Artery Dis 2002; 13:255-262. This study demonstrates that the VLDL particle number is a strong predictor of CHD risk independent of LDL size.
34. Rizzo M, Barbagallo CM, Severino M, et al. Low-density-lipoprotein peak particle size in a Mediterranean population. Eur J Clin Invest 2003; 33:126-133.
35. Cho HK, Shin G, Ryu SK, et al. Regulation of small dense LDL concentration in Korean and Scottish men and women. Atherosclerosis 2002; 164:187-193. This study demonstrates that an increased sdLDL concentration does not always indicate increased CHD risk. The LDL particle number was more important in determining risk than LDL size.
36. Campos H, Moye LA, Classer SP, et al. Low-density lipoprotein size, pravastatin treatment, and coronary events. JAMA 2001; 286:1468-1474.
37. Rudel LL, Parks JS, Hedrick L, et al. Lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism in diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis in primates: role of cholesterol and fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 1998; 37:353-370.
38. Checovich WJ, Fitch WL, Krauss RM, et al. Defective catabolism and abnormal composition of low-density lipoproteins from mutant pigs with hypercholesterolemia. Biochemistry 1988; 27:1934-1941.
39. Rudel LL, Haines JH, Sawyer JK, et al. Hepatic origin of cholesteryl oleate in coronary artery atherosclerosis in African green monkeys. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:74-83.
40. Rudel LL, Lee RG, Cockman TL. Acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase types 1 and 2: structure and function in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2001; 12:121-127.
41. Deckelbaum RJ, Eisenberg S, Oschry Y, Rudel LL. Neutral lipid transfer and lipolysis convert high molecular weight LDL from cholesterol-fed nonhuman primates towards normal: a molecular analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 961:223-233.
42. Rudel LL, Star RJ. Species, diet, and gender differences in plasma postheparin lipolylic activities in nonhuman primates: relationships with plasma lipids and high density lipoproteins. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10:350-357.
43. Kingsbury KJ, Brett C, Stovold R, et al. Abnormal fatty acid composition and human atherosclerosis. Postgrad Med J 1974; 50:425-440.
44. Logan RL, Thomson M, Riemersma RA, et al. Risk factors for ischaemic heart-disease in normal men aged 40. Edinburgh-Stockholm Study. Lancet 1978; i:949-955.
45. Lewis B. Composition of plasma cholesterol ester in relation to coronaryartery disease and dietary fat. Lancet 1958; ii:71-73.
46. Kingsbury KJ, Morgan DM, Stovold R, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and myocardial infarction: follow-up of patients with aortoiliac and femoropopliteal atherosclerosis. Lancet 1969; ii:1325-1329.
47. Moore RB, Anderson JT, Taylor HL, et al. Effect of dietary fat on the fecal excretion of cholesterol and its degradation products in man. J Clin Invest 1968; 47:1517-1534.
48. Connor WE, Witiak DT, Stone DB, Armstrong ML. Cholesterol balance and fecal neutral steroid and bile acid excretion in normal men fed dietary fats of different fatty acid composition. J Clin Invest 1969; 48:1363-1375.
49. Keys A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation 1970; 41 (Suppl 1):1-198.
50. Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid increases LDL particle size in treated hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:253.
51. Bhatnagar D, Durrington PN. Omega-3 fatty acids: their role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis related risk factors and complications. Int J Clin Pract 2003; 57:305-314. A review of the evidence supporting the benefits of fish oil, which includes a discussion of the possible mechanisms of action.
52. Rivellese AA, Maffettone A, Vessby B, et al. Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and n-3 fatty acids on fasting lipoproteins, LDL size and post-prandial lipid metabolism in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 2003; 167:149-158.
53. Petersen M, Pedersen H, Major-Pedersen A, et al. Effect of fish oil versus corn oil supplementation on LDL and HDL subclasses in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:1704-1708.
54. Kim MK, Campos H. Intake of trans fatty acids and low-density lipoprotein size in a Costa Rican population. Metabolism 2003; 52:693-698.
55. Hu FB, Willett WC. Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA 2002; 288:2569-2578. A thorough review of dietary trials that addresses the major issues in the debate over the appropriate fatty acyl composition of the diet.
56. Siscovick DS, Lemaitre RN, Mozaffarian D. The fish story. A diet-heart hypothesis with clinical implications: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, myocardial vulnerability, and sudden death. Circulation 2003; 107:2632-2634.
57. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:e20-e31. A review of the benefits of fish oil, including a summary of dietary studies and possible mechanisms of action.
58. Moreno JJ, Mitjavila MT. The degree of unsaturation of dietary fatty acids and the development of atherosclerosis [Review]. J Nutr Biochem 2003; 14:182-195.
59. Thies F, Garry JMC, Yaqoob P, et al. Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:477-485.
60. Chen H, Dayuan L, Chen J, et al. EPA and DHA attenuate ox-LDL-induced expression of adhesion molecules in human coronary artery endothelial cells via protein kinase B pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2003; 35:769-775.
61. Chan DC, Watts GF, Mon TA, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on the metabolism of apolipoprotein B-100 and chylomicron remnants in men with visceral obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77:300-307.
62. Erkkilä AT, Lehto S, Pyorala K, Uusitupa MIJ. n-3 fatty acids and 5-y risks of death and cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:65-71.
63. Dashti N, Feng Q, Freeman MR, et al. Trans polyunsaturated fatty acids have more adverse effects than saturated fatty acids on the concentration and composition of lipoproteins secreted by human hepatoma HepG2 cells. J Nutr 2002; 132:2651-2659.
64. Ohmura H, Mokuno H, Sawano M, et al. Lipid compositional differences of small, dense low-density lipoprotein particle influence its oxidative susceptibility: possible implication of increased risk of coronary artery disease in subjects with phenotype B. Metabolism 2002; 51:1081-1087.
65. Wright AJA, Southon S, Chopra M, et al. Comparison of LDL fatty acid and carotenoid concentrations and oxidatitve resistance of LDL in volunteers from countries with different rates of cardiovascular disease. Br J Nutr 2002; 87:21-29.
66. Scheffer PG, Bos G, Volwater GFM, et al. Associations of LDL size with in vitro oxidizability and plasma levels of in vivo oxidized LDL in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 2003; 20:563-567.
67. Sigurdardottir V, Fagerberg B, Hulthe J. Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is associated with risk factors of the metabolic syndrome and LDL size in clinically healthy 58-year-old men (AIR Study). J Intern Med 2002; 252:440-447.
68. Lopez-Miranda J, Mata P. Protective effect of dietary monounsaturated fat on arteriosclerosis: beyond cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 2002; 163:385-398.
69. Shekelle RB, Shryock AM, Paul O, et al. Diet, serum cholesterol, and death from coronary heart disease. The Western Electric Study. N Engl J Med 1981; 304:65-70.
70. Kushi LK, Lew RA, Stare FJ, et al. Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. The Ireland-Boston Diet-Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:811-818.
71. Dayton S, Pearce ML, Hashimoto S, et al. A controlled clinical trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat in preventing complications of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1969; 40 (Suppl 11): 1-63.
72. de Gordoa JCR, de Renobales M, del Cerro A, et al. Habitual fish intake is associated with decreased LDL susceptibility to ex vivo oxidation. Lipids 2002; 37:333-341.
73. Wu T, Geigerman C, Lee Y-S, Wander RC. Enrichment of LDL with EPA and DHA decreased oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. Lipids 2002; 37:789-796.
74. Kratz M, Cullen P, Kannenberg F, et al. Effects of dietary fatty acids on the composition and oxidizability of low-density lipoprotein. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:72-81.
75. Rudel LL, Parks JS, Sawyer JK. Compared with dietary monounsaturated and saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat protects African green monkeys from coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15:2101-2110.
76. Rudel LL, Kelley K, Sawyer JK, et al. Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids promote aortic atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-null, human ApoB100- overexpressing transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:1818-1827.
77. Merket M, Velez-Carrasco W, Hudgins LC, Breslow JL. Compared with saturated fatty acids, dietary monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates increase atherosclerosis and VLDL cholesterol levels in LDL receptor-deficient, but not apolipoprotein E-deficient, mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:13294-13299.
78. Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, Bennett DW, Krauss RM. Development of a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic method for determining plasma lipoprotein concentrations and subspecies distributions from a single, rapid measurement. Clin Chem 1992; 38:1632-1638.
79. Freedman DS, Otvos JD, Jeyarajah EJ, et al. Relation of lipoprotein subclasses as measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:1046-1053.
80. Soedamah-Muthu SS, Chang Y-F, Otvos J, et al. Lipoprotein subclass measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy improve the prediction of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes: a prospective report from the Pittsburg Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetologia 2003; 46:674-682.